Thesis Final Draft

Cultural Exchange in Southern France: Archaeological and Textual Evidence for the Celto-Ligurian Tribe of the Salluvii A thesis submitted by Shannon Donohue in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Classical Archaeology Tufts University May 2012 Advisor: Dr. R. Bruce Hitchner ! ! ! Abstract The south of France presents a valuable case in the study of the cultural contact and exchange between the Greeks and indigenous non-Greek peoples with whom they came in contact. This study concentrates on the material culture of the Salluvian sites of Entremont and Glanum, with the purpose of showing that the Salluvian elite were receptive to Greek technological innovations. Early scholarship in the 1940's characterized Glanum and Entremont differently, arguing that Glanum was a Greek site and Entremont a Salluvian site. Taking account of recent scholarly debate over their interpretation, this study will show that both of these sites were the result of Salluvian efforts. The evidence from Glanum and Entremont suggests that the elite members of the Salluvii took on modern Hellenistic cultural elements of art and architecture in order to demonstrate the prosperity of their community, which resulted in Salluvian sites that exhibited Greek features. ! ! ! ! ! "!! ! ! Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. R. Bruce Hitchner for pointing me in the direction of the Salluvii and for providing me with many useful sources, helpful suggestions, and interesting points to think about. I would also like to thank Dr. J. Matthew Harrington for his input, advice, and guidance throughout the writing process. Many thanks also to David Proctor for his support in various aspects of my graduate student life at Tufts University. Last but not least I want to thank my family for everything they have done for me, especially their endless support and love. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ""!! ! ! Table of Contents Abstract.................................................................................................................................i Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................ii Table of Contents................................................................................................................iii Figures................................................................................................................................iv Chapter I: Introduction.........................................................................................................1 Chapter II: Historiography...................................................................................................5 Chapter III: Entremont.......................................................................................................32 Chapter IV: Glanum...........................................................................................................66 Chapter V: The Salluvii and Rome....................................................................................88 Chapter VI: Conclusion.....................................................................................................94 Bibliography......................................................................................................................98 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! """! ! ! ! Table of Figures Figure 1 Map of Salluvian Territory........................................................................19 Figure 2 Site of Entremont.......................................................................................35 Figure 3 Map of Habitat 1........................................................................................38 Figure 4 Map of Habitat 2........................................................................................39 Figure 5 Map of Entremont......................................................................................44 Figure 6 Front of Statue 1.........................................................................................46 Figure 7 Back of Statue 1.........................................................................................46 Figure 8 Front of Statue 3.........................................................................................47 Figure 9 Back of Statue 3.........................................................................................47 Figure 10 Front of Statue 5........................................................................................48 Figure 11 Female Statue 40.......................................................................................49 Figure 12 Seated Warrior 6........................................................................................51 Figure 13 Torso 10.....................................................................................................51 Figure 14 Seated Warrior from Roquepertuse...........................................................54 Figure 15 Map of Habitat 1 & 2.................................................................................57 Figure 16 Pillar...........................................................................................................58 Figure 17 Lintel..........................................................................................................58 Figure 18 Map of Provence with Trade Routes.........................................................67 Figure 19 Map of Glanum..........................................................................................73 Figure 20 Capital at Glanum......................................................................................82 Figure 21 Image of Salluvian in Capital....................................................................82 Figure 22 Bouleuterion...............................................................................................85 "#! ! ! ! Chapter I: Introduction The people referred to by ancient sources as either !" #$%&'( or as the Salluvii were a Celto-Ligurian tribal confederation who are known to have inhabited an extensive area in the Provence region of the south of France from the third to the first century BCE. The Salluvii lived within the sphere of Greek contact via the Phocaean Greek settlement of Massalia in modern day Marseille. This degree of social exchange makes the Salluvii exceptional in the context of many other Celtic tribes, as they were in contact with the Mediterranean world from a very early date. The Salluvii are first mentioned in Greek sources in the second century BCE. After the destruction of their premier settlement of Entremont in 124 BCE and their subsequent defeat by the Romans in 90 BCE, however, all mention of the Salluvii in Greek and Roman texts disappears. It was not until the second half of the twentieth century that systematic archaeological excavations of Salluvian sites in southern France began. Because the majority of archaeological research is of recent date and limited extent, the study of the Salluvii is partially dependent on the accounts of Greeks and Roman authors. As the Salluvii left behind no written works, these sources provide the only contemporary, first-hand accounts of their customs, appearance, language, religion, and way of life. However, these accounts are written from the vantage point of outsiders, Greeks and Romans, who had a formulaic manner of characterizing persons as ethnically "Celtic", "Ligurian", or "Salluvian". It is likely such broad terms, although common in ancient literature, may obscure more intricate ethnic affiliations and cultural differences that were intelligible to cultural outsiders.1 For this !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! $!The definition of identity in regards to ethnicity that will be used in this thesis is that of Dominique Garcia who defines ethnicity as a social and psychological phenomenon associated with a cultural construct and an economic dynamic.!! $!! ! ! reason, in order to effectively utilize these sources it is necessary to acknowledge and scrutinize the inherent biases of such outside perspectives. Glanum and Entremont are two sites associated with Salluvian occupation that exhibit a stark contrast in architecture, layout, and art. The site of Entremont fits well with the commonly accepted description of a Celtic-Ligurian settlement. From the location of the settlement to the architecture and artistic representations discovered by archaeologists, this site features all of the characteristics of a typical hilltop oppidum. The site of Glanum, however, exhibits drastically different features. The majority of the buildings and architecture found at Glanum are Hellenistic in style. Although the remains of Celtic art and architecture have been discovered at the site, the predominant culture at Glanum comes across as mainly Greek. The unexpectedly Hellenistic character of Glanum has been the subject of extensive debate among archaeologists of this region. The issue of how to interpret the overwhelmingly Greek character of this particular Salluvian site, in comparison to the other typically Celtic Salluvian sites, is an open question. To date, there have been two interpretations of the development and predominant culture of Glanum. The earlier theory is that of Henri Rolland, director of excavation from 1942 to 1969, who hypothesized that Glanum was an offshoot of the Greek settlement of Massalia during the Hellenistic period.

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