TRANSPORT

SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 2010/11 TRANSPORT 23

The South African Government identified In 2010, the department released details public transport as the key legacy project of a proposed high-speed rapid rail link for the 2010 FIFA World Cup™. Over the between and . past few years, a major capital injection into transport-related infrastructure and opera- Policy and initiatives tions has begun to produce positive results. National Transport Master Plan As part of preparations for the World In May 2010, the Department of Transport Cup, government upgraded its road and rail presented Parliament with a R750-million infrastructure, and airports, and introduced transport master plan (Natmap), which new systems such as the Bus Rapid Transit includes linking Johannesburg to Durban (BRT) System, also known as Rea Vaya. and Polokwane via rapid train networks. In June 2010, the Gautrain moved out The plan includes expanding the Port of of testing and into fully fledged operation. Saldanha, doubling the Huguenot tun- Although the Gautrain was not earmarked nel outside Paarl and expanding the Port as a World Cup project, the date of com- of . Part of Natmap is to form pletion for the route between OR Tambo partnerships with the private sector to help International Airport and Sandton was fast- fund the projects and lower the burden on tracked to be operational just in time to carry taxpayers. Cabinet initiated the Natmap in World Cup passengers. The Gautrain car- 2007 to develop and establish a multimodal ried more than 400 000 passengers during transport system to meet ’s its first month of operation. needs up to 2050. The Passenger Rail Agency of South Natmap aims to: Africa (Prasa) used the 2010 World Cup as • facilitate long-term and sustainable socio- a springboard to upgrade rail infrastructure economic growth to increase mobility and accessibility for • promote comprehensive integrated devel- commuters. opment planning It built new-generation stations at Bridge • act as the infrastructure implementation/ City (eThekwini), Moses Mabhida (eThek- action plan of macro-scale projects for the wini) and Orlando Station in Soweto. whole country. All Airports Company South Africa (Acsa) Natmap’s goals include: upgrades at OR Tambo, Cape Town, • maximising the use of existing infrastruc- Bloemfontein, Port Elizabeth and King ture facilities Shaka airports were completed by June • developing future infrastructure facilities 2010. • developing an up-to-date and accurate Building on the successful delivery of the central land-use/transportation data World Cup transport infrastructure, govern- bank. ment aims to take forward the delivery of major projects such as the: Public Transport Strategy • completion of the new petroleum pipeline (PTS) and Action Plan • completion of the Gautrain in 2011/12 (2007 – 2020) • expansion of the BRT System. Cabinet approved the PTS and Action Plan The key deliverables of the transport sector 2007 – 2020 in March 2007. include: The strategy articulates a vision to shift • reducing transport costs public transport service delivery away from • improving safety operator-controlled, commuter-based, • reducing the backlog of road and rail intermodal routes to user-oriented, publicly infrastructure controlled, fully integrated, mass rapid pub- • enhancing accessibility to and affordabil- lic transport networks. The aim is to provide ity of quality public transport in both urban quality services along priority corridors, and rural areas remove duplicate services and provide in- • optimising freight logistics to improve tegrated mass rapid public transport net- energy efficiency. works. This includes transforming the bus and The Moloto Corridor is another project that rail services into a public transport system in- the Department of Transport identified as tegrated with recapitalised taxi services. a priority. The project was registered as a private-public partnership. 2010/11 Transport – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 516 The key areas of the strategy consist of: In July 2010, more than 8 000 poor families • safe and secure operation monitoring in the North West benefited from Itirele (do it by intelligent transport system-control i yourself), a new road-maintenance programme centres that employs people from poor households in • a car-use competitive public transport an effort to alleviate poverty and create sustainable option, which enables strict peak-period livelihoods, specifically targeting households headed by women in the rural areas. Approximately R60 million car-use management had been budgeted for the programme and beneficiar- • electronic fare integration and single tick- ies earned at least R520 a month. eting when making transfers • an integrated feeder service, including walking, cycling, bus and taxi networks. The integrated transport sector codes will come up for review every five years. Electronic National Traffic Among other areas of development, the Information System (eNaTIS) transport sector codes commit to: eNaTIS is the official register for all vehicle, • training and skills development, to driver’s licence, contravention and accident increase the number of black pilots in data. The purpose of eNatis is to streamline the aviation industry, as per the Aviation the Department of Transport’s motor-vehicle Subsector Code registration services. The system delineates • achieving a black-ownership target of the life cycle of a vehicle from the factory 35% in the Bus Commuter Service Sub- floor to the scrap yard. sector Code within five years In 2009, more than 177 000 000 transac- • empowering workers and pursuing worker tions were performed on eNaTIS. This rep- rights in the taxi industry, and imparting resents an increase of 12,67% compared to these individuals with the requisite skills 2008’s 157 340 912 transactions. By the end to take up management positions of December 2009, a total of 433 399 043 • ensuring that the taxi industry provides transactions had been performed on the commuters with reliable, safe, affordable, system since its introduction in May 2007. efficient and quality public transport ser- Compared with 2008, new vehicle regis- vices. trations fell by 29,57% in 2009, while used vehicle registrations increased by 0,35%. Non-motorised transport (NMT) At the end of December 2009, South The promotion of NMT primarily aims to Africa’s live vehicle population stood at increase transport mobility and accessibility, 9 587 781. mainly in rural areas. Through eNaTIS, the department is able The Department of Transport has broad- to eliminate duplicate vehicle registration ened its Shova Kalula “Pedal Easy” Project and cloning. into a more comprehensive NMT project that The Department of Transport also agreed incorporates, among other things, cycling with , Swaziland and Namibia and animal-drawn carts. to make eNaTIS available to them to har- The department aims to distribute a mil- monise vehicle registration in the region. lion bicycles countrywide by 2015, in line From September 2010, vehicles travelling with the resolution and action plan of the between these countries are registered on African Ministers’ Transport Summit held in the eNaTIS system. This ensures that none Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2005. of these countries is used to reregister sto- The Department of Transport issued len vehicles, which are taken across South an “expression of interest” to establish a Africa’s borders. bicycle manufacturing plant in South Africa to produce bicycles for the Shova Kalula Black Economic Empowerment Project. (BEE) The project forms part of government’s The Draft Transport Charter was gazetted action programme and is expected to in August 2009, as integrated sector codes, contribute to its anti-poverty strategy and in terms of Section 9(1) of the Broad-Based second-economy interventions. BEE (BBBEE) Act, 2003 (Act 53 of 2003). In 2010, the Shova Kalula Project of The gazetting of the transport sector codes implementation was in its fourth phase and means that codes for eight subsectors, aimed to roll out one million bicycles coun- excluding the foreign component of trywide by the end of 2010. the aviation subsector, are now final and It is believed that these initiatives improve binding across the spectrum of the national the mobility of and access to economic transport industry. opportunities by rural communities.

517 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Transport The Shova Kalula Project also incorp- and non-toll roads. Sanral manages the fol- orates the establishment of micro-busi- lowing: 1 573 km of dual carriageway, 550 km nesses, which sell, repair and maintain of four-lane undivided roads; 14 047 km bicycles to ensure the sustainability of the of two-lane, single roads; 1 288 km of toll project. roads; and 1 832 km of state toll roads. In 2009, Sanral awarded construction con- New Partnership for Africa’s tracts worth R18 billion. Development (Nepad) Sanral’s responsibilities are to: From a transport point of view, key issues • strategically plan, design, construct, in creating an effectively coordinated Af- operate, rehabilitate and maintain South rican response to global market challenges Africa’s national roads are market access, mobility and systems • deliver and maintain a world-class primary integration. road network The Department of Transport is contrib- • generate revenue from the development uting actively to the practical realisation of and management of its assets Nepad and the Southern African Develop- • undertake research and development ment Community (SADC) development to enhance the quality of the country’s goals in several major areas, by promoting: roads • efficient and effective maritime transport • upon request of the Minister of Transport services and in agreement with a foreign country, • passenger rail-systems integration provide, operate and maintain roads in • road-systems development and infra- that country. structure maintenance. Sanral regards innovation and state-of-the- Government leaders, policy-makers and art technology as core to its mission, which experts from Africa and overseas met is clear from its Open Road Tolling (ORT) with top executives from the private sec- Project in Gauteng. The ORT Project allows tor, industry decision-makers, investment tolling without road users having to negoti- bankers and other stakeholders to discuss ate toll plazas. The Intelligent Transport the continent’s most urgent cross-border Systems (ITS) used in conjunction with the transport issues affecting road, rail, air, sea ORT will contribute to lessening congestion, routes and ports during the second annual improving road safety, reducing carbon Nepad Transport and Infrastructure Summit emissions and limiting the impact of green- (2010) and Africa Expo, in October 2010. house gases on the environment. The Africa Transport, Trade and Infra- During 2009/10, actions and programmes structure Exhibition was held at the same were initiated to roll out ITS nationally, with time. Cape Town and Durban as priorities. Public entities and other South African Maritime Safety agencies Authority The Department of Transport has estab- Samsa is a statutory body that reports to lished different bodies to take over certain the Minister of Transport. Its responsibilities elements of government’s operational activ- include promoting safety of life and property ities. They include the South African National at sea, preventing marine pollution by pollut- Roads Agency Limited (Sanral), the South ants emanating from ships and coordinating African Maritime Safety Authority (Samsa), overall technical operations. It also devel- the Cross-Border Road Transport Agency ops policy on legal issues, foreign relations, (CBRTA), the Transport Appeal Tribunal, marine pollution and certain specific safety the Road-Traffic Management Corpora- matters. tion (RTMC), the National Railway Safety Samsa’s main functions are to: Regulator, the South African Civil Aviation • provide shipping competence and pollu- Authority (SACAA), the Road Accident tion services in a regional context Fund (RAF), Air-Traffic Navigation Services • manage marine incidents, casualties and (ATNS) and Acsa. wrecks, and participate in search-and- rescue missions South African National Roads • control standby tugs and pollution stores Agency Limited • maintain seafarers according to standards Sanral reports to the Department of Transport of training and staffing criteria and is responsible for the design, construc- • provide a shipping-administration support tion, management and maintenance of South service Africa’s national road network, including toll

