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Impacts of Wildlife Tourism on Poaching of Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros Unicornis) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal

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Impacts of Wildlife Tourism on Poaching of Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros Unicornis) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Impacts of Wildlife Tourism on Poaching of Greater One-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science (Parks, Tourism and Ecology) at Lincoln University by Ana Nath Baral Lincoln University 2013 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science (Parks, Tourism and Ecology) Abstract Impacts of Wildlife Tourism on Poaching of Greater One-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal by Ana Nath Baral Chitwan National Park (CNP) is one of the most important global destinations to view wildlife, particularly rhinoceros. The total number of wildlife tourists visiting the park has increased from 836 in Fiscal Year (FY) 1974/75 to 172,112 in FY 2011/12. But the rhinoceros, the main attraction for the tourists, is seriously threatened by poaching for its horn (CNP, 2012). Thus, the study of the relationship between wildlife tourism and rhinoceros poaching is essential for the management of tourism and control of the poaching. This research identifies the impacts of tourism on the poaching. It documents the relationships among key indicators of tourism and poaching in CNP. It further interprets the identified relationships through the understandings of local wildlife tourism stakeholders. Finally, it suggests future research and policy, and management recommendations for better management of tourism and control of poaching. Information was collected using both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Data were collected focussing on the indicators of the research hypotheses which link tourism and poaching. Data required for the indicators were gathered from the existing records of the CNP, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC), published materials and the research literature. Indicators of each hypothesis were graphed and interpreted by 21 key stakeholders through semi-structured interviews. Field observation was also conducted to gain in depth knowledge of the physical settings of the rhinoceros conservation. The study shows that as wildlife tourism increases, park surveillance and anti-poaching operations (APOs) also increase. Movement of the tourism activities serve as a form of patrolling the park. Moreover, tourism generates money for the surveillance and the APOs through buffer zone management programmes and stakeholders’ support. The surveillance and the APOs are vital to reducing poaching. In addition, as the penalty rate for the poachers decreases, poaching increases and vice versa. Furthermore, as the value of the rhinoceros horn in international black market increases, the poaching also increases. Political instability has been the primary cause of the poaching since 1950s. Wildlife tourism and rhinoceros poaching impact upon each other. Financial support is the most important contribution made by tourism for anti-poaching activities. Habituation and the displacement of the rhinoceroses from the usual habitats caused by the tourism create the poaching environment. Hence, the most important implication of this finding is for the management of tourism and the control of poaching through the integrated conservation ii efforts of the Park, the Nepal army, police and buffer zone communities. The impacts of the habituation and the displacement on poaching and of the poaching on tourism need to be further studied in detail. The study makes an important theoretical contribution to strengthen Higginbottom and Tribe’s (2004) framework for wildlife tourism. The study attempts to systematically quantify the links between wildlife tourism and the rhinoceros population, and identifies that wildlife tourism increases the financial support and political pressure for conservation, which were identified as weak linkages in the original framework. Keywords: Chitwan National Park, wildlife tourism, impact, Greater One-horned Rhinoceros/rhinoceros, poaching, indicators, surveillance, anti-poaching operations, buffer zone, stakeholders, penalty, political instability, habituation, displacement, conservation, Nepal iii Acknowledgements I am grateful for the help and support of many people and organisations. I am indebted to the Mingma Norbu Sherpa Memorial Scholarship Programme, Sir Edmund Hillary’s Himalayan Trust, and Lincoln University (LU) for providing me with this opportunity. Without this scholarship, I could not obtain my Master’s degree at LU. I am very glad to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisors Professor Dr. David G. Simmons and Dr. Stephen Espiner of the Department of Environment, Society and Design (ESD), Lincoln University, New Zealand, who consistently encouraged and supported me not only to pursue this thesis, but also guided me throughout the study. I am very thankful to Lisa Choegyal, the Honorary Consular of New Zealand for Nepal, for her constant support and encouragement of me to complete this study. I am equally thankful to Phurba Sherpa (Founder and chairman of Greater Himalayas Foundation), Dr. Lhakpa Norbu Sherpa and Dr. Ghana Shyam Gurung for their inspiration and cooperation in this study. In the same way, I must acknowledge the staff of LU, especially Douglas Broughton, Jane Edwards, Pat Quarles and Sarah Tritt for their incessant support throughout my academic journey. I am very grateful towards Merrilyn Grey for her hard work in copy editing of my thesis. Thanks also go to my colleagues and staff members in the Department for their encouragement, companionship and help during the development of this thesis. I am also grateful to the people whose help made my field work possible, particularly Kamal Jung Kunwar (Conservation Education Officer, DNPWC), Jhamak Bahadur Karki (Chief Conservation Officer, CNP), Amir Maharjan and Rupak Maharjan (Assistant Conservation Officers, CNP), Dr. Kamal Prasad Gaire (Senior Veterinary Officer, CNP) and other park staff. I would like to thank much for Chiran Pokhrel (NTNC, Sauraha) and Prem Poudel (TAL, Sauraha) for their support during the field work. I very much appreciate the help of Yadav Bantawa and Manik Tuladhar of Tiger Tops Nepal who provided me with valuable information for this research. Thanks also go to the people of Sauraha of Chitwan who were patient enough to be interviewed during their very busy time of monsoon in Nepal. My heartfelt thanks must go to Kiwi and Nepali families and friends, particularly Dr. Patrick J. Devlin and Maurine and Leita for their support and hospitality during my study period. I iv further wish to express my thanks to Shailendra Thakali and Mohan Gurung for their valuable support. Most importantly of all, I cannot remain without admiring my late father Buwa Bhagirath Baral and mother Aama Dil Maya Baral whose enduring love, support and inspiration helped me to be here. I equally express my sincere respect for my Aunty Hira Kumari Baral, sisters Maiya, Shanti and Durga, father-in-law Shalik Ram Subedi, mother-in-law Sita Subedi and the family for their everlasting inspiration, love and support. Last, but by no means least, I would like to thank my wife Maya Kumari for her support, care, inspiration and tolerance; and our dearest daughter Aayushma and son Aayush who missed their parents during this study. Thanks my lovely kids for patiently waiting for your parents! v Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... x List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ xi List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 : Introduction........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research Problems ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research Goal and Specific Objectives ......................................................................................... 3 1.4 Hypotheses, Indicators and Conceptual Framework
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