DOCSLIB.ORG

Contrasting Patterns of Intercontinental Connectivity and Climatic Niche Evolution in “Terebinthaceae” (Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Contrasting Patterns of Intercontinental Connectivity and Climatic Niche Evolution in “Terebinthaceae” (Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae) ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 28 November 2014 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00409 To move or to evolve: contrasting patterns of intercontinental connectivity and climatic niche evolution in “Terebinthaceae” (Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae) Andrea Weeks 1*, Felipe Zapata 2, Susan K. Pell 3, Douglas C. Daly 4, John D. Mitchell 4 and Paul V. A. Fine 5 1 Department of Biology and Ted R. Bradley Herbarium, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA 3 United States Botanical Garden, Washington, DC, USA 4 Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, USA 5 Department of Integrative Biology and Jepson and University Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Edited by: Many angiosperm families are distributed pantropically, yet for any given continent Toby Pennington, Royal Botanic little is known about which lineages are ancient residents or recent arrivals. Here Garden Edinburgh, UK we use a comprehensive sampling of the pantropical sister pair Anacardiaceae and Reviewed by: Burseraceae to assess the relative importance of continental vicariance, long-distance Matthew T. Lavin, Montana State University, USA dispersal and niche-conservatism in generating its distinctive pattern of diversity over Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Royal Botanic time. Each family has approximately the same number of species and identical stem Gardens, Kew, UK age, yet Anacardiaceae display a broader range of fruit morphologies and dispersal *Correspondence: strategies and include species that can withstand freezing temperatures, whereas Andrea Weeks, Department of Burseraceae do not. We found that nuclear and chloroplast data yielded a highly supported Biology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3E1, Fairfax, phylogenetic reconstruction that supports current taxonomic concepts and time-calibrated VA 22030, USA biogeographic reconstructions that are broadly congruent with the fossil record. We e-mail: [email protected] conclude that the most recent common ancestor of these families was widespread and likely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere during the Cretaceous and that vicariance between Eastern and Western Hemispheres coincided with the initial divergence of the families. The tempo of diversification of the families is strikingly different. Anacardiaceae steadily accumulated lineages starting in the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene while the majority of Burseraceae diversification occurred in the Miocene. Multiple dispersal- and vicariance-based intercontinental colonization events are inferred for both families throughout the past 100 million years. However, Anacardiaceae have shifted climatic niches frequently during this time, while Burseraceae have experienced very few shifts between dry and wet climates and only in the tropics. Thus, we conclude that both Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae move easily but that Anacardiaceae have adapted more often, either due to more varied selective pressures or greater intrinsic lability. Keywords: biogeography, biome shifts, continental vicariance, diversification, long-distance dispersal, phylogenetic niche conservatism INTRODUCTION Moreover, the timing and directionality of such dispersal events A richer understanding of factors underlying the origin of the is often unknown, although recent studies have found that many diverse tropical flora depends on aggregating global biogeo- tropical radiations appear to have coincided with climatic and graphic, taxonomic and phylogenetic information from multiple geographic events, such as Oligocene–Miocene cooling and dry- plant clades. Although much progress has been made recon- ing in both the Americas and Africa, the connection of North structing the tempo and genealogical patterns of angiosperm and South America, and the Andean uplift (Bouchenak-Khelladi evolution in the past two decades, most of the major plant lin- et al., 2010; Hoorn et al., 2010; De-Nova et al., 2012; Hughes et al., eages lack the comprehensive global sampling and taxonomic 2013). studies necessary to address basic questions regarding the timing Recent studies have highlighted the importance of phyloge- of radiations, geographic origins, and dispersal histories. Many netic niche conservatism in understanding large-scale patterns of angiosperm families are common to tropical forests around the plant biogeography and evolution (Wiens and Donoghue, 2004; world, yet very little is known about which lineages are ancient Donoghue, 2008). The hypothesis is that because adaptation to and have experienced multiple vicariance events, and which new climatic zones requires a complex array of morphological lineages have experienced more recent long-distance dispersal. and