Transport – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 518 • manage the registration of ships collision care and compensation. They edu- • manage a coastal patrol service cate communities, especially the poor, and • manage vessel traffic, including naviga- assist them to access the care that will help tion aids them deal with the death of loved ones and • provide lighthouse services. any injuries they may have sustained, and Funding comes from, among other sources, to continue leading normal lives. levies on ships calling at South African In February 2010, the department ports, direct user charges and government released the draft Road Accident Benefit service fees. Scheme. Cabinet approved the RAF draft In October 2010, a Samsa centre for sea- No-Fault Policy for publication for consul- farers and fishing was launched in Durban. tation on 18 November 2009. The draft South Africa requires at least 36 000 seafar- No-Fault Policy proposes major changes to ers based on the over four million tons (Mt) the motor-vehicle accident compensation of cargo that the ports handle but there are scheme for personal injury or death. only 1 800, most of whom are not at sea. The proposed No-Fault Scheme aims to The Centre for Seafarers and Fishing will provide compensation that does not depend ensure that the country is able to produce on the status of the injured or deceased more seafarers through education and train- person. It aims to introduce user-friendly ing interventions at institutions of higher claiming procedures and ensure that com- learning pensation is received as soon as is reason- ably possible. Cross-Border Road Transport In addition, by eliminating fault or wrong- Agency doing as a determinant of compensation, a The CBRTA was established under the number of people who would previously not Cross-Border Road Transport Act, 1998 have been able to claim, will be entitled to (Act 4 of 1998). Its responsibilities include: benefits under the proposed scheme. • improving the flow of freight and passen- gers South African Civil Aviation • introducing regulated competition in Authority respect of cross-border road transport The SACAA was established on 1 October • reducing operational constraints for the 1998 following the enactment of the SACAA cross-border transport industry Act, 1998 (Act 40 of 1998). The Act pro- • enhancing and strengthening the capacity vided for the establishment of a stand-alone of the public sector in support of its strat- authority charged with promoting, regulat- egic planning, enabling and monitoring ing and enforcing civil aviation safety and functions security. • empowering the cross-border road trans- The creation of the SACAA reflected the port industry to maximise business oppor- Government’s priorities of policy develop- tunities and to regulate themselves to ment, economic restructuring, addressing improve safety, security, reliability, quality social inequalities and reducing the burden and efficiency of services. on the general taxpayer by expanding the application of the “user-pays” system. The Road Accident Fund setting up of a self-funding authority has The RAF is a public entity that compensates resulted in the SACAA becoming more victims of motor-vehicle accidents for bod- accessible and accountable to its stakehold- ily injuries and/or loss of financial support ers. caused by the death of a breadwinner. The The SACAA has become a leader in rights for compensation are prescribed by the aviation regulatory sector in the SADC the RAF Act, 1996 (Act 56 of 1996). region. The SACAA has hosted dozens of The RAF derives its income from a tax levied on petrol and diesel sold in South Africa. In September 2010, 21-year-old Mr Juliano The RAF received an overhaul in 2010. Hanse from the Eastern Cape won the Novice i Rigid Under-22 Years Category at the 2010 The overall aim is to provide an effective International Driver of the Year Competition in benefit system, which is reasonable, equit- Austria. Hanse was part of a 16-member team that rep- able, affordable and sustainable in the long resented South Africa at the competition. This is the first term. The RAF works closely with commu- time since the inception of this competition, that South nity road safety councils to ensure survivors Africa has produced a world champion in this category. of road collisions receive appropriate post-

519 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Transport regional meetings and conferences since the Director of Civil Aviation, includes rep- 1994 and is championing regional efforts to resentatives of the universities of Pretoria, harmonise aviation regulations and improve Limpopo and the Witwatersrand and the the level of aviation surveillance in SADC South African Military Heath Service. member states. In 2003, South Africa was elected mem- Airports Company of South ber of the International Civil Aviation Organ- Africa isation (ICAO) Council, a move that has Acsa operates South Africa’s 10 principal resulted in the country’s participation at the airports, providing with world-class, highest forum regarding aviation matters. secure infrastructure. The 10 airports are: The SACAA is fully self-funded, deriving OR Tambo International; Cape Town Inter- its revenue from a passenger safety charge national; King Shaka International; Durban; of R11 for passengers departing on sched- Bloemfontein International; Port Elizabeth uled flights from South African soil (76% International; Upington International; East of total revenue), a 4c per litre fuel levy on Airport; George Airport and Kimber- the sales of jet fuel and avgas to mainly ley Airport. non-scheduled and cargo operators by fuel In 2009/10, Acsa’s total revenue grew by companies (1%), and from direct charges 12% to R3,5 billion. for services rendered by the SACAA staff Acsa handles more than 32 million pas- (user fees) (23%). sengers annually. The number is expected The primary purpose of the SACAA is to to rise to 40 million in 2013. promote, regulate and support high levels The 10 airports handle over 98% of the of safety throughout the South African civil country’s commercial air traffic. aviation industry. The organisation’s core activities include, among other things, Air-Traffic Navigation Services aviation safety and security and oversight The ATNS is responsible for the efficient in terms of operations, aircraft, personnel, running of South Africa’s air-traffic control airports and airspace. systems and maintaining navigation equip- The SACAA is responsible for regulating ment, including the deployment of air-traffic all individuals or organisations involved in controllers and technical staff. civil aviation in South Africa. Stakeholders Its services extend to 10% of the world’s include: airspace and include the provision of vitally • airports important aeronautical information used • aircraft owners and operators for all flight-planning purposes as well as • aircraft designers and manufacturers search-and-rescue activities and the main- • aircraft maintenance organisations tenance of a reliable navigation infrastruc- • air cargo ture. • airline operators The Aviation Training Academy is a well- • licensed aviation personnel established facility that is used for air-traffic • aviation training organisations services training and technical training for • air-traffic services units equipment support, both locally and inter- • air-cargo operators. nationally. In April 2010, the SACAA launched a The ATNS does not receive government 15-member committee aimed at advising transfers and derives its funding from its the authority on medical risks posed by operations. aviation staff. The Aeromedical Committee, comprising 11 permanent members and Transnet Limited four non-permanent members appointed by Transnet is a focused freight-transport and logistics company wholly owned by the South African Government. It comprises the In June 2010, the Airports Company South following operating divisions: Africa (Acsa) announced that it would be • Transnet Freight Rail (TFR) – the freight i expanding its activities in India in the next few rail division years. For the past four years, Acsa had been managing the airport in Mumbai with an Indian partner. • Transnet Rail Engineering – the rolling Acsa’s share of the profit is 10% and Acsa’s income stock maintenance business from the turnover in the 2009/10 financial year was • Transnet National Ports Authority (TNPA) R22 million. India plans to build a further 12 new airports – fulfils the landlord function for South and Acsa had contributed R166 million to the expan- Africa’s port system sion.

