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(SP) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 110(2). 2008. pp. 504 515 SITOCHROA PALEALIS: A PALEARCTIC PYRAUSTINE MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALOIDEA: CRANIBIDAE) NEWLY INTRODUCED TO NORTH AMERICA STEVEN PASSOA, GEORGE BALOGH, AND M. ALMA SOLIS (SP) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, The Ohio State University, Museum of Biodiversity, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, U.S.A. (e-mail: steven.c. [email protected] ); (GB) 6275 Liteolier Street, Portage, MI 49024, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]); (MAS) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, do National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 158, Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract. ---Sitochroa pa/ca/is (Denis and Schiffermüller) is recorded from North America for the first time. Adults were collected in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin. The capture of larvae and adults in four states over a six-year period is strong evidence that S. pa/ca/is is established in North America. Characters separating S. pa/ca/is from other Sitochroa in North America are given. The potential impact of S. pa/ca/is to prairies, agriculture, and biocontrol of noxious weeds is discussed. Ke y Words. Pyraustinae, introduction, immatures, North America, Apiaceae Palearctic moths frequently are dis- published in faunal studies. For example, covered in North America. A very Spodoptera /ittora/i,r (Bdv.) was listed in conservative list published by Leverton a study of owlet moths of Ohio (Rings et (2001) includes approximately 85 species al. 1992) and an appendix of "Quaran- of Lepidoptera introduced from Great tine Interceptions" was published by Britain to North America. In some cases, Kimball (1965). As these authors cor- it is not clear if Old World species have rectly noted, species listed in such reports come from Europe or Asia (Leverton should not be automatically included as 2001: 253). The exact number of species additions to the North American fauna. included in any list of introduced Lepi- Regulatory entomologists consider an doptera depends upon how the word organism to be introduced only if there "introduced" is defined (Frank and is evidence of an established population. McCoy 1990), and if species occurring The best criteria to measure establish- in certain agricultural situations such as ment would reflect the populations weed biological control programs, heat- ability to breed and survive for multiple ed greenhouses, ports-of-entry, and generations. For example, successful stored grain warehouses are excluded. overwintering of a population over Intercepted organisms or eradicated in- several seasons, presence of several life festations of exotic species sometimes are stages, presence of the organism over a VOLUME 110, NUMBER 2 505 wide area, or the sudden colonization of METHODS AND MATERIALS a new host are all indications that a Sitochroa pa/ca/is specimens examined population is established in a region during this study are deposited in the (Pender 1983). following collections: BSC = Brian G. In this paper we report Sitochroa Scholtens collection, Charleston, South pa/ca/is (Denis and Schilfermüller) Carolina; GBC = George J. Balogh (Crambidae: Pyraustinae) from North collection, Portage, Michigan; LFC = America for the first time. In 2004, Leslie A. Ferge collection, Middleton, specimens of S. pa/ca/is were brought to Wisconsin; NMNH = National Museum The Ohio Lepidopterists Society identi- of Natural History, Washington, D.C.; fication meeting called "ID day." Based SPC = Steven Passoa collection, Colum- on the male genitalia, they were tenta- bus, Ohio; and SMTD = Staatliches tively identified as S,tochroa pa/eat/s by Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, Ger- SP. This was confirmed by comparing many. larval and adult specimens of S. pa/ca/is Genitalia were dissected using the from Illinois with specimens from Eu- procedure given by Clarke (1941). Pho- rope and Asia in the National Museum tographs of the larvae were taken by SP of Natural History, Smithsonian Institu- using a Minolta X-700 camera with an tion, Washington. DC, by MAS. 80PX ringflash. Adults were photo- Sitochroa pa/ca/is occurs from eastern graphed by Todd Gilligan with a Canon Russia west to Great Britain and Portu- D60 camera and Aristo DA- 10 light box. gal, and south to Greece, Italy (Karsholt Genitalia were photographed using a and Razowski 1996) and North Africa Nikon DXM 1200 camera on a Nikon (Balachowsky 1972). In Asia, Park Optophot 2 microscope (by SP) or a pa/ca/is from Korea, (1979) records S. Nikon Coolpix 4500 on a Leica MZ 12.5 Japan, and China. The larva feeds on Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae). Recorded stereoscope (by GB). host genera are Daucus