physiological innovations, as long as dispersal is possible, www.frontiersin.org November 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 409 | 1 Weeks et al. Biogeography and evolution of “Terebinthaceae” in situ adaptation by the resident flora during periods of global 2011). This disparity is primarily responsible for the recognition cooling or drying may often be less common than immigration of more genera in Anacardiaceae (82) as compared to Burseraceae of other lineages that are pre-adapted to freezing or dry climates. (19), although each family has approximately the same number For example, many Northern American temperate plant lineages of species. However, the geographic range as well as the mor- have colonized the high-elevation South American Andes since phological and ecological diversity of Anacardiaceae considerably overland connections were established between the two conti- eclipses that of Burseraceae, which makes the Terebinthaceae nents (Bell and Donoghue, 2005; Hughes and Eastwood, 2006). lineage a valuable comparative model system for testing the rel- However, South American lineages have also colonized these ative contributions to diversification of climate adaptation and freezing habitats, even from warm tropical lowlands (Donoghue, intercontinental movement. 2008), demonstrating that adaptation to new biomes, as well as The differences between the families raise the question of immigration from other areas, can result in diversification within how sister lineages having identical ages and nearly equivalent regions (Donoghue, 2008; Donoghue and Edwards, 2014). numbers of species could have taken such different evolution- The angiosperm lineages Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae ary trajectories whilst becoming so widespread. Anacardiaceae (Sapindales) represent an excellent study system for investi- comprise a cosmopolitan group, are found at a greater range of gating the biogeographic history of tropical diversification and latitudes and elevations, and a broader range of habitats than the relative importance of movement and climatic adaptation Burseraceae. All Burseraceae, by contrast, are intolerant of frost in angiosperm evolution. Once recognized as the single taxon and are thus limited to lower elevation zones in the African, “Terebinthaceae” (Marchand, 1869) and subsequently shown to American, Asian and Pacific (sub-)tropics. be sister taxa (Fernando et al., 1995; Gadek et al., 1996; Bremer Testing which events may have been correlated with cladogen- et al., 1999; Savolainen et al., 2000a,b; Pell, 2004), these families esis in Terebinthaceae is contingent on reconstructing a densely collectively comprise ca. 1500 lianas, shrubs and trees distributed sampled, time-calibrated phylogeny for the group. Divergence on every continent except Antarctica and are major elements of time estimates are a critical component of testing historical bio- the structure and diversity of temperate, seasonally dry tropical geographic hypotheses for Terebinthaceae because routes of over- forest and tropical wet forest floras (Gentry, 1988; Pennington land range expansion available to Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae et al., 2010)(Figure 1). Anacardiaceae species display a remark- may have been different as global climate fluctuated over geo- able range of fruit morphologies and seed dispersal syndromes logical time. For example, ancestral lineages of frost tolerant not present in Burseraceae (see Daly et al., 2011; Pell et al., Anacardiaceae may have been able to disperse through regions FIGURE 1 | (A) Global distribution of Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae (red Protium, Bursera and Boswellia nuculaniums; 3, Garuga drupe; 4, area is Anacardiaceae only, blue is Burseraceae only, and gray is where Solenocarpus drupe; 5, Spondias, internally operculate drupe; 6, the two families’ distributions overlap), and fossils used to calibrate the Dracontomelon, externally operculate drupe; 7, Loxostylis, drupe subtended phylogenies in this study (1, Oligocene/Late Eocene Cotinus leaf; 2, Middle by wing-like calyx; 8, Anacardium, drupe subtended by fleshy hypocarp; 9, Miocene Loxopterygium fruit; 3, Middle Eocene Anacardium fruit; 4, Campylopetalum, drupe subtended by an accrescent bract; 10, Swintonia, Middle Eocene Bursericarpum aldwickense and Protocommiphora europea drupe subtended by wing-like corolla; 11, Schinopsis, samara.) (illustrations fruits; 5, Middle Eocene Bursera subgenus Elaphrium leaf). (B) Fruit 1–7 and 10–11 from Engler, 1883; 8 from Faguet, 1874/1875; 9 copyright diversity in Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae (1, Triomma pseudocapsule; 2, Bobbi Angell). Frontiers in Genetics | Evolutionary and Population Genetics November 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 409 | 2 Weeks et al. Biogeography and evolution of “Terebinthaceae” located above the frost line during
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Edaphic Factors and the Landscape-Scale Distributions of Tropical Rain Forest Trees