Transport – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 520 • Transnet Port Terminals – manages port The Department of Transport continues and cargo terminal operations in the to improve the road network by ensuring country’s leading ports that it is well maintained and safe. A new • Transnet Pipelines – the fuel and gas- national roads plan is being developed, pipeline business pumps and manages acknowledging the importance of roads to the storage of petroleum and gas prod- the economy. ucts through its network of high-pressure, For the next five years, R75 billion will be long-distance pipelines. used for road infrastructure, maintenance Infrastructure investments were expected and upgrading and an additional R3 billion to create over 300 000 jobs and boost for the Expanded Public Works Programme economic growth in four provinces in the (EPWP) for access roads, all of which are country. The utility’s projects are expected attempts by government to alleviate traffic to contribute just over 4,8% to the country’s congestion. gross domestic product (GDP) by 2018. The department identified lack of dedi- Outlining its five-year strategy in March cated funding for road maintenance, poor 2010, Transnet indicated that more than asset management and capacity chal- R93 billion would be spent on infrastructure lenges in municipalities and provinces, and expansion and other projects to improve underinvestment in the maintenance of road customer services and ensure financial infrastructure as the causes of poor road sustainability in future. conditions. In the 2009/10 financial year, Transnet’s The department plans to develop a ring- turnover on rail cargo was R20,8 billion and fencing mechanism by creating a fund to the income was R7,3 billion; the turnover on source additional funding for maintenance. pipelines was R1,1 billion and the income was R703 million; the turnover on track Provincial roads engineering works was R8,2 million and the In May 2010, the Department of Transport income was R670 million; and the turnover was working with National Treasury to deal on harbour activities was R12,6 billion and with road-maintenance backlogs and chal- the income was R7,2 billion. lenges at provincial and local level. The R93,4 billion Transnet spent on ports, Provincial governments are responsible rail and pipelines to fund the acquisition of for planning, constructing and maintaining 304 locomotives, will increase its stock of roads and bridges, except those falling 72 643 wagons by 10% to improve coal and under Sanral or local governments. The iron ore freight capacity and the general Department of Transport assists provincial freight business. The acquisition and instal- and local governments to improve and lation of 19 new container-handling cranes develop the state of their roads. at South African port terminals will have the greatest impact in KwaZulu-Natal where it is Municipal roads expected to add 18% to the province’s GDP The construction and maintenance of most and create 143 704 employment opportun- ities over the next eight years. In the Northern Cape, Transnet invest- President Jacob Zuma opened King Shaka ments were expected to contribute 54% of International Airport, north of Durban, in May i 2010. Interesting facts about King Shaka Inter- the province’s GDP and create 57 463 work national Airport include: opportunities by 2018. • 4 900 t steel was used to build the passenger ter- In Mpumalanga, the parastatal’s projects minal – about half the amount of steel used to build contributed 15% to the province’s GDP and the Eiffel Tower in created 46 016 work opportunities. • there is a choice of 10 car-hire service-providers • the floor space of the passenger terminal is the same In the Eastern Cape, the projects contrib- size as 27 soccer fields uted 14% of the province’s GDP and cre- • there are 72 counters where passengers can book ated 62 435 work opportunities. in for their flights • the runway is 3,7-km long • there are 6 500 undercover parking bays and 3 000 Road infrastructure sheltered parking spaces outside the airport National roads • provision has been made for 50 motorists who want In terms of the National Roads Act, 1998 to drop off or collect a passenger (Act 7 of 1998), government is responsible • there is provision for 25 taxis for overall policy, while road-building and • visitors have a choice of 12 restaurants maintenance are the responsibility of San- • there are 30 shops which sell anything from jewellery to clothes. ral.

521 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Transport roads and streets within the municipal boundaries of cities and towns are the By the end of 2010, most provinces had fully responsibility of the municipality concerned. fledged community road safety councils. These i councils empower communities to become key players in their own safety. Toll roads The current toll road network comprises about 19% (3 120 km) of the current national of South Africa, 1996, legislative and execut- road grid. ive powers in respect of public transport Some 1 832 km of these toll roads are are a provincial competency. National managed by Sanral. In its endeavour to government, however, is responsible for continue with the expansion and mainte- policy-formulation, monitoring and strategic nance of the comprehensive national road implementation. The Department of Trans- network, Sanral will continue with the select- port continues to administer subsidies for ive expansion of the toll road network. buses and other subsidised forms of public About 1 288 km of the tolled sections of transport. the national road have been concessioned According to the National Household to private companies to develop, operate Travel Survey, 2003, there were about and maintain. 3,9 million public-transport commuters in The three concessioned routes are: mid-2003. The 2,5 million taxi commuters the N1/N4 highway, which is operated accounted for over 63% of public-transport by Bakwena Platinum Corridor Conces- work trips. Bus services accounted for sion, between Pretoria and Bela Bela and another 22% of public-transport commuters between Pretoria and the Botswana border and the rest were carried to work by train. In on the N4; the N3 between Heidelberg in addition to the 2,5 million commuters who Gauteng and Cedara in KwaZulu-Natal, used minibus taxis as the main mode of which is operated by the N3 Toll Conces- travel, there were another 325 000 commut- sion; and the N4 East, Development ers who used taxis either as a feeder mode Corridor, which is operated by TRAC. The to other public-transport services, or as a upgrading of the road between the Belfast distribution service from the main mode to and Wonderfontein section of the N4 was their places of work. completed at the end of August 2009. The The department identified public transport single carriageway has been upgraded to as a key legacy project for the World Cup a double carriageway in both directions to and beyond. It included world-class airports, accommodate increased traffic. upgraded train stations, refurbished coaches During 2009/10, Sanral spent R605,5 mil- and luxury buses, taxis and integrated rapid lion on 1 900 km of toll roads for operational public transport networks (IRPTNs) such as costs. Capital expenditure on toll roads the BRT System. amounted to R8,2 billion for strengthening Government invested more than R40 bil- and improving roads, and constructing new lion on public transport infrastructure for the facilities. tournament. The World Cup legacy will ensure that by Public transport 2020, more than 85% of any city’s popula- In terms of the Constitution of the Republic tion will live within a kilometre or less to an IRPTN feeder or corridor. There are train stations in the vicinity of most World Cup The Road Construction and Maintenance Sum- stadiums and the walk from each station to mit took place at Gallagher Estate, Midrand, i Gauteng, in May 2010, focusing on various the stadium is less than five minutes. challenges relating to the construction and The IRPTNs developed during the World maintenance of roads in the country. Some of the high- Cup accelerated improvements in public level issues the summit addressed were: a renewed transport in South Africa, making it the focus on asset preservation and maintenance, efficient first African country to have such facilities. spending on road infrastructure, the balance between preservation and expansion, road-asset management South Africa’s PTS, which comprises a systems as a tool for optimal decision-making as well multibillion-rand transport infrastructure as capacity and skills development constraints faced by plan, is expected to change public transport the sector. travel in South Africa. The National Road Maintenance Programme is The PTS aims to accelerate the improve- expected not only to stop the decline of the road infra- structure, but also to create jobs, develop small, medium ment in public transport by establishing and micro-enterprises, and contribute to the growth of IRPTNs, which will introduce priority rail the country’s economy. corridors and BRT systems in cities.

Transport – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 522 The Department of Transport plans to intro- • developing and upgrading the airport net- duce a training academy for the taxi industry work with a proper road-link infrastructure i and mobilise women in transport as owners and services and operators. The taxi academy will teach • revitalising rural railway operations by business management and advance driving skills. The expanding rail passenger services and minibus taxi industry carries over 60% of South Africa’s commuters. freight operations to the rural areas. Through the EPWP, the department aims to contribute to job creation by implementing Urban transport labour-intensive projects. The department Metropolitan transport advisory boards gov- secured initial funding of R1 billion for rural ern urban areas, which have been declared road infrastructure. The rural infrastructure metropolitan transport areas. Both short- and services portfolio will be run by an and long-term programmes for adequate agency, and a project-management team transportation development are drawn up by and unit have been appointed to drive this the core city of each area and are revised programme. and adjusted annually. Nine such core areas exist, namely Taxi Recapitalisation Johannesburg, Cape Town, Pretoria, Dur- Programme (TRP) ban, Pietermaritzburg, Port Elizabeth, the Government’s TRP is underpinned by East Rand, Bloemfontein and East London. a strong desire for an integrated public- The planning of transport for metropolitan transport system. The main objectives are and major urban areas must be done in to have a taxi industry that supports a strong accordance with a growth-management economy, that puts the passenger first and plan, and travel modes should not compete that meets the country’s socio-economic with one another. objectives. In urban areas, passenger road-transport Government recognises the critical role services are provided by local governments; played by the industry, and endeavours to private bus companies, which operate ensure its growth and sustainability. scheduled bus services between peripheral The TRP is not only about scrapping old areas and city centres; and minibus taxis. taxi vehicles, but also about the sustainabil- The Department of Transport supports pro- ity and effective regulation of the industry. It vincial departments of transport and public is a direct response to the recommendations works in constructing intermodal facilities of the National Taxi Task Team, to consider and in their efforts to achieve integration specific interventions to turn the taxi indus- between bus and taxi operations. try around. The minibus-taxi industry has shown Compliance with the necessary basic pheno­menal growth during the last few requirements include possession of years, leading to a decrease in the market legitimate documentation and securing the share of buses and trains as modes of appropriate type of vehicles, specifically transport. new taxi vehicles that comply with safety specifications. Rural transport The TRP is part of government’s broad The deep rural areas are still isolated from integrated public-transport network system, major road and rail routes. However, the which is aimed at forming part of the larger Rural Transport Strategy, approved by Cab- public transport feeder systems. inet in December 2007, is promoting mobil- ity in such areas. Rural infrastructure contributes to job The United Nations (UN) proclaimed 2011 to creation and improves the socio-economic 2020 as the UN Decade of Action for Road i Safety. Its goal is first to stabilise and then to needs of people in rural areas. It ensures reduce the global forecast levels of road-traffic access to schools, clinics and economic fatalities worldwide by rolling out focused programmes opportunities. in every country. The Rural Access Improvement Pro- This campaign is gathering momentum all over the gramme is part of a comprehensive rural world. The G20 and the World Bank have endorsed the Decade of Action as did the first Global Ministerial transport strategy for South Africa, which Conference on Road Safety in 2009, which was held addresses challenges in rural development, in Russia. such as: The theme for the Decade of Action for Road Safety • building bridges and NMT facilities is Make Roads Safe in recognition of the global burden • developing and implementing the IRPTNs of road fatalities and injuries. for regular transport services