L., Foenicu/um MATERIAL EXAMINED Heracleum L., Laserpitium L., Mill., All records represent a single adult Peucedanum L., Seseli L., and Si/aiim Mill. (Hasenfuss 1960, Gaedike 1980). capture unless otherwise noted. Recent checklists (Fletcher and Nye ILLINOIS: Cook Co., Air Station 1984, Maes 1994, Karsholt and Razowski Prairie, 1 Aug 2002, R. Panzer (SMTD); 1996) placed pa/ca/is in Sitochroa, but Chicago Ridge Prairie N. P., 22 Aug previous authors have used an assortment 2003, G. Derkovitz (USNM); 18 Aug of other genera, e.g., Ph/yctaenodes 2003, R. Panzer (SPC); Orland Tract wet (Hampson 1899). Pvrausta (Hasenfuss remnant, 8 Aug 2003, R. Panzer (SPC); 1960, Gaedike 1980), and Loxostege Paintbrush Prairie, 21 Jun 2004, R. (Balachowsky 1972, Bollmann 1955). Panzer (GBC); 29 Jul 2004, R. Panzer The following synonymy is currently in (SMTD); 12 Sep 2004, R. Panzer (SPC); The Global Lepidoptera Name Index Santa Fe Prairie, 6 Jul 2005, G. Derko- website (Beccaloni et al. 2005): Pha/aena vitz (SPC); 15 Jul 2005, R. Panzer, 2 Jlaveo/ata Rott., Pvra/is se/ena/is Hbn., specimens (SPC). DuPage Co.. W. Chi- Botys anaxisa/is WIk., and Spilodes a/gir- cago Prairie, 7 Aug 2004, R. Panzer a/is Allard. A subspecies with poorly (GBC); Il Jul 2005, R. Panzer (SPC). developed dark scaling along the wing Livingston Co., 1.5 mi W Kankakee veins, Loxostege (Ph/vctaenodes) pa/ca/is county line on Hwy 17, roadside adja- var. extrema/is Caradja, was described cent to agricultural fields, larvae collect- from China (Caradja 1916). ed from Daucus carota heads, 27 Aug 506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 2006, G.J. Balogh (SPC. NMNH). Will aureola/is and S. chortalis have forewings Co., Midewin Deg Upland, 26 Jul 2003, with the fully developed pattern of the R. Panzer (GBC). genus; the ground color is dark orange INDIANA: Lake Co., Dupont Dune yellow in the former, whitish buff in the and Swale N. p., 18 Jul 2004, R. Panzer latter. The forewings of S. dasconalis are (S PC). cream to yellow brown with orange MICHIGAN: Allegan Co., T3N scales at the base of the costa (Fig. 1). R14W S23, Heath Twp, larvae collected Sitochroa pa/ca/is has pale yellow fore- from Daueus carota heads along roadside wings (described by Goater (1986) as 3 Sep 2006, adults emerged 13 Jun 2007 "pale sulphur-yellow") with a faint and 18 June 2007, G.J. Balogh, 2 greenish tint and no orange scales on specimens (GBC). Charlevoix County, the costa! vein (Fig. 3). There are no Beaver Island, Sand Bay, Lake Michigan species of Pyraustinac north of Mexico shoreline. 22-26 July, 67 specimens, BL with a faint greenish tint on the fore- traps, G.J. Balogh (GBC). Cheboygan wings like S. pa/eat/s. Other differences Co., Wildwood Road S of Indian River, are that the underside of S. pa/ca/is tends jack pine plain, nectaring on IVIonarda to be more strongly marked than S. sp. during day along with Pirausta spp., dasconahs (Figs. 2, 4), and S. palea/i,r 27 Jul 2006, B.G. Scholtens, 2 specimens often has a patch of dark scales at the (BSC); Hogback Road, at Carp Creek, N end of the forewing cell (Fig. 3). of Burt Lake, mature woods, 31 Jul Some variation was noted in the wing 2006, B.G. Scholtens (BGS). Eaton Co.. markings of S. pa/eat/s. A limited num- 7 mi N. of Charlotte, T3N, R5W, S32, ber of Old World specimens, mostly mature beech/maple forest, at UV light, from China and Japan (at the Staatliche 26 July 2006, J.H. Wilterding (GBC); at Naturhistorische Samml ungen, Museum UV light, 28 Jul 2006, J.H. Wilterding, 2 für Tierkunde, Dresden Germany, (M. specimens (GBC). Nuss, pers. comm) and The National WISCONSIN: Door County, Baileys Museum of Natural History, Smithso- Harbor Twp [township], 25 August 2004, nian Institution, Washington, DC (ex- J. Stiefel; 15 July 2005, J. Stiefel; 29 July amined by MAS), also Inoue et al. 1982, 2006, J. Stiefel (all GBC). Iowa Co, T8N, plate 42, fig. 16) have a forewing pattern R1E, Sec 10, 29 July 2007, flushed from that varies strongly from conspicuously Queen Annes Lace, L.A. Ferge (LFC). dark-colored veins (on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces) to being dorsally Identification of Sitoc/iroa pa/ca/is unmarked and uniformly yellowish. The Adult.—Munroe (1976) stated that apex of the hindwing sometimes has light Sitochroa is easily recognizable by the to dark apical markings. This variation is wing pattern that includes "weakly not the result of scales being lost in worn dentate or crenulate bands parallel to individuals. We are unable to determine the termen" which are "often connected the source of the North American along the veins." He noted "the pattern introduction based on wing markings. is recognizable even in S. dasconalis Further study, using molecular methods (Grote), where it is weakly developed." and documenting geographical variation Compared to the three native U.S.
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