    Ecology, 80(8), 1999, pp. 2662±2675 q 1999 by the Ecological Society of America EDAPHIC FACTORS AND THE LANDSCAPE-SCALE DISTRIBUTIONS OF TROPICAL RAIN FOREST TREES DAVID B. CLARK,1,3 MICHAEL W. P ALMER,2 AND DEBORAH A. CLARK1 1Department of Biology, University of Missouri, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63121 USA 2Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 USA Abstract. Tropical rain forests have the highest tree diversity on earth. Nonrandom spatial distributions of these species in relation to edaphic factors could be one mechanism responsible for maintaining this diversity. We examined the prevalence of nonrandom dis- tributions of trees and palms in relation to soil type and topographic position (``edaphic biases'') over a mesoscale (573 ha) old-growth tropical rain forest (TRF) landscape at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. All trees and palms $10 cm diameter were mea- sured and identi®ed in 1170 circular 0.01-ha plots centered on an existing 50 3 100 m grid. Topographic position was classi®ed for each plot, and slope and aspect were measured. Soil type data were taken from a previous study (Clark et al. 1998). A total of 5127 trees and palms were identi®ed in 267 species. Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Canon- ical Correspondence Analysis showed that highly signi®cant edaphic gradients were present, with swamp or highly fertile soils separated from the less fertile, well-drained upland soils. Species composition remained signi®cantly related to topographic position when soil type was controlled for. The main ¯oristic gradients were still signi®cant when ¯ooded sites were excluded from the analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Endemism of Woody Plant Species in the Equatorial Pacific Seasonally Dry Forests
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Biodivers Conserv (2010) 19:169–185 DOI 10.1007/s10531-009-9713-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Diversity and endemism of woody plant species in the Equatorial Pacific seasonally dry forests Reynaldo Linares-Palomino Æ Lars Peter Kvist Æ Zhofre Aguirre-Mendoza Æ Carlos Gonzales-Inca Received: 7 October 2008 / Accepted: 10 August 2009 / Published online: 16 September 2009 Ó The Author(s) 2009. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The biodiversity hotspot of the Equatorial Pacific region in western Ecuador and northwestern Peru comprises the most extensive seasonally dry forest formations west of the Andes. Based on a recently assembled checklist of the woody plants occurring in this region, we analysed their geographical and altitudinal distribution patterns. The montane seasonally dry forest region (at an altitude between 1,000 and 1,100 m, and the smallest in terms of area) was outstanding in terms of total species richness and number of endemics. The extensive seasonally dry forest formations in the Ecuadorean and Peruvian lowlands and hills (i.e., forests below 500 m altitude) were comparatively much more species poor. It is remarkable though, that there were so many fewer collections in the Peruvian departments and Ecuadorean provinces with substantial mountainous areas, such as Ca- jamarca and Loja, respectively, indicating that these places have a potentially higher number of species. We estimate that some form of protected area (at country, state or private level) is currently conserving only 5% of the approximately 55,000 km2 of remaining SDF in the region, and many of these areas protect vegetation at altitudes below 500 m altitude.
    [Show full text]
  • Cintia Luz.Pdf
    Cíntia Luíza da Silva Luz Filogenia e sistemática de Schinus L. (Anacardiaceae), com revisão de um clado endêmico das matas nebulares andinas Phylogeny and systematics of Schinus L. (Anacardiaceae), with revision of a clade endemic to the Andean cloud forests Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção de Título de Doutor em Ciências, na Área de Botânica. Orientador: Dr. José Rubens Pirani São Paulo 2017 Luz, Cíntia Luíza da Silva Filogenia e sistemática de Schinus L. (Anacardiaceae), com revisão de um clado endêmico das matas nebulares andinas Número de páginas: 176 Tese (Doutorado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Botânica. 1. Anacardiaceae 2. Schinus 3. Filogenia 4. Taxonomia vegetal I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Botânica Comissão julgadora: ______________________________ ______________________________ Prof(a). Dr.(a) Prof(a). Dr.(a) ______________________________ ______________________________ Prof(a). Dr.(a) Prof(a). Dr.(a) _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Rubens Pirani Orientador Ao Luciano Luz, pelo entusiasmo botânico, companheirismo e dedicação aos Schinus Esta é a estória. Ia um menino, com os tios, passar dias no lugar onde se construía a grande cidade. Era uma viagem inventada no feliz; para ele, produzia-se em caso de sonho. Saíam ainda com o escuro, o ar fino de cheiros desconhecidos. A mãe e o pai vinham trazê-lo ao aeroporto. A tia e o tio tomavam conta dele, justínhamente. Sorria-se, saudava-se, todos se ouviam e falavam. O avião era da companhia, especial, de quatro lugares. Respondiam-lhe a todas as perguntas, até o piloto conversou com ele.