523 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Transport By May 2010, more than 38 000 old taxi The Johannesburg Bus Rapid Transport vehicles were scrapped, with more than (BRT) System consists of 90-seater capa- R1,7 billion paid out to operators. i city trunk buses and 32-seater feeder buses, which bring people from outer areas to the trunk routes. Bus Rapid Transport Over time, Rea Vaya will cover more than 300 km of BRT systems provide an exciting and trunk routes across the city, and is expected to transport innovative mechanism for implementing 430 000 passengers daily. high-quality public transport networks that It is expected that business professionals and com- panies will use the system, moving private vehicles out operate on exclusive right of way, and incorp- of the congested roads. orate current bus and minibus operators The BRT routes are designed to link up with the with no source of income or jobs. inner-city distribution system and various other develop- By June 2010, the BRT was operational ment nodes and residential areas. in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Bloemfontein, Various public transport interchange facilities along the routes are expected to provide connection to other Port Elizabeth and Cape Town. The system road-based public transport services in other areas of was part of 2010 World Cup plans but it is the city. also an immediate legacy of the 2010 World Cup. The BRT System’s benefits outweigh its total cost. It addresses congestion, drives inces, with the ultimate objective of estab- economic growth, is world-class and afford- lishing the National Road Safety Council. able. The RTMC commenced its operations in Since 30 August 2009, Rea Vaya has April 1995 with the main purpose to pool become a part of South African public trans- powers and resources to eliminate the frag- port culture. mentation of responsibilities for all aspects Highlights about Rea Vaya are: of road-traffic management across the vari- • passenger numbers have increased from ous levels of government in South Africa, 11 800 per day to 34 000 per day and to bring a professional approach and • 1 100 trips are operated daily improved confidence into the entire system. • 18 500 km are travelled daily Government has implemented the road- • 280 000 litres of diesel are used monthly safety strategy with the RTMC as its lead • 1 000 people have been employed in the agency. The World Health Organisation’s operations Report on South African Road Safety notes • 307 000 passengers were transported that the country has the necessary legislation during the World Cup and stadiums were in place. This includes, among other things, cleared way ahead of FIFA benchmark the wearing of helmets by motorcyclists, the times. wearing of seat belts, drunken-driving legis- lation and the setting of speed limits. Road-traffic safety The RTMC will continue with the zero-tol- There are about 700 000 road crashes in erance approach against traffic offenders. South Africa every year, resulting in the loss To address this, a comprehensive public of some 18 000 lives and 50 000 serious media campaign and consultative pro- injuries, at a cost of almost R50 billion. gramme is in process to educate the public In February 2010, the Department of about the Administrative Adjudication of Transport hosted the National Road-Safety Road Traffic Offences (AARTO) Act, 1998 Summit, during which the National Road- (Act 46 of 1998). Safety Steering Committee was nominated, The allocation of demerit points to infring- comprising delegates from different prov- ers will be introduced on a national basis. In October 2010, the department launched a public education campaign to educate In May 2010, government established the drivers about the AARTO Act, 1998. Pilot National Taxi Task Team to tackle challenges in programmes have been completed in i the taxi industry. The task team held public hear- Johannesburg and Pretoria. ings and made the following recommendations: The RTMC is expected to ensure that • promotion of economic empowerment of the industry • formalisation through registration of associations AARTO is successfully implemented. In • conversion of permits into operating licences 2010, the department started training 260 • democratisation of the taxi industry. traffic officers who will form part of the These recommendations were subsequently adopted by National Traffic Law-Enforcement Unit. Cabinet as a blueprint for the transformation of the taxi Sanral has adopted the Road-Safety industry. Management System, which allows safety considerations to direct decisions on design,

Transport – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 524 construction, maintenance, operation and Meteorology, including the Southern African the management of the road network. Customs Union (Sacu) Memorandum of Understanding. Arrive Alive The SADC and Sacu documents encour- Government’s Arrive Alive Road-Safety age, among other things, good neighbour- Campaign aims to: liness between member states, and the • reduce the number of road-traffic acci- facilitation of the unimpeded flow of goods dents in general, and fatalities in par- and passengers between and across their ticular, by 5%, compared with the same respective territories. period the previous year • improve road-user compliance with traffic Rail transport laws In 2010/11, the Department of Transport • forge an improved working relationships developed a comprehensive Rail Investment between traffic authorities in the various Programme for South Africa’s passenger rail spheres of government. system, which required a balance between In January 2010, the December 2009 Arrive refurbishing existing stock, acquisition of Alive Campaign figures were announced: new stock and the construction of new cor- • more than 600 000 drivers had been ridors. stopped and checked across the country Through the Natmap, the department • 1 100 deaths were recorded identified three high-speed rail projects, • more than 290 000 motorists had been namely: fined for speeding • Johannesburg to Durban • 2 517 unroadworthy vehicles were • Johannesburg to Cape Town removed. • Johannesburg to Musina. In April 2010, the RTMC and the Department Prasa aims to recapitalise its fleet over the of Transport announced the road incident next 18 years and there is a R98-billion figures for Easter 2010: financial allocation for new rolling stock. • There were 105 road deaths compared The department aims to develop rail with the 197 during the corresponding as part of a worldwide rail renaissance, period in 2009 necessitated by rapid urban migration, • 120 000 vehicles were pulled off the economic development and the emergence roads of mega-cities. In geographically spread • 32 692 fines were issued for various countries with long-distance commuting on offences a daily basis, rail transport presents the best • 215 unroadworthy vehicles were option. removed During 2009/10, the department invested • 654 motorists were arrested – 554 for over R40 billion in passenger-rail infrastruc- drunken driving. ture and services in South Africa, including As part of the National Rolling Enforcement R25 billion in the Gautrain Rapid Rail Project Plan (NREP) that the department announced and almost R1,3 billion on rehabilitating in September 2010, 1 053 million vehicles Prasa coaches and signalling systems. and drivers were stopped and checked and A sustained programme over a 20-year- thousands of fines issued for various traffic period is expected to create certainty and offences during October 2010. The NREP enable input-manufacturers to re-tool their marks the start of a major law-enforcement factories, creating sustained local industrial drive reflecting government’s commitment activities. The rail development plan tem- to reducing road carnage in South Africa plate has four outcomes, namely: by half in accordance with the millennium • urban transit systems development goals (MDGs). • long-distance transit systems • key strategic freight corridors Cross-border transport • rural access and mobility. Multilateral Part of the department’s rail plan is to Cross-border road transport is underpinned identify critical inputs through a cost-benefit by ground-breaking multilateral and bilateral analysis based on its competitive advantage agreements between South Africa and and through the creation of economies of several of its neighbouring countries under scale. This approach is important to create the auspices of the CBRTA and the SADC sustainable jobs and economic growth. Protocol on Transport, Communications and

