Earth Explorer 9 Candidate Mission SKIM – Report for Mission Selection
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ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use Earth Explorer 9 Candidate Mission SKIM – Report for Mission Selection Reference ESA-EOPSM-SKIM-RP-3550 Issue/Revision 1.1 Date of Issue 11/07/2019 Status Issued ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is based on contributions from the SKIM Mission Advisory Group (MAG): Fabrice Ardhuin (LOPS Laboratory of Ocean Physics and remote Sensing, FR) Alessandro Battaglia (University of Leicester, UK) Peter Brandt (Geomar, DE) Fabrice Collard (OceanDataLab, FR) Geir Engen (NORCE Norwegian Research Center AS, NO) Paco Lopez-Dekker (Delft University of Technology, NL) Adrien Martin (National Oceanography Center, UK) Jamie Shutler (University of Exeter, UK) Detlef Stammer (University of Hamburg, DE) Michel Tsamados (University College London, UK) Erik van Sebille (Utrecht University, NL) Ernesto Rodriguez (Observer, NASA JPL, USA) The scientific content of the report was compiled by Craig Donlon (Scientific Coordinator) based on inputs derived from the MAG, supporting scientific studies and campaign activities, with contribution from Björn Rommen, Tania Casal and Gerhard Ressler. Additional contributions were made by Gérald Dibarboure, François Boy, Pierre Dubois, François Soulat, Clement Ubelmann, Bertrand Chapron, Lucile Gaultier, Frederic Nouguier, Jean-Marc Delouis, Goulven Monnier, Stéphane Méric, Charles Peureux, Mickael Accensi, and Tom Holden via supporting science studies and campaign work. The technical content of the report was compiled by Erik De Witte (Technical Coordinator) with contributions from Ana Piris Niño, Andrea Tromba, Björn Frommknecht, Björn Rommen, Elena Daganzo-Eusebio, Maarten van den Oever, Martin Suess (Payload Technical Coordinator) and Paolo Bensi, based on inputs derived from the industrial Phase A system and technical activities under the responsibility of the Future Missions and Instruments Division. Special thanks go to the industrial teams who have supported ESA to bring this report together in a very short time after the Preliminary Requirements Review. Recommended citation: ESA(2019). Report for Mission Selection: SKIM, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, ESA-EOPSM-SKIM-RP-3550, 264pp. Cover image design: Earth Observation Graphics Bureau (EOGB) Copyright: © 2019 European Space Agency Page 2/264 Earth Explorer 9 Candidate Mission SKIM - Report for Mission Selection Issue Date 11/07/2019 Ref ESA-EOPSM-SKIM-RP-3550 Issue 1.1 ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use TABLE OF CONTENTS: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................2 TABLE OF CONTENTS: ................................................................................... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................ 8 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 12 2 BACKGROUND AND SCIENTIFIC JUSTIFICATION ................................. 15 2.1 The Importance of Ocean Currents: Scientific and Societal Issues of Concern .......... 20 2.2 Relevance to the ESA Research Objectives for Earth Observation ............................. 24 2.3 User Needs for Ocean Surface Current Measurements ................................................ 25 2.3.1 User Needs for TSCV .................................................................................................. 26 2.3.2 User Needs for Ocean Waves ...................................................................................... 27 2.3.3 User Needs for Nadir Altimetry ................................................................................. 28 2.4 Why SKIM?................................................................................................................... 29 2.5 Unique Characteristics of TSCV .................................................................................... 31 2.5.1 Stokes Drift and Waves ............................................................................................... 33 2.6 Measuring TSCV Globally: Estimating Currents from Satellite Observations of Sea Level ....................................................................................................................................... 35 2.6.1 Effective Resolution of Sea-level Measurement ......................................................... 35 2.6.2 Challenges when Estimating Ocean Currents from Sea Level Measurements ......... 36 2.6.3 Quantifying the Observation Gap .............................................................................. 36 2.7 Innovation and Advancement of European Earth Observation Capability: Inventing Doppler Oceanography from Space ....................................................................................... 37 2.8 TSCV and Numerical Modelling .................................................................................. 39 2.8.1 The Scientific Delta of SKIM ....................................................................................... 41 2.8.2 Complementarity ....................................................................................................... 42 2.9 Timeliness ..................................................................................................................... 42 2.10 Summary of SKIM User Needs .................................................................................... 43 3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ....................................................................... 46 3.1 Aim and Objective ........................................................................................................ 46 3.1.1 The Ocean–Atmosphere Interface in the Earth System............................................ 46 3.1.2 Transport of Material at the Ocean Surface Including Marine Plastic Debris. ........ 49 3.2 Potential Additional Research Contributions of SKIM ............................................... 50 3.3 SKIM Mission Objectives .............................................................................................. 51 Page 3/264 Earth Explorer 9 Candidate Mission SKIM - Report for Mission Selection Issue Date 11/07/2019 Ref ESA-EOPSM-SKIM-RP-3550 Issue 1.1 ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use 3.3.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 51 4 OBSERVATIONAL REQUIREMENTS ....................................................... 52 4.1 Observational Approach ................................................................................................ 52 4.1.1 From Doppler Velocity to TSCV: the SKIM Measurement Principle ......................... 53 4.2 Level-2 Product Requirements to Address Mission Objectives ................................... 56 4.3 Level-1b Observation Requirements ............................................................................ 58 4.3.1 Beam Pointing Requirements .................................................................................... 58 4.3.2 Doppler Performance .................................................................................................. 61 4.3.3 Loose Formation Flight with MetOp-SG(1B) ............................................................. 61 4.3.4 Mission Phasing ......................................................................................................... 63 4.3.5 Swath Width ............................................................................................................... 64 4.3.6 Coverage and Revisit .................................................................................................. 64 4.3.7 Number of Beams and Beam Characteristics ............................................................. 65 4.3.8 Radar Performance ..................................................................................................... 65 4.3.9 Precise Orbit Determination ...................................................................................... 70 4.3.10 Geolocation Requirements ......................................................................................... 71 4.3.11 Product Delivery Latency ............................................................................................ 71 4.3.12 Mission Lifetime ......................................................................................................... 71 4.3.13 Scientific Diagnostics and Algorithm Evolution ........................................................ 72 4.4 Level-1 SKIM Products .................................................................................................. 72 5 MISSION ELEMENTS .............................................................................. 73 5.1 Mission Architecture Overview ..................................................................................... 73 5.2 Mission Analysis and Orbit Selection ........................................................................... 74 5.2.1 Flight Configuration with MetOp-SG(1B) .................................................................. 74 5.2.2 Mission Profile ............................................................................................................ 79 5.3 Space Segment .............................................................................................................. 80 5.3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 80 5.3.2 Satellite Configuration ...............................................................................................