J. Agril. Univ. 4(2): 401-411, 2006 ISSN 1810-3030 Impact of improved poultry management technique on socio- economic condition of broiler beneficiaries

S.M.A. Rahmanl, M.A. Sayeedl, N.R. Sarker2 and J. Alam3 i Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, 2Poultry Production Research Division, BLRI, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh 3BLRI, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh

Abstract

In this study attempt was made with 25 broiler beneficiaries and 24 adopter farms to analyze the magnitude of changes in terms of socio-economic status and livelihood pattern of beneficiaries from commercial broiler packages developed and introduced by PMTIP in 4 Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) of Bangladesh. Results showed that number of broiler production for category I, II and III farms were 1122, 1448 and 1777/beneficiary and 488, 763 and 1073/adopter farms, respectively. Annual profitability of broiler production/beneficiary and adopter farms was Tk 8,933 and Tk 10,280, respectively. Annual employment opportunities created for category I, II and III farmers of broiler beneficiaries were 45, 58 and 67 man-days. A substantial impact on supplementary occupation was reflected in poultry business for broiler beneficiaries. Investment in poultry business, cash in hand and saving in banks increased by 3600%, 675% and 1416%, respectively. Drinking water from own tube-well increased by 12%. Katcha latrines decreased by 15.4% and that of sanitary latrines increased by 16.7%. Per capita consumption of chicken, eggs, vegetables,' milk, pulses, fish and rice increased by 65.79%, 7.27%, 7.67%, 5.12%, 10.34%, 19.70% and 8.33% in post-project period. Household assets and health status improved in post-project period. The number of school-going children of beneficiaries increased by 123% in post- project period. It facilitated employment and income earning opportunities to female beneficiaries and their participation in decision making on household expenditure, children education and memberships of NGOs increased after intervention. All these evidences *suggest that commercial broiler packages introduced by PMTIP deserve wider expansion covering larger number of beneficiaries throughout the country.

Keywords: Broiler Packages, Production, Consumption, Socio-economic condition, Women Empowerment

Introduction

The Poultry Management Technique Improvement Project (PMTIP) came into being as a jo'it cooperative venture between the Government of Bangladesh and Japan and started functioning from July, 1996 and ended in June, 2003 (Project Proforma, 2001). During this period, under the dynamic leadership of Poultry Management Technique Improvement project commercial broiler packages suitable for the small-scale poultry farmers have been developed and introduced in the farmers' field in 4 sub-sites of the country (Siddiqui et aL, 2002), namely , , and districts.

Commercial broiler packages comprised of 3 categories of beneficiaries. Category-I, II and III of broiler beneficiaries had facilitated rearing 300, 400,500 number of birds, respectively. For rearing, Poultry Management Technique Improvement Project (PMTIP) provided input substitutions and technical assistance to the target beneficiaries and the beneficiaries had to construct broiler-sheds from their own sources. Input substitutions for broilers were consisted of cost of chicks, feeds, equipments & appliances and medicines for the whole cycle of rearing. So far, broiler beneficiaries completed 4 batches (Rahman et aL, 2004). management technique 402 Impact of poultry to determine the socio- Keeping all these views in consideration, a survey was conducted zones (AEZ) economic conditions of the beneficiaries of broiler packages in 4 Agro-ecological profitability, creation of of Bangladesh with the objective .of analyzing productivity, savings and investment, employment opportunities, family nutrition, household assets, of farms and finally sanitation, health, children education, women empowerment beneficiary packages in the study areas. determining motivation and adoption rate of commercial broiler

Materials and Methods coverage of PMTIP in There were 9, 4, 6, and 6 broiler beneficiaries under the incentive 25 broiler beneficiaries Khulna, Bogra, Barisal and Sylhet sub-sites, respectively. All these 4 broiler adopter farms in were selected for investigation. Similarly, there were 8, 4, 2, 6 and 24 broiler adopter farmers Khulna, Bogra, Barisal and Sylhet sub-sites, respectively. All those commercial broiler who did not receive input substitutions but willingly adopted those all, 49 respondents were packages of PMTIP were also selected for investigation. Thus, in a preliminary survey finally selected for the purpose of interview. For collection of data, After field test, schedule was prepared and tested in Dinajpui- sub-sites for finalization. schedule. Data were necessary modifications and rearrangements were made in survey interviewing respondents. collected from the records and accounts maintained by the the data from the Principal Investigator and 2 Co-principal Investigators directly collected field. Data were collected during Nov.-Dec./2003 and Jan.-Feb./2004.