525 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Transport Long-distance commuter services such to railway safety in areas such as safety as the Moloto, the Durban to Johannesburg management, technical and operational and the Durban to Gauteng corridors were requirements, as well as human factors identified for development. management. The Durban to Gauteng Corridor is the A key to the successful regeneration busiest corridor in the southern hemisphere of the railway system in South Africa, and both in terms of value and tonnage. It also indeed the subregion, is the interoperability forms the backbone of South Africa’s freight of the railways. This implies consistent transportation network. standards and common usage of techno- It facilitates economic growth for the coun- logy where railway infrastructure is used by try, the region and the continent. The 2050 more than one operator. The RSR and the Vision for the Durban to Gauteng Corridor railway industry continue to collaborate in was adopted in September 2010. Market developing the overarching broad technical research for the high-speed rail began in and operating standards. October 2010. The need for harmonisation of safety standards within the SADC region is of Passenger rail safety strategic importance. The RSR is facilitating The Department of Transport is implement- efforts to adopt and align the current railway ing the National Rail Passenger Plan, which safety standards by regional railway opera- charts the way for the future of passenger- tors through the Southern African Railway rail services in South Africa. Association (Sara). The following different options have been Since the RSR’s creation, there has been proposed: an increased awareness of safety in rail- • full recovery, where the entire rail network ways, improvements in safety management would be restored and accountability, and standardisation of • a limited system, where all but efficient safety management systems among railway lines/routes would be closed operators in South Africa and regional rail- • priority rail corridors, where the socio- ways operating into South Africa. The permit economic planning objectives would be system employed by the RSR ensures the balanced on existing rail strengths. standardisation of safety management The National Railway Safety Regulator systems. Through its Sara membership, the (RSR) Act, 2002 (Act 16 of 2002), is the RSR plays a leading role in regional safety enabling legislation for the setting up of the issues. The RSR played a central role in independent RSR, reporting and account- developing the Regional Safety Policy able to the Minister of Transport. The man- Framework and safety standards and in date of the RSR is to: updating the Handbook on the Transporta- • oversee safety in railway transport, while tion of Hazardous Materials by Rail. operators remain responsible for manag- Since the reintroduction of the railway ing the safety of their operations police, there has been a significant drop in • develop an appropriate regulatory crime on trains and at train stations. framework through the development of regulations and standards for safe railway Gautrain operations Construction on the Gautrain began in Sep- • monitor and ensure safety compliance tember 2006.The R25-billion rapid rail link by conducting audits, inspections, safety is a state-of-the-art rapid rail network that assessments and occurrence investiga- comprises two links, namely a link between tions Pretoria and Johannesburg and a link • collect and disseminate information relat- between OR Tambo International Airport and ing to safe railway operations Sandton, which was opened in June 2010. • promote the harmonisation of the railway It facilitated the movement of people during safety regime of South Africa with SADC the 2010 FIFA World Cup™. Apart from the railway operations three anchor stations on these two links, • promote improved safety performance to seven other stations will be linked by about support the use of rail. 80 km of rail along the proposed route. In pursuance of this mandate, the RSR has, When finished in mid-2011, the 80-km in collaboration with the railway industry regional express train will link Pretoria with and the South African Bureau of Standards Johannesburg, running at speeds of up to (SABS), developed a series of standards to 160 km/hour and enabling commuters to ensure a common and consistent approach make the trip in 42 minutes.

Transport – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 526 The three anchor stations are located at: of 570 new buses for Autopax, most of OR Tambo International Airport, Pretoria which were chartered by FIFA. The buses and Johannesburg. The seven other sta- transporting the 32 participating teams were tions are located at Rosebank, Sandton, supplied by Prasa. Marlboro, Midrand, Centurion, Hatfield and Prasa built and upgraded 50 stations Rhodesfield (Kempton Park). throughout the country, including Doorn- The Pretoria, Hatfield and Centurion Gau- fontein, Cape Town, Orlando, Khayelitsha, train stations are expected to be ready and Nasrec and Moses Mabhida. More than operational by June 2011. 4 000 railway police and around 2 000 secur- The initial minimum frequency between ity personnel were deployed in trains and Johannesburg and Pretoria will be six trains stations. per hour per direction, and it will operate about 18 hours a day. This public transport Freight transport service will include dedicated, exclusive bus In 2008, freight transport activity increased services to transport passengers to and by 4% in ton-kilometres shipped and 2% from stations. in tons shipped, which is just over 1,6 bil- The Gautrain system will have 24 train lion tons shipped on the four transport sets, each consisting of four cars, which is typologies in South Africa. Road transported equivalent to 96 rail cars designed to run at 1,4 billion tons of freight at an average trans- an operational speed of 160 km per hour. Of port distance of 185 km. Rail transported the 96 rail cars, 10 are specially customised 204 Mt at an average transport distance of for use on the airport link, and contain addi- 640 km. tional features such as extra luggage space The National Freight Logistics Strategy is and wider seats. The other 86 rail cars are being implemented and seeks, among other designed for commuter services. things, to integrate the first and second In September 2010, the Gautrain economies, and support the integration of celebrated carrying one million train pas- marginalised local economies with the main sengers since opening Phase One of the logistics corridors. project. Within days of opening, in time for The key objective is to reduce the costs the World Cup, the Gautrain carried almost of doing business and remove inefficiencies 80 000 passengers a week. After the World placed on businesses and their long-term Cup the service stabilised at nearly 50 000 sustainability. passengers a week. The Department of Transport, in close co- operation with the provincial road-traffic Passenger Rail Agency of South authorities, is implementing the National Africa Overload Control Strategy to protect road Prasa is tasked with transforming the coun- infrastructure, improve road safety and try’s public transport system. The agency ensure seamless movement of cargo. The was established by the consolidation of department has also developed guidelines state-owned passenger rail entities, a road- in cooperation with the SABS as part of pro- based bus passenger carrier and an asset- moting self-regulation in the heavy-vehicle management entity. industry. This is aimed at fostering a part- The agency creates a platform from nership to ensure proper load management, which its business units, including Metrorail, vehicle road worthiness and driver fitness. Shosholoza Meyl, Autopax and Intersite, deliver high-quality and low-cost transport Transnet Freight Rail services. TFR, the largest operating division of Prasa transports more than 645 million Transnet, has as its primary purpose the passengers per year across Metrorail (95%), transportation of rail freight. Core freight Shosholoza Meyl (2,5%) and Autopax via activities account for about 95% of its rev- 468 stations in cities and throughout the enues. It is a world-class heavy haul freight country. rail company that specialises in the trans- The presence of buses within Prasa gives portation of freight. it the kind of flexibility to respond effectively TFR has about 25 000 employees. The to passenger demands with the real option company maintains an extensive rail net- to provide feeder and distribution services. work across South Africa that connects Ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup™, with other rail networks in the sub-Saharan Prasa invested R7 billion in the refurbish- region, with its rail infrastructure represent- ment of 2 000 coaches, 780 of which ing about 80% of Africa’s total. were dedicated to the tournament. Some The company is proud of its reputation R1,4 billion was invested in the acquisition for technological leadership beyond Africa

527 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Transport as well as within Africa, where it is active in the OR Tambo International Airport Central some 17 countries. Terminal Building upgrade, the Cape Town TFR has positioned itself to become a International Airport Terminal upgrade, the profitable and sustainable freight railway Bloemfontein International Airport runway business, assisting in driving the competi- rehabilitation and airport upgrade as well as tiveness of the South African economy. the King Shaka International Airport. TFR operates freight trains serving cus- Traffic levels at airports were significantly tomers in the following major segments: higher with the Aeronautical Information • mining: coal, iron ore, manganese, gran- Management Unit processing large num- ite, asbestos, chrome and non-ferrous bers of flights. Air traffic was nearly double metals the daily average that South African airports • manufacturing: chemicals, fuel and petro- normally handle. Passenger processing leum, fertiliser, cement, lime, iron steel systems at all airports were significantly and scrap improved. The ATNS also played a critical • agriculture and forestry: grain, stockfeed role in terms of aircraft movements in and and milling, timber, paper and publishing, out of airports. and fast-moving consumer goods For most of the morning of 11 July 2010, • containers and automotive: intermodal ahead of the World Cup final between Spain wholesale, automotive and industrial. and the Netherlands, an aircraft was touch- In 2009, TFR handled 177 Mt of freight, ing down every two minutes at OR Tambo including critical cargo such as iron ore, International Airport. On 11 July and 12 coal and containers. Transnet will be invest- July 2010, OR Tambo facilitated more than ing R54,6 billion of its total five-year capital 1 400 aircraft movements, carrying well investment plan of R93,4 billion in rail infra- over 160 000 passengers. The total number structure and in acquiring and upgrading of aircraft handled between 1 June and 12 rolling stock. July at the three main international airports amounted to 58 045, namely: OR Tambo Civil aviation (35 964), Cape Town (14 600) and King The 2010 FIFA World Cup™ was perhaps Shaka (7 481). one of the most aviation-heavy world cups in the history of FIFA. Airlift Strategy Through the Acsa, the Department of Cabinet approved the Airlift Strategy in July Transport invested R20 billion in the airports 2006 to introduce effectively structured development programme. This included regulatory measures for increasing tourism growth for South Africa. In particular, this strategy is based on After the completion of the R5-billion Bridge aviation policy directives and contributes to City initiative, townships such as Phoenix, the county’s growth by: i Inanda, Ntuzuma and KwaMashu outside Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, will enjoy the benefits • aligning with the Tourism Growth Strategy of a better public-transport system, increased access to and industry economic opportunities and job creation. • prioritising tourism and trade markets To complement this initiative, the Department of • unblocking obstacles to growth through Transport aims to establish an extensive transport sys- regulatory mechanisms, and bilateral and tem in and around the Bridge City precinct, as part of a national passenger rail plan. multilateral air-services negotiations. Through the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa, In particular, the strategy supports the MDGs more than R350 million was invested in the underground and the objectives of Nepad to increase Bridge City rail station. The rail extension is expected to African connectivity and access through the serve 40 000 commuters per day and handle 14 000 accelerated implementation of the Yamous- passengers in peak hours. More than R360 million was invested on new roads, road upgrades and public soukro Decision of 1999 on the liberation of amenities within and surrounding the Bridge City pre- intra-Africa air-traffic services. cinct to further augment the R750-million shopping mall The overall objective of the Airlift Strategy within this precinct. is to increase aviation’s contribution towards This project is a catalyst for economic growth and sustainable economic growth and job crea- integration of local communities, and has created more than 60 000 job opportunities. tion. This requires the creation and main- Further development of surrounding areas include tenance of an enabling framework, within a new rail link with a terminal station at Bridge City, a which both suppliers and consumers of air- bus or taxi intermodal facility at the station, a new half- transport services may exercise reasonable diamond interchange on the M25, and the uBhejane flexibility and choice. road extension.