    [Show full text]
  • The Monophyly of Bursera and Its Impact for Divergence Times of Burseraceae
    TAXON 61 (2) • April 2012: 333–343 Becerra & al. • Monophyly of Bursera The monophyly of Bursera and its impact for divergence times of Burseraceae Judith X. Becerra,1 Kogi Noge,2 Sarai Olivier1 & D. Lawrence Venable3 1 Department of Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, U.S.A. 2 Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan 3 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, U.S.A. Author for correspondence: Judith X. Becerra, [email protected] Abstract Bursera is one of the most diverse and abundant groups of trees and shrubs of the Mexican tropical dry forests. Its interaction with its specialist herbivores in the chrysomelid genus Blepharida, is one of the best-studied coevolutionary systems. Prior studies based on molecular phylogenies concluded that Bursera is a monophyletic genus. Recently, however, other molecular analyses have suggested that the genus might be paraphyletic, with the closely related Commiphora, nested within Bursera. If this is correct, then interpretations of coevolution results would have to be revised. Whether Bursera is or is not monophyletic also has implications for the age of Burseraceae, since previous dates were based on calibrations using Bursera fossils assuming that Bursera was paraphyletic. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of 76 species and varieties of Bursera, 51 species of Commiphora, and 13 outgroups using nuclear DNA data. We also reconstructed a phylogeny of the Burseraceae using 59 members of the family, 9 outgroups and nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. These analyses strongly confirm previous conclusions that this genus is monophyletic.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear and Plastid DNA Sequence-Based Molecular Phylogeography of Salvadora
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/050518; this version posted April 27, 2016. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Nuclear and Plastid DNA Sequence-based Molecular Phylogeography of Salvadora oleoides (Salvadoraceae) in Punjab, India Felix Bast1 and Navreet Kaur2 Centre for Plant Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India 1Corresponding author; Telephone: +91 98721 52694; Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/050518; this version posted April 27, 2016. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Salvadora oleiodes is a tropical tree species belonging to the little-known family Salvadoraceae and distributed in the arid regions of Africa and Asia. Aims of our study were to trace the microevolutionary legacy of this tree species with the help of sequence-based multi-local phylogeography and to find the comparative placement of family Salvadoraceae within angiosperm clade malvids. A total 20 geographical isolates were collected from different regions of North India, covering a major part of its species range within the Indian Subcontinent. Sequence data from nuclear-encoded Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and plastid-encoded trnL-F spacer region, were generated for this species for the first time in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants at Sambas Botanical Garden, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
    doi: 10.11594/jtls.08.02.04 THE JOURNAL OF TROPICAL LIFE SCIENCE OPEN ACCESS Freely available online VOL. 8, NO. 2, pp. 116 – 122, February 2018 Submitted May 2017; Revised December 2017; Accepted December 2017 Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants at Sambas Botanical Garden, West Kalimantan, Indonesia Sudarmono * Center for Plant Conservation- Bogor Botanical Garden, Indonesia Research Institute (LIPI), Bogor, Indonesia ABSTRACT Botanical garden is one of ex-situ conservation which has function as germ plasm conservation, education/research, and recreation. To conserve plants biodiversity, many local governments in Indonesia propose to cooperate with LIPI to build botanical gardens. Sambas botanical garden with an area ± 300 ha in West Kalimantan is one of a botanical garden which is under construction. As new exploration site, many biodiversity in this area has not been entirely explored yet including its medicinal plants. Methods used in this study including field survey and interview techniques. The objective of this study is to explore a biodiversity of medicinal plants in that area. This study identified 30 medicinal plants, representing 20 families and 25 genera. It indicated that Sambas botanical garden has many highly potential values of medicinal plants. Therefore, a proper management including medicinal plant for this area is strongly required. Keywords: Sambas, botanical gardens, medicinal plants INTRODUCTION Although Sambas Botanical Garden is predicted has Indonesian flora plays an important role in the great diversity on medicinal plants but information world biodiversity as contributes to 15.5% of total world about medicinal plants and uses in this area is very lack flora. However, it is under threatened due to high rate [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Comparision of Stand Structure and Tree Species Diversity Between Medium and Rich Forests of Truong Son Forestry Company, Quang Binh Province
    Silviculture COMPARISION OF STAND STRUCTURE AND TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY BETWEEN MEDIUM AND RICH FORESTS OF TRUONG SON FORESTRY COMPANY, QUANG BINH PROVINCE Cao Thi Thu Hien, Nguyen Hong Hai Vietnam National University of Forestry SUMMARY Results from this study showed several characteristics of structure, composition and tree species diversity of the medium and rich forests in the tropical moist evergreen forests of the Truong Son Forestry Company, Quang Binh province. A total of 4 plots of 100m × 100m each placed in two forest states were surveyed and all stems ≥ 6 cm DBH were measured. 3661 live stems ≥ 6 cm DBH were encountered, representing 40 families and 70 tree species. The density, mean DBH, mean height and total basal area of the medium forest ranged 809 trees/ha - 839 trees/ha, 14.55 cm – 15.05 cm, 10.80 m – 11.06 m and 19.35 m2/ha – 22.42 m2/ha, while these numbers in the rich forest were 1003 trees/ha - 1010 trees/ha, 15.55 cm – 15.64 cm, 11.79 m – 12.60 m and 28.22 m2/ha – 29.00 m2/ha, respectively. These key characteristics were significant difference between two forest states. The Exponential and Weibull distributions could provide good fit for the tree diameter and height data. The most dominant families in both two forest states were Fabaceae, Burseraceae, Lauraceae and Meliaceae, and the most important species found in both two forest states were Garuga pierrei, Ormosia balansae and Litsea glutinosa. Based on the diversity profile, there is no intrinsic diversity ordering between the medium and the rich forests.