Analytical techniques Data were tabulated and Collected data were processed using Microsoft Excel Programme. was carried out using analyzed following a partial budgeting method and impact assessment short duration and such pre- and post-project comparison. Because, the intervention was for or descriptive reading type of effect of intervention can better be measurable in.qualitative using descriptive rather than quantitative assessment. Therefore, data were analyzed that socio-economic statistical tools like mean and percentage. It is worthwhile to mention assuming that the benefits and women empowerment for broiler beneficiaries were analyzed the broiler beneficiaries. adopter farms will have, more or less, similar pattern of change like

Results and Discussion

Broiler production/beneficiary and adopter farm the adopter farm (693). The highest number of broiler reared in beneficiary farm (1447) than 763 and 1073 number It was 1122, 1448 and 1777 number for broiler beneficiaries and 488, average number of for broiler adopter for category I, II and III farm, respectively. The annual than brioler adopter farm home consumption of broiler/ beneficiary farm was higher. (59.43) than the beneficiary (17.64). The body weight gained was higher (1.50 kg.) in adopter farm in Fig. 1. farm (1.37 kg.). Broiler production of beneficiary and adopter farms is shown

Annual profitability of commercial broiler packages of beneficiary farms The annual profitability of commercial broiler packages for all categories profitability of broiler was Tk. 8,932.50 and profitability! broiler was Tk. 4.11. The annual was Tk. production for all categories of adopter farms was Tk. 10,280 and profitability/broiler associated with higher 13.07 (Fig. 2). The lower profitability of broiler beneficiary farm was mortality of bird and higher cost involvement in rearing. 403 Rahman et aL

Fig. 1: BP /Beneficiary & Adopter Farm

1777 ti 2000 1448 1447 g 1500 1122 1173 pi93 0Broiler Z 1000 - 63 118; Beneficiaries • 500 •Broiler Adopters 0 1(300) 11(400) 111(500) All - Categories of Farms

Fig. 1. Broiler Production of Beneficiary and Adopter Farmers

Fig. 2: Annual Profitability/BB and Adopter Farm

16,000 14,279 14,000 - 13,052 12,000 - 9,792 10,5 • 10,280 10,000 - 8,9 8,000 - 770 0Annual Profit BB 6,000 - III Annual Profit Ad 4,000 - 2,2 2,000 0 - • 1 (300) 11 (400) 111 (500) All Categories of Farms

Fig. 2. Annual profitability of beneficiary and adopter farms 404 Impact of poultry management technique

Annual employment opportunities

Category I, II and III farms of commercial broiler packages provided higher annual employment opportunities to the family members of broiler beneficiary farmers for 45, 58 and 67 man-days compared to adopter farms for 27, 35 and 36 man-days, respectively. Lower employment opportunities in adopter farms can be explained by the fact that number of birds and rearing days were observed lower in those farms. Many authors in their studies observed similar type of employment opportunities created for rural poor, landless labourers, small and marginal farmers and unemployed or under employed labourers (Sirohi et aL, 1982; MuIla, 1995; Alam et aL, 1998, Prodhan, 1995; Verma et aL,1998). Thus, adoption of commercial broiler packages made a positive impact on the employment opportunities to the unemployed family labour in the rural areas of Bangladesh (Table 1).

Table 1. Annual employment of family labour in beneficiary and adopter farms Types of Packages Rearing Family labour/day Hired Total - Total Annual Man- Farms days (Hours) . _ lab. ' • Man- Adult Adult Male Female Adult Adult days days male female Children Children male Equivalent/day . , (Hour) Man-days Broiler I 156.18 8.9 7.45 0.9 1.56 0 12.2 1.53 29.87 44.81 beneficiary II _157.45 11.38 7.49 0 1.38 0 15.69 1.96 38.58 57.87 III 159.21 , 11.52 , 10.33 1.3 0.79 1.5 17.93 2.24 44.58 66.87 Av. 157.61, 10.61 , 8.39 0.71 1.26 0.48 15.28 1.91 37.63 56.45 Av./Balch 39.40 2.65 2.10 0.49 0.315 0.12 - 3.82 0.48 9.41 14.12 1.35 17.94 26.91- Broiler I , 106.33 8.72 3.98 0.00 0.32 0 10.80 Adopters I; 98 12.65 5.17 0 o 0 15.28 1.91 23.40 35.10 Ill 105.35 13.42 2.41 0 0 0 14.72 1.84 24.23 36.35 Av. 105.00 10.58 3.67 0.00 0.19 0 12.50 1.56 20.48 30.72 Av./Batch 26.25 2.65 , 0.92 _ 0.00 0.05 0 3.12 0.39 5.12 7.68

Changes in supplementary occupation Both in the case of principal and supplementary occupations, the highest percentage change occurred (200% and 900%, respectively) in poultry business after the adoption of commercial broiler packages. This indicated that PMTIP has made a substantial impact on principal as well as on supplementary occupations in poultry business for beneficiaries who adopted the commercial broiler packages (Table 2).