Transport – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 528 The strategy enhances the prospects tic, , Zambian Air Services and of South Africa as a preferred air-travel Zambian . destination and synchronises the basis for bilateral air-services negotiations with other priorities. SAA is by far the largest air carrier in Africa, The strategy also provides specific with the OR Tambo International Airport guidelines for various unique markets, with being on the busiest routes in Africa. Nearly emphasis on the needs of intra-African air 75% of air-traffic activity in Africa takes place services, and aims to improve the regulation in the region. of particularly the supply-side of air-transport SAA is the only non-stop service from services. the USA to South Africa, with daily depar- The department also developed the Air- tures from Washington DC, and a daily lift Implementation Plan, which provides a direct service from New York. The airline clear framework and capacity targets to be upgraded its in-flight entertainment on met. The Airlift Strategy is expected to pro- these flights, increasing the number of mov- mote the provision of adequate air-service ies available from 15 to 44, ranging from capacity and infrastructure to cater for the global blockbusters to more culturally projected growth in air movements within diverse options that include South African South Africa, and between South Africa and and Hindi choices. There are a number of its key international partners. channels with TV programmes and music from many different genres on offer. Airlines Each seat on board includes a personal, on- Major domestic airlines operate in the coun- demand entertainment system with a full try, as well as a number of smaller charter range of upgraded content. Travellers in airline companies. premium class enjoy 180-degree flat-bed South African Airways (SAA), British Air- seats. SAA’s local network includes con- ways (BA)/, SA Express, SA nections to more than 20 South African and Inter-Air operate scheduled air services destinations and more than 20 cities across within South Africa and the Indian Ocean the rest of the continent. As a Star Alliance islands. In addition to serving Africa, SAA member, SAA also offers its customers 975 operates services to Europe, Latin America destinations in 162 countries and 18 100 and the Far East. flights daily, including convenient connec- Other airlines operating in the country are tions from more than 30 cities in the USA Kulula, and . through code-share services with Star Alli- Scheduled international air services are ance member . Members of also provided by Air Afrique, , Air United Airlines’ Mileage Plus, US Airways’ Botswana, Air , Air Gabon, Air Mada- Dividend Miles and ’s Aeroplane gascar, , , , programmes can earn and redeem miles on Air Portugal, , , all SAA flights. , Airlink Swaziland, Alliance In May 2010, SAA ordered five additional Express, BA, Cameroon Airlines, Delta Airbus A320 aircraft, increasing an earlier Airlines, , Egyptair, , Ethiopian commitment from 15 to 20 planes. The air- Airlines, , , KLM, Kenya craft will be delivered from 2013. Airways, LAM Mozambique Airlines, LTU In September 2010, SAA released its International Airways, , MK financial results and reported a group profit Airlines, , Hol- of R596 million. These results were achieved land, , Olympic Airways, despite an exceptionally tough year for the , , Saudi Arabian aviation industry globally. SAA reported a Airlines, , Swissair, Taag, bottom-line profit of R581 million, a 45% Thai International, , Uganda improvement from the previous year’s net Airlines, United Airlines, Varig, Virgin Atlan- profit of R402 million. During 2008/09, some 6,7 million passengers flew SAA, represent- ing a 2,4% decrease from 2007/08. Domes- One of the world’s leading aircraft manufactur- tic and international passenger numbers ers, Airbus France, has signed a contract with decreased by 6% and 5% while regional i South African Airways for the lease of six new planes in a long-term partnership. The six passenger numbers decreased by 9%. planes, valued at $1 billion, will be leased to South Cargo tonnage also declined by 14%. Africa for 10 years starting in January 2011. In May 2010, SAA was voted the best airline in Africa for the eighth consecutive

529 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Transport year. SAA was also named winner of the exports. As port landlord, it is responsible category Staff Service Excellence Africa for: in the Skytrax World Airline Awards™. • developing and managing port properties The awards are based on results from • developing, advising and implementing 17,94 million questionnaires completed by national port policies 100 different nationalities of airline pas- • providing and maintaining port infrastruc- sengers between July 2009 and April 2010, ture (i.e. breakwaters, seawalls, channels, involving more than 200 airlines worldwide. basins, quay walls and jetties), and the Over the years, SAA has received several sustainability of ports and their environ- awards, making it the most awarded air- ments line in Africa. Some of the Skytrax awards • coordinating marketing and promotional include: activities for each port. • in 2008, SAA received the Best Airline The TNPA also has a control function, which in Africa and Best Cabin Crew in Africa includes: awards • providing vessel-traffic control and navi- • in 2009, SAA was ranked as being among gational aids the world’s top-15 international airlines • licensing and leasing terminals to opera- for both its Business and Economy Class tors products and service • monitoring the performance of port opera- • in 2009, SAA was ranked 11th for its Busi- tors ness Class product. • ensuring the orderly, efficient and reliable transfer of cargo and passengers between Ports sea and land. South Africa has nine commercial ports, of Based on the White Paper on the National which the ninth Port of Ngqura was opened Commercial Ports Policy (2002), the vision in October 2009. The country’s ports handle for South African ports is to become a sys- over 430 Mt of varied cargo types, carried tem of ports, seamlessly integrated in the over 9 000 ships each year. logistics network, that is jointly and individu- Commercial ports play a crucial role in ally self-sustainable. South Africa’s transport, logistics and socio- This will be achieved through the delivery economic development. About 98% of South of high levels of service and increasing effi- Africa’s exports are conveyed by sea. The ciency for a growing customer base. It will National Ports Regulator was established result in the enhancement of South Africa’s in terms of the National Ports Act, 2005 global competitiveness and facilitate the (Act 12 of 2005). Its primary function is the expansion of the economy through socially economic regulation of the ports system, in and environmentally sustainable port devel- line with government’s strategic objectives opment. The TNPA business consists of the to promote equity of access to ports and following divisions: to monitor the activities of the TNPA. The regulator also promotes regulated competi- Trade and Logistics tion, hears appeals and complaints, and This division is the strategic business arm investigates such complaints. of the TNPA. It is responsible for customer- The TNPA is the largest port authority on relationship marketing, in combination with the continent. It owns and manages South technology and human resources (HR). Africa’s ports at Richards Bay, Durban, East London, Port Elizabeth, Mossel Bay, Cape Landlord Services Town, Saldanha and Ngqura. Landlord Services ensures the planning, The TNPA provides suitable infrastructure development and optimal use of port prop- as a conduit for the country’s imports and erty and infrastructure, as well as a safe, secure and healthy port environment. The division consists of property, en- As a result of interventions implemented over the past two years – including the creation of gineering, and planning and development. i the General Aviation Safety Initiative and the Landlord Services has traditionally been appointment of the Advisory Safety Panel, the TNPA’s major revenue earner, initially which ensures that investigations are concluded faster through wharfage, and currently through – there was a decrease of 15% in the number of aircraft cargo dues. accidents during 2009/10, compared to 2008/09. Fatal accidents decreased by 54% and fatalities decreased by 70% from the previous year. Maritime Services Maritime Services includes improving