    [Show full text]
  • I Is the Sunda-Sahul Floristic Exchange Ongoing?
    Is the Sunda-Sahul floristic exchange ongoing? A study of distributions, functional traits, climate and landscape genomics to investigate the invasion in Australian rainforests By Jia-Yee Samantha Yap Bachelor of Biotechnology Hons. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2018 Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation i Abstract Australian rainforests are of mixed biogeographical histories, resulting from the collision between Sahul (Australia) and Sunda shelves that led to extensive immigration of rainforest lineages with Sunda ancestry to Australia. Although comprehensive fossil records and molecular phylogenies distinguish between the Sunda and Sahul floristic elements, species distributions, functional traits or landscape dynamics have not been used to distinguish between the two elements in the Australian rainforest flora. The overall aim of this study was to investigate both Sunda and Sahul components in the Australian rainforest flora by (1) exploring their continental-wide distributional patterns and observing how functional characteristics and environmental preferences determine these patterns, (2) investigating continental-wide genomic diversities and distances of multiple species and measuring local species accumulation rates across multiple sites to observe whether past biotic exchange left detectable and consistent patterns in the rainforest flora, (3) coupling genomic data and species distribution models of lineages of known Sunda and Sahul ancestry to examine landscape-level dynamics and habitat preferences to relate to the impact of historical processes. First, the continental distributions of rainforest woody representatives that could be ascribed to Sahul (795 species) and Sunda origins (604 species) and their dispersal and persistence characteristics and key functional characteristics (leaf size, fruit size, wood density and maximum height at maturity) of were compared.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Systematics of the Cashew Family (Anacardiaceae) Susan Katherine Pell Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2004 Molecular systematics of the cashew family (Anacardiaceae) Susan Katherine Pell Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Recommended Citation Pell, Susan Katherine, "Molecular systematics of the cashew family (Anacardiaceae)" (2004). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1472. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1472 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS OF THE CASHEW FAMILY (ANACARDIACEAE) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Biological Sciences by Susan Katherine Pell B.S., St. Andrews Presbyterian College, 1995 May 2004 © 2004 Susan Katherine Pell All rights reserved ii Dedicated to my mentors: Marcia Petersen, my mentor in education Dr. Frank Watson, my mentor in botany John D. Mitchell, my mentor in the Anacardiaceae Mary Alice and Ken Carpenter, my mentors in life iii Acknowledgements I would first and foremost like to thank my mentor and dear friend, John D. Mitchell for his unabashed enthusiasm and undying love for the Anacardiaceae. He has truly been my adviser in all Anacardiaceous aspects of this project and continues to provide me with inspiration to further my endeavor to understand the evolution of this beautiful and amazing plant family.