Table 2. Occupational status of beneficiaries . . Occupational Status of Broiler Beneficiary Occupation Principal Supplementary Pre- Post- % Change • Pre- Post- % Change Project Project . Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. Agriculture 6 7 16.67 3 1 -66.7 Housewife 10 9 -10.00 1 1 0.00 Service 2 2 0.00 0 0 0.00 Petty Business 4 3 -25.00 1 1 0.00 , Poultry Business 0 2 200.00 2 20 900 Fishery o 0 0.00 1 o -100.00 Student 1 o _ -100.00 . 0 , o 0.00 Day- Labourer 1 o -100.00 o o 0.00 Others 1 2 100.00 4 1 -75.00 Rahman et al. 405

Changes in annual household income The difference in annual household income of broiler beneficiaries was Tk. 5,211.00 (9.82%) in post-project situation compare to pre-project. The percent change in income was very small because, change in on-farm income was relatively low. However, positive changes in household income occurred due to the fact that off-farm income exceeded the on-farm income due to adoption of commercial broiler packages (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3: Houshold Income of Broiler Beneficiaries

70000 -

58275 60000 - 53064

50000 -

40000 - o On-. Farm Income Taka Taka 3453 1111 Off- Farm Income

in in 2963 30000 - 2343 El Total Income

Unit Unit 20000 -

10000 - 4905211 311

Now Before Difference

Fig. 3. Annual household income of beneficiaries

Changes in livestock assets

It was observed that in broiler beneficiary local poultry, duck, pigeon and cattle decreased by 17.88, 51.13, 22.22 and 5%, respectively in post-intervention period than pre-intervention period (Table 3). The decrease in local poultry, duck and pigeon was related to bio-security measures resulting from adoption of high yielding broiler packages. Reduction in cattle mls due to insufficient space and time available to broiler beneficiary, which is also partly accounted for adoption of broiler packages as new technology. But number of goat increased by 25%, related to donations/loans given to the rural poor by Government of Bangladesh (GOB) and Non-government Organizations (NG0s) in those areas under the 'National Goat Development Programme' in post-intervention period. These changes of livestock rearing were resulting from introduction of commercial broiler packages as new technology in those sub-sites of the country. Changes in savings and investment In broiler beneficiary farm, the percentage changes in investment in poultry ,business, cash in hand and savings with banks were increased by 3600%, 675% and 1416%, respectively in post-project period compared to pre-project period. All these changes are bearing a direct financial impact of PMTIP on investment in poultry business, cash in hand and saving with banks due to the adoption of commercial broilar packages by the beneficiaries (Table 4). * 406 Impact of poultry management technique

Table 3. Livestock assets Livestock = Number Sites Before Now Local Ducks Pigeons Goat Cattle Buffalo Local Ducks Pigeons Goat Cattle Buffalo Poultry poultry , Khulna 11 2.8 0.4 0.44 2 0.444 10.7 2.2 1.556 0.8889 1.889 0.44 Bogra 13.75 6.5 5 1 - 3.8 , 0 8.75 2.8 3 0.5 3.5 0 Barisal 18.67 1.7 2 0 0.2 0 14.5 0.5 0.333 0 0.167 0 Sylhet 6.00 2.67 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.83 0.33 0.00 0.00 1.00 0 • All 12.08 3.09 1.44 0.32 1.6 0.16 8.92 , 1.51 1.12 0.40 1.52 0.16 % Change ------17.88 -51.13 -22.22 25 -5 o

Table 4. Savings habits of beneficiaries

Sites Now Before Investment in Cash in hand Savings with Investment in Cash in hand Savings with bank poultry Business bank poultry Business (Tk.) Khulna 3888.89 1777.78 1344.44 0.00 444.44 1111.11 Bogra 0 0 46250 • o o 750 Barisal 5500 o o _ $20 _ o o _ Sylhet 3666.67 _ 2500 0 , 0 o o 1240 7884 520 • All 3600 _. o 160 _ % Change 3600 675 1416.15 - - -

Changes in sources of drinking water

For broiler beneficiary farm, the drinking water from own tube-well has been increased by 12% and shared-in-tube-well has been decreased by 4% in post-project situation than pre- project. Thus, PMTIP has created a positive impact on the sources of drinking water of the beneficiaries (Table 5).