Transport – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 530 efficiency in shipping services, dredging The improved infrastructure will relieve navigational waterways, and ensuring a container congestion in the South African safe shipping environment through vessel- port system, while attracting additional tracing services, pilotage and lighthouse transhipment cargo. The Ngqura Container services. Terminal will have the capacity to accom- The ports provide: modate “ultra-mega” ships carrying 6 000 to • pilotage, tug and berthing services 10 000 20-foot equivalent units, a measure • bulk-handling installations to handle dry used for capacity in container transport. and liquid bulk, complemented by storage The port is considered the most modern facilities harbour in Africa. Although sub-Saharan • container-handling facilities Africa has a number of smaller ports, these • multipurpose terminals for the handling of are only suitable for medium-sized ships. It break bulk and containers will not only boost the economy of the East- • access to rail and road links ern Cape; but is also an important develop- • ship-repair facilities ment for trade in South Africa and the rest • feeder services. of Africa. The port development will also directly Lighthouse Services create employment in the region. Lighthouse Services operates 45 light- It also holds positive secondary benefits houses along the South African coastline. for other product groups such as agriculture, The TNPA has vessel-traffic systems in fishing, construction, transport (including all ports, ensuring improved safety of nav- storage), financial and business services, igation within the port and port limits, and electricity and gas as well as wholesale and enhancing the service provided to the port retail business. user. Rail operations at the new port have also received a stamp of approval. In September Marine Services 2009, TFR ran a test train on the Ngqura Marine Services operates 24 large tugs, mainline, and was declared safe for opera- eight work boats, four pilot boats and 14 tions. launches in South Africa’s commercial The rail route will connect the new port ports. The ports of Durban and Richards to the City Deep Rail Terminal in Johan- Bay provide 24-hour services. nesburg in Gauteng via Beaconsfield in the Northern Cape. Transnet has refurbished Portcon International 400 container wagons and will use its 7E This division provides a consultancy and locomotive fleet for traffic on the line, which training service appropriate to ports operat- has a designed capacity of six trains per ing within the African context. day, each with 50 wagons. The Port of Richards Bay is South Africa’s Port and Corporate Affairs leading port in terms of cargo volumes, This division is responsible for the efficient and profitable running of the ports as ser- vice-delivery platforms. In September 2010, Airports Company South Africa (Acsa) and several local airlines launched Deepwater ports i a new system that allows passengers to make online or mobile flight bookings and print their South Africa’s new deep-water harbour, the own boarding passes. Port of Ngqura near Port Elizabeth, launched According to Acsa, the system for domestic flights is operations in October 2009, when its first working well, while international travellers will be able commercial customer, the MSC Catania, to use the new 2-D barcode (the new standard in air docked at the port. travel that has been adopted by the International Air Transport Association), when the Department of Home The port is an integral part of the Coega Affairs approves it. Industrial Development Zone. The 300- The system is being rolled out in phases at South metre long and 13-metre deep ship was used African airports. to test vessel operators’ skills in offloading Passengers will no longer have to queue at the and handling containers with an average of airport to check in, as their seat will be assigned at the time of booking, while they can also print their boarding 19 containers handled per hour. pass on any home laser or ink-jet printer. Airlines will The Ngqura Port, which lies at the mouth offer a 2-D barcode printing service at their check-in of the Coega River in Algoa Bay, is a deep- counters for passengers who are not able to print their water port with a depth of between 16 and pre-booked boarding pass. 18 metres.

531 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Transport handling in excess of 80 Mt of cargo annu- Among its major investments for 2009/10, ally. Transnet named its R2,8-billion upgrading of The port covers a surface area of 2 157 ha i Durban Harbour, which included the entrance on land and 1 495 ha on water, making it the channel being deepened and widened. Before, it could only accommodate ships slightly over the 4 000 biggest port in South Africa in terms of size. 20-foot equivalent unit (TEU) capacity, but now those of It also offers easy access to South Africa’s 8 000 TEU can dock there. national rail network. A further R4,4 billion was pumped into the Cape One of the port’s inherent strengths is Town Container Terminal Expansion Project, which its deep-water infrastructure, with a max- has boosted capacity from 700 000 TEU in 2007 to 900 000 TEU. There are plans to increase capacity even imum permissible draught of 17,5 m. This, more to 1,4 million TEU. Cape Town’s berth 601, the coupled with the high-tech state-of-the-art first of its four berths to be expanded, has already been terminal infrastructures, allows for high- deepened to 15,5 m to accommodate larger vessels. speed, high-volume cargo handling and a fast turnaround of vessels. The port with its immediate region has the Americas, serving South Africa, as well become a popular call for international as west and east African countries. The port cruise ships because of the close proximity is also the premier port for a wide range of to game parks and the iSimangaliso Wet- commodities, including coal, mineral ores, lands Park. granite, chemicals, petrochemicals, steel, The facilities at Richards Bay’s Port com- forest products, citrus products, sugar and prise a dry-bulk terminal, a multipurpose grain. terminal and the privately operated coal The Port of Durban is South Africa’s largest terminal. Other private operators within the port in terms of value cargo handled as well port include several wood-chip export ter- as the number of vessel arrivals per year. minals and a bulk liquid terminal. It is estimated that the port and its related Richard’s Bay Dry Bulk Terminal is a industries contribute in excess of 20% of unique terminal that handles a variety of Durban’s GDP. Durban contributes almost commodities on its conveyor system. 55% of the KwaZulu-Natal GDP, which in To avoid contamination, every belt, turn is about 15% of the South African GDP. transfer point, rail truck and vessel loader/ The maritime industry in Durban contributes unloader is washed thoroughly before the between 1,5% and 2% of the national GDP. next product is handled. A high-volume This is a contribution to the local GDP of woodchip loader has made this terminal between R25 billion and R35 billion, accord- one of the world’s best and most efficient ing to Port of Durban statistics. woodchip-loading facilities. The Port of Cape Town is the other hub Saldanha Port, situated on the West in South Africa. It offers multipurpose dry, Coast, is the deepest and the largest natural and liquid and dry terminals, as well as fully port in . The port is unique in serviced dry docks. that it has a purpose-built railroad serving a The port is renowned for its deciduous bulk-handling facility, which is connected to fruit and frozen-product exports. A major a dedicated jetty for the shipment of iron ore. fishing industry is also based here. The Port Saldanha also serves as a major crude-oil of Cape Town is strategically positioned importation and transhipment port. It is the and ideally situated to serve as a hub for only iron ore-handling port in South Africa. cargoes between Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania. The port provides Hub ports a complex network of services to its clients The Port of Durban is a full-service general and a favourable environment for all stake- cargo and container port. It is the most con- holders, maximising benefits to the local veniently situated port for the industrialised and national economy. Integrated intermo- Durban/Pinetown and Gauteng areas and dal cargo systems, ship repair, bunkering cross-border traffic. facilities and the reefer trade are examples The Port of Durban is one of the busiest in of these services. southern Africa. It has a surface land area of 1 854 ha. The container terminal is the larg- Multipurpose ports est such facility in the southern hemisphere The Port of Port Elizabeth, with its proxim- and is geared to expand in terms of cargo ity to heavily industrialised and intensively handling. farmed areas, has facilities for handling of It is especially effective as a hub port for all commodities – bulk, general and con- cargo to and from the Far East, Europe and tainer cargo.

Transport – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 532 Being situated at the centre of the coun- (formerly, Nelspruit) while the remainder is try’s motor-vehicle-manufacturing industry, transported to Kendal. the port imports large volumes of contain- More than 60% of South Africa’s liquid erised components and raw material for this fuels-demand lies within the Durban-to- industry. Johannesburg Corridor. The Durban-to- The bulk of exports comprises agricultural Johannesburg Pipeline became inadequate products. Apart from agricultural produce, to transport the required volumes of petro- manganese ore, motor-vehicle-industry- leum products from the coast to the inland related products and steel are exported. regions. The container terminal has maintained The Department of Energy in its Energy the highest handling rates in Africa in recent Security Master Plan included the construc- years and is accredited to International tion of a bigger new multiproduct pipeline Standards Organisation 9002. Located between Durban and Johannesburg mid-way between Cape Town and Port (NMPP) by Transnet. The National Energy Elizabeth, the Port of Mossel Bay has in Regulator of South Africa awarded Transnet the past specialised in serving the local the licence to build the 24-inch trunk-line inshore and deep-sea fishing industry, as pipeline, including the 16-inch inland net- well as limited commercial cargo. However, work and two terminals in December 2007. it now serves the oil industry as well as other The trunk line is expected to be completed client-orientated marine cargo. by September 2011 and operational by This port is the only South African port December 2011. that operates two offshore mooring points within port limits. Both mooring points are Maritime affairs used for the transport of refined petroleum Maritime administration, products. legislation and shipping The Port of East London is situated at the Marine transport encompasses all forms mouth of the Buffalo River on South Africa’s of transport by sea, intermodal links and east coast, and is the country’s only com- inland ports. It caters to a large degree for mercial river port. the freight market, and in the South African It boasts a large container terminal and context offers no significant passenger- grain elevator, and it is the largest exporter carrying ability. of maize. The Department of Transport is respons- With a world-class R80-million car ter- ible for South Africa’s maritime administra- minal, the port has become one of the major tion and legislation, which Samsa controls motor-vehicle export and import terminals in on its behalf in terms of the Samsa Act, 1998 South Africa. (Act 5 of 1998). Through Transnet, government is invest- The broad aim of Samsa is to maintain the ing close to R50 billion on rail- and port- safety of life and property at sea within South infrastructure improvement. Africa’s area of maritime jurisdiction, and to ensure the prevention of marine pollution by Pipelines oil and other substances emanating from Transnet Pipelines owns, maintains and ships. The Department of Environmental operates a network of 3 000 km of high- Affairs is responsible for combating pollution pressure petroleum and gas pipelines. and uses Kuswag coast-watch vessels to Continued investment is also being made perform this function. Samsa is responsible in the pipeline sector. for introducing and maintaining international Construction on a R5,8-billion fuel pipeline standards set by the International Maritime between the Mozambican Port of Matola in Organisation (IMO) in London, with respect Maputo and Kendal in South Africa started to: in 2009. The 450-km-long pipeline trans- • ship construction ports up to 3,5 Ml a year and is expected • maritime training and training curricula to prevent potential fuel shortages in South • watch-keeping Africa. • certification of seafarers The pipeline facilitates the importation of • manning and operation of local and for- petrol and diesel from Mozambique, which eign ships has extensive natural gas and coal reserves • maritime search-and-rescue but no oil reserves. Of the pipeline’s total • marine communications and radio nav- capacity of 3,5 Ml of fuel and diesel, a igation aids maximum of 1,5 Ml is diverted to Mbombela • pollution prevention.