    [Show full text]
  • Boswellia Serrata Adulteration by Allison Mccutcheon, Phd* American Botanical Council, PO Box 144345, Austin, TX 78714 *Corresponding Author: Email
    Boswellia serrata Adulteration By Allison McCutcheon, PhD* American Botanical Council, PO Box 144345, Austin, TX 78714 *Corresponding author: email Citation (JAMA style): McCutcheon A. Adulteration of Boswellia serrata. Austin, TX: Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program; Botanical Adulterants Bulletin. 2018. Keywords: Adulterant, adulteration, Boswellia, Boswellia serrata, Boswellia carteri, Boswellia frereana, Boswellia sacra, Boswellia papyrifera, boswellic acids, Garuga pinnata, Indian frankincense, Pinaceae Goal: The goal of this bulletin is to provide timely infor- mation and/or updates on issues of adulteration of Boswellia serrata (Burseraceae) to the international herbal industry and extended natural products community in general. It Boswellia serrata oleogum resin is intended to complement the previously published works Photo ©2018 Steven Foster with information on B. serrata adulteration by presenting new data on the occurrence of adulteration, the market situ- Gujarati: Gugal, saleda, dhup,6 shaledum, saladi, gugal, ation, and consequences for the consumer and the industry. saledhi4 1. General Information German: Indischer Weihrauch2 1.1 Common name: Indian frankincense,1 boswellia2 Hindi: Madi, salai, saler, salga, salhe, sali,6 anduk, gugal, 1.2 Other common names: halar, kundur, loban, lobhan, luban, salaga, salai, salar, salaran, salhe, sel-gond, vellakkunturukkam,7 labana4 English: Indian olibanum2,3 Italian: Incenso indiano8 Assamese: Sallaki4 Kannada: Madimar, chilakdupa, tallaki, maddi4 Ayurvedic: Shallaki, susravaa,
    [Show full text]
  • Leaf Transcriptome Assembly of Protium Copal (Burseraceae) and Annotation of Terpene Biosynthetic Genes
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Leaf Transcriptome Assembly of Protium copal (Burseraceae) and Annotation of Terpene Biosynthetic Genes Gabriel Damasco 1,* , Vikram S. Shivakumar 1, Tracy M. Misciewicz 2, Douglas C. Daly 3 and Paul V. A. Fine 1 1 Department of Integrative Biology and University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; [email protected] (V.S.S.); paulfi[email protected] (P.V.A.F.) 2 Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; [email protected] 3 Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 March 2019; Accepted: 20 May 2019; Published: 22 May 2019 Abstract: Plants in the Burseraceae are globally recognized for producing resins and essential oils with medicinal properties and have economic value. In addition, most of the aromatic and non-aromatic components of Burseraceae resins are derived from a variety of terpene and terpenoid chemicals. Although terpene genes have been identified in model plant crops (e.g., Citrus, Arabidopsis), very few genomic resources are available for non-model groups, including the highly diverse Burseraceae family. Here we report the assembly of a leaf transcriptome of Protium copal, an aromatic tree that has a large distribution in Central America, describe the functional annotation of putative terpene biosynthetic genes and compare terpene biosynthetic genes found in P. copal with those identified in other Burseraceae taxa. The genomic resources of Protium copal can be used to generate novel sequencing markers for population genetics and comparative phylogenetic studies, and to investigate the diversity and evolution of terpene genes in the Burseraceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Anthropogenic Factors on the Diversity and Structure
    Article Influence of Anthropogenic Factors on the Diversity and Structure of a Dry Forest in the Central Part of the Tumbesian Region (Ecuador–Perú) Jorge Cueva Ortiz 1,* , Carlos Iván Espinosa 2 , Carlos Quiroz Dahik 1 , Zhofre Aguirre Mendoza 3 , Eduardo Cueva Ortiz 2, Elizabeth Gusmán 2, Michael Weber 1 and Patrick Hildebrandt 1 1 Institute of Silviculture, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; [email protected] (C.Q.D.); [email protected] (M.W.); [email protected] (P.H.) 2 EcoSs_Lab, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, 110107 Loja, Ecuador; [email protected] (C.I.E.); [email protected] (E.C.O.); [email protected] (E.G.) 3 Carrera de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Ciudadela Guillermo Falconí E., 110-110 Loja, Ecuador; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-8161-71-4690 Received: 1 November 2018; Accepted: 2 January 2019; Published: 5 January 2019 Abstract: The dry forest of southern Ecuador and northern Perú (called the Tumbesian region) is known for its high diversity, endemism, and healthy conservation state. Nevertheless, the forest is exposed to many threats linked with human activities. To understand the effects of these threats, which have not been appropriately assessed, we pose two questions: (a) What are the diversity and structural situations of the forest? (b) Are anthropogenic activities affecting the composition and structure of the forest? The assessed factors were species richness, diversity, species similarity, abundance, and density. Forest information was obtained from 72 plots (total area 25.92 ha) randomly placed to cover a wide range of stand densities (from 200 to 1100 m a.s.l.).
    [Show full text]