Table 5. Sources of drinking water

Sites Own tube-well Nos. Shared-in tube-well Nos. Shared-in deep tube-well Nos. Now Before Now Before Now Before Khulna 2 1 1 3 1 o - Bogra 4 3 1 • o 1 o Barisal 2 1 6 1 6 6 Sylhet 2 2 o 1 o o All 10 7 8 12 7 6

1)/0 Change 42.86 - -33.33 - . 16.67 - _

Changes in latrines

Katcha latrines have been decreased by 15.38% and sanitary latrines have been increased by 16.67% for broiler beneficiaries in post-project situation compare to pre-project. This indicated that PMTIP has made a positive intervention on sanitation of broiler beneficiaries (Table 6). Rahman et aL 407

Table 6. Types of latrines

Sites Now Before Katcha Sanitary Katcha Sanity Khulna 5 4 6 ._ 3 Bogra 0 4 1 3 1 - Barisal 5 _ 1 5 1 5 - 1 5 Sylhet ._ _ 13 12 All 11 _ 14 `)/0 Change -15.38 16.67 -

Changes in monthly consumption of commodities

Consumption of chicken, eggs, vegetables, milk, pulses, fish and rice by broiler beneficiaries have been increased by 65.79%, 7.27%, 7.67%, 5.12%, 10.34%, 19.70% and 8.33% in post- project period compared to pre-project period. These increased in home consumption of commodities was directly associated with the adoption of commercial broiler packages introduced by PMTIP (Table 7).

Table 7. Monthly consumption of commodities Monthly Consumption of Commodities of Broiler Beneficiary Sites Chicken Eggs Vegetables Milk Dal Fish Rice (KO (Litre) (4) (Kg) (Kg) _ (K9) (No.) Now Bef Now Bef Now Bef Now Bef Now Bef Now Bef r Now Bef Khulna 3.33 3.02 18 16 13.67 , 12.67 16.67 14.33 1.58 1.28 2.63 2.25 58.67 51.67 Bogra 3 1.88 31.8 31 12.5 13.75 20.75 22.5 1.56 1.56 8.25 5 75 67.5 Barisal 5.83 2 16.7 15 36.2 . 35.33, 10.83 10.83 3 3 6 6 62.5 62.5 Sylhet 1.63 1.00 7.33 7.67 12 , 8.17 3.67 3.00 0.83 0.67 2.67 - 2.33 49.7 45.3 Total (Av.) 3.37 2.02 16.6 15.52 18.04 16.80 12.12 11.52 1.69 1.55 4.26 3.55 57.84 53.36- Per capita 0.63 0.38 3.1Q 2.89 3.37 3.13 2.26 2.15 0.32 0.29 - 0.79 0.66 10.79 9.96 consumption - 7.67 - 5.12 - 10.34 - 19.70 - 8.33 - (3/0 Change -6-5.79 - 7.27 -

Changes in health status

Seventy six percent of broiler beneficiaries reported that their family health status has been improved. They further opined that the occurrences of diseases and annual cost for treatment have been reduced by 64% and 60%, respectively after the adoption of the commercial broiler packages (Table 8). All these implied that PMTIP was directly beneficial to beneficiaries. Table 8. Health status of beneficiaries Sites Family health status _. Occurrence of diseases Annual cost for treatment Improved Same Reduced Same . Reduced , Same Worse 3 0.00 Khulna 6 3 6 , 3 6 .. Bogra , s 2 2 3 1 2 2 0.00 Barisal _ 6 0 6 0 6 0 _ 0.00 1 4 1 ,Sylhet _ 5 1 ' 1 5 All 19 6 16 9 15 9 1 (76) _ (24) (64) (36) (60) (36) (4) 408 Impact of poultry management technique

Changes in household assets

In the case of broiler beneficiary farm, household assets like bicycle, electric fans, wrist watch, table/wall clocks, khat/choky, almirah, chair, tables, showcase and dinning table were increased by 39%, 43%, 25%, 65%, 17%, 25%, 10%, 30%, 14%, 16%, 11°/0 and 400% and land asset was decreased by 3.25% in post-project period than pre-project period. All these changes in household assets implied that the adoption of commercial broiler packages has a direct effect on purchasing capacity of those beneficiary households (Table 9). The decrease in land asset in Barisal area was related to river erosion and sale of land for sending sons or other members to abroad.