533 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Transport Samsa has an operations unit, a policy unit Other maritime training organisations and a corporate support division to handle offer a wide range of courses that have been all financial, HR and information technology developed within the South African maritime issues. industry. These are situated mainly in the Other functions include registering ships, ports of Cape Town and Durban and, to a establishing a coastal patrol service and lesser degree, Port Elizabeth. managing marine casualties and wrecks. Samsa is steadily improving its capacity Search-and-rescue services to monitor safety standards of foreign ves- The Southern African Search-and-Rescue sels. A considerable number of ships calling (Sasar) has been in existence since 1957. at South Africa’s major ports is inspected, It was formalised through the enactment of and those not complying with international the South African Maritime and Aeronaut- safety standards are detained until the defi- ical Search-and-Rescue Act, 2002 (Act 44 ciencies are corrected. of 2002). The Act gave the organisation a The South African Marine Corporation statutory mandate to coordinate all search- (Safmarine), Unicorn Lines and Griffin and-rescue activities with South Africa’s Shipping are South Africa’s predominant area of responsibility (SAR Region). shipping lines. Their fleets of container, oil South Africa is responsible for a huge SAR tanker, general cargo and bulk cargo ves- area, representing about 10% of the globe sels operate not only between South African and about 28,5 million km2 in total. To man- ports, but also as cross-traders to other age this vast area, the South African area parts of the world. is divided into two SAR regions, namely the South Africa signed an agreement to aeronautical and maritime SAR regions. establish the subregional Maritime Rescue The Aeronautical SAR Region covers Coordination Centre (MRCC) in South South Africa, Namibia, Swaziland, Lesotho Africa and subregional maritime subcentres and associated flight information regions. in the Comoros, , Mozambique The Maritime SAR Region stretches about and Namibia. South Africa also contributed halfway between South Africa and South R100 000 to be used in the operations of the America on the western side, about halfway International Maritime Security Fund. between South Africa and Australia on the eastern side. Training It also borders on Namibia, Angola, South The South African Maritime Training Acad- Africa and Mozambique on the northern emy at Simonstown in the Western Cape side and then extends to the South Pole. provides advanced training to the broader Relevant operational structures and sub- maritime sector, including the merchant structures were established for Sasar to navy, harbour-craft operations, the fishing execute its mandate successfully. industry and the South African Navy. The The Aeronautical Rescue Co- South African Merchant Navy Academy, ordination Centre (ARCC) and the MRCC General Botha, established at Granger Bay, are the primary structures responsible for is integrated with the Cape Peninsula Uni- the execution of Sasar’s statutory mandate. versity of Technology, with a similar training The ARCC and the MRCC are based at the facility at the Durban Institute of Technol- ATNS and Samsa. ogy. Search-and-rescue only works when Deck and engineering students and of- several countries and all stakeholders col- ficers complete their academic training at laborate across borders. This culture of the Cape Peninsula University of Technol- collaboration dates back to 1959 when the ogy and the Durban Institute of Technol- Convention on International Civil Aviation ogy, while lower classes of certificates are first made provision for cooperation between offered at the Training Centre for Seamen, states. situated in the Duncan Dock area in Cape According to this provision, states will indi- Town. This training institution also caters for vidually or in cooperation with other states, deck, engine-room and catering department arrange for the establishment and prompt ratings. provision of search-and-rescue services Samsa is responsible for setting all within their territories to ensure that assist- standards of training certification and watch- ance is rendered to persons in distress. keeping on behalf of the Department of Regional cooperation also uses scarce Transport, while the Maritime Education and resources and helps nations to avoid du- Training Board is responsible for accrediting plicating efforts and facilities. Through this all maritime courses. collaboration, services are provided for poor

Transport – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 534 states in a uniform manner across a wide South Africa’s coastline annually, of which area. Collaboration also reduces the overall many are laden tankers carrying in excess cost of search-and-rescue operations. of 30 Mt of crude oil. South African weather SADC approached ICAO and the IMO to conditions present regular challenges to consider funding the training requirements vessels, often resulting in distress calls to identified for the region. Together with the the Cape Town-based MRCC. Department of Environment Affairs, the The MRCC enables South Africa to exer- Department of Transport is planning to cise its responsibilities to the international create search-and-rescue capacity at the community by employing state-of-the-art Antarctic region. search-and-rescue infrastructure and ser- The Department of Transport, the South vices. Various laden, very large crude-oil African National Defence Force, Telkom, carriers have been assisted to safety, their Portnet, Samsa, SACAA, ATNS, South Afri- cargo safely transferred by means of ship- can Police Service, the Independent Com- to-ship transfers, and the affected vessels munications Authority of South Africa, SAA repaired or temporarily repaired to enable and the Department of Cooperative Govern- them to proceed to other ports for perma- ance are members of Sasar and contribute nent repairs. their services and/or facilities. South Africa has a well-established Pol- Voluntary organisations such as the 4x4 lution Prevention Strategy, and is ready to Rescue Club, the Mountain Club of South respond in case of threats to the environ- Africa, Hamnet and the National Sea Res- ment or to provide assistance to vessels at cue Institute are also members of Sasar. risk. The ARCC Centre is an operational The Department of Transport has been facility of Sasar that promotes the efficient developing a small vessel policy to address organisation of search-and-rescue ser- security and safety in the maritime sector, vices and coordinates aeronautical search- which was expected to be tabled in Parlia- and-rescue operations. This plays a sig- ment in 2010/11. nificant role in improving the safety of South South Africa acts in terms of the Indian African airspace. Ocean Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Port State Control and has a sim- Maritime safety ilar agreement with the states of west Africa An estimated 7 000 vessels pass around in the form of the Abuja MoU.

535 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Transport Acknowledgements Airports Company South Africa Acsa Annual Report 2008/09 BuaNews Business Day Department of Transport Estimates of National Expenditure 2010, published by National Treasury National Household Travel Survey, 2003 National Ports Authority of South Africa Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa, Annual Report 2009/10 Pretoria News Road Accident Fund Sabinet SACAA Annual Report 2009/10 Sanral Annual Report, 2009 Sapa South African Rail Commuter Corporation Transnet Freight Rail Limited www.acsa.co.za www.polokwane.org.za www.arrivealive.co.za www.ports.co.za www.atns.co.za www.sa2010.gov.za www.buanews.gov.za www.saa.co.za www.cbrta.co.za www.sagoodnews.co.za www.enatis.com www.samsa.org.za www.engineeringnews.co.za www.sanral.co.za www.gautrain.co.za www.shine2010.co.za www.gov.za www.southafrica.info www.iol.co.za www.spoornet.co.za www.itweb.co.za www.tradeinvestsa.co.za www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com www.transnet.co.za www.mg.co.za www.transport.gov.za www.news24.com www.umdloti.org www.politicsweb.co.za

Suggested reading Louw, B. 2008. The Gibson brothers of the Red Star Line. Welgemoed: JBZ Louw. Rorke, WB. 2007. Trek Airways: a South African adventure. London: Athena Press. Ross, G. 2007. The romance of Cape mountain passes. Cape Town: New Africa Books. South Africa. Department of Transport. Moving South Africa: a transport strategy for 2010: report and strategy recommendations.

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