Table 9. Household assets of beneficiaries

Sites Periods Land Bi Ricks Sewing E. Wrist Table/ Khat/ Almira Chair Table Show- Dinning (ha.) haw machine fans watch Choky case cycle wall table clock' Khulna Now 1.58 0.56 0.44 0.22 - 1.56 0.89 2.11 0.56 1.89 0.89 0.11 0.11 Before 1.58 0.33 0.44 0.22 - 1.00 0.33 1.44 0.44 1.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 Bogra Now 3.84 0.5 0.8 0.25 3.5 0.5 0.5 3 0.5 3.5 2 1.3 0.5 Before 3.84 0.25 0 0 1.25 0.75 , 0.25 3 _ 0.5 4 2 1.25 0.25 Barisal Now 0.44 0.3 0.2 0 3.17 1.5 0.83 3.33 0.83 6.33 1.67 0.3 0 Before 0.68 0.33 0.17 0 2.67 1.5 0.83 3.333 0.8 6.33 1.67 0.33 0 Sy!het Now 0.81 0.5 0.3 0.33 1.67 2.67 0.83 2.33 0.17 5.83 1.67 0.5 0.2 Before 0.81 0.5 0.33 0.333 0.83 2.333 1.17 2.333 0 4.67 1.5 0.33 0 All Now 1.49 0.50 0.40 0.20 1.72 1.64 0.80 2.60 0.52 4.16 1.44 0.40 0.20 Before 1.54 0.36 0.28 0.16 1.04 1.40 0.64 2.36 0.40 3.64 1.24 0.36 0.04 % Change -3.25 38.9 42.9 25 65.4 17.14 25 10.17 30 14.3 16.13 11.1 400

Changes in School-going Children

School-going children for broiler beneficiaries was increased by 123% in post-project situation. Seventy six percent of broiler households opined that the education expenses of their children was increased which was affordable with increased income due to adoption of commercial broiler packages introduced by PMTIP (Table 10).

Table 10. Schooling of children of beneficiaries

Sites School-going boys (No.) School-going girls No.)

Now Before Now Before Pry. H.Scl. Clg. Varsity Pry. H.Scl. Clg Varsity Pry. H.Scl. Clg Pry. H.Scl. Clg All Sites (Av.) 0.36 0.24 0.2 0.04 0.12 0.16 0.08 0.04 ' 0.28 0.36 0.2 0 0.2 0.16 Total (Av.) 0.86 0.40 0.84 0.36 (%)Increase 115% 133% . Overall (`)/0)Increase . 123% Rahman et al. 409

Changes in motivation and adoption rate The motivation and adoption rate of broiler were 200% and 132%, respectively. These high motivation and adoption rate of commercial broiler packages indicated that they were very much popular and acceptable across the rural people (Table 11). Table 11. Motivation and adoption rate of commercial broiler packages Sites - No. of farmers No. of Farmers % of Motivation No. of farmers adopted clo of Adoption Benefited Motivated 133 Khulna 9 , 13 144 12 . Bogra 4 16 400 8 , 200 Barisal 6 12 200 6 , 100 Sylhet 6 9 150 , 7 117 All 25 50 200 33 132

Women empowerment scenarios Forty four percent (44%) broiler beneficiaries were women. PMTIP has provided employment opportunities and generated family income to them and thus, their status in family and society has been enhanced. Their relationship with husband has also been improved after the adoption of broiler-packages.

Participation in decision making Participation in decision making on household expenditure by all members together was increased from 76% in pre-project period to 84% in post-project period (Tables 12). Decision making on children education by father and mother jointly was increased from i% in pre-project period to 12% in post-project period (Table 13).

Table 12. Decision making on household expenditure Sites Now Before , Father Father & Ben. Husband All Father Father & Ben. Ben. Husband All Mother himself herself together . mother himself . together ._ , . 0 6 Khulna 0 1 1 o 7 1 ._ 1 1 o Bogra 0 0 o 0 4 1 o o o o 3 Barisal 1 0 , 0 o 5 1 0 0 o 0 5 • Sylhet 0 0 0 1 5 0 • - 0 . 0 0 1 5 19(76) All 1(4) 1(4) 1(4) 1(4) 21(84) 3(12). 1(4) 1(4) 0 1(4) °A3 Change 0 0 - 0 0 - 10.53 ------

Table 13. Decision making on children education Sites Periods • Father Mother Father & mother Beneficiary All together jointly himself Khulna Now 1 1 3 2 2 1 . 2 4 • Before 1 1 . . • 4 Bogra Now o , o , - 0 o , Before o o o o 4 5 Barisal Now 1 , o 0 o . Before 1 o o , o 5 , Sylhet Now 1 o o _ o 5 Before 0 o o 1 5 All Now 3(12) 1(4) 3(12) 2(8) 16(64) Before 2(8) 1(4) 1(4) 3(12) 18(72) _ % Change 50 0 200 -33.33 -11.11 410 Impact of poultry management technique

Participation in membership of union council, Gram sarker & NGOs

In broiler, the women membership of NGOs has increased by 20% in post-project situation than pre-project (Tables 14). This indicates that the socio-economic status of women within the household has increased after the intervention made by PMTIP in the sub- site areas.

Table 14. Membership of union council, Gram sarker & NGOs

Sites Female Member of Union Council Member of Gram Sarker Member of NGOs Beneficiaries Number % Change Number `)/0 Change Number % Change No. Now Before Now Before Now Before Khulna 2 o 0 0 o o o 1 o 100 Bogra 3 0 o o o o o 1 1 o Barisal 1 0 • 0 o o o o o o 0 Sylhet 5 o 0 o o 0 _ 0 3 3 o All • 11 0 0 0 0 o o 5 4 20

Socio-economic condition

Seventy six percent (76%) of broiler beneficiary informed that their socio-economic condition has been improved. This implied that PMTIP has effectively reduced poverty of the broiler beneficiaries.

Conclusion

Commercial broiler packages have created employment opportunities for unemployed family labour and generated family income for the beneficiaries. Socio-economic status on supplementary occupation, off-farm income, changes in livestock assets, dwelling houses, savings, health status, sources of drinking water and types of latrine, monthly consumption of chicken, eggs, vegetables, milk, pulses, fish and rice, household assets and number of school-going children were increased while occurrence of diseases and annual cost for treatment were decreased in-post project period. Women's participation on household expenditure, children education and membership of NGOs were increased in post- project situation. It was observed that commercial broiler packages had high motivation (200%) and adoption (132%) rate. All these evidences suggest that commercial broiler packages introduced by PMTIP deserve wider expansion through out the country covering larger number of beneficiaries.

Acknowledgement

The authors express their profound gratitude to Dr. Hishanori Hashimoto, Poultry Extension Planning Expert, JICA, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, for providing administrative and financial support. The authors express their deep sense of gratitude to JICA for providing necessary fund for conducting the survey. The authors also acknowledge their indebtedness of Sub-site Officers and staff-members and beneficiaries for their co-operation to complete the study successfully. Rahman et aL 411

References

Alam, J., Sayeed, M.A., Rahman, S.M.A. F., Yasmin and Begum, J. 1998. An Economic Study on Poultry Farms in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Livestock Research, 2(1-5) MuIla, N.I. 1995. Marketing of Poultry Products with Special Reference to India. Poultry Adviser, 28(8) Prodhan, S.K. 1995. Broiler Farming: A Self-Employment Programme in Tripura, India. Indian Farming, pp. 39-41. Project Proforma. 2001. Poultry Management Technique Improvement Project (Revised). Government of t.ie People's Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock and Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka. Rahman, S.M.A., Sayeed, M.A., Sarker, N.R., Miyan, M.A.H. and Salahuddin, M. 2004. Socio-Economic Impact Analysis of Beneficiaries of Broiler and Layer Packages Developed and Introduced by Poultry Management Technique Improvement Project. Research Report, Socio-economic Res. Division, BLRI, Savar, Dhaka. Siddiqui, L R. et. al., 2002. Farmers and Areas Survey for Extension of Poultry Management Technique Suitable for Small Scale Farmers. Consultancy Report Prepared by Development Planners & Consultants(DPC) Sirohi, A.S., 1980. Role of Dairy and Poultry Enterprises for Increasing Income and Employment of Farmers in the Union Territory of Delhi. Indian J. Ag.Econ., 35(4). Verma, A.R. and Pillai, A.G.R. 1989. Economics of Layer and Broiler Farming. Poultry Guide, 26 (7).