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Global Trends in Coastal Tourism

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Global Trends in Coastal Tourism CESD: Global Trends in Coastal Tourism Global Trends in Coastal Tourism Prepared by: Martha Honey, Ph.D. and David Krantz, M.A. Center on Ecotourism and Sustainable Development A Nonprofit Research Organization Stanford University and Washington, DC Prepared for: Marine Program World Wildlife Fund Washington, DC December 2007 1 CESD: Global Trends in Coastal Tourism TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms.......................................................................................... 5 1.0 Executive Summary: Key Findings........................................... 8 2.0 WWF Working Hypothesis...................................................... 15 3.0 CESD Research ........................................................................ 15 4.0 Global Tourism Trends ............................................................ 16 4.1 Importance of Tourism............................................................................16 4.2 Environmental Impacts...........................................................................17 4.3 Market Trends in the New Millennium: 2000-2020 ................................24 5.0 Types of Tourism and Definitions........................................... 28 5.1 Beach Resort, Cruise, Ecotourism, Sustainable Tourism ...................28 5.2 History and Importance of Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism......29 5.3 Consumer Demand for Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism............33 6.0 Structure of the Tourism Industry .......................................... 35 6.1 Airlines .....................................................................................................38 6.2 Hotel Chains and Resorts.......................................................................41 6.3 Cruise Ships ............................................................................................44 6.4 Outbound Travel Agents.........................................................................46 6.5 Outbound and Inbound Tour Operators................................................47 7.0 Non-Corporate Actors in the Tourism Industry.................... 51 7.1 International Aid and Development Agencies ......................................51 7.2 The Conservation NGOs.........................................................................59 8.0 Trends in Coastal and Marine Tourism, 2000-2020 ............... 64 8.1 History and Trends..................................................................................64 8.2 Regional Trends ......................................................................................66 9.0 The ‘New’ Variant in Coastal Development: Residential Tourism ........................................................................................... 77 9.1 Components ............................................................................................78 9.2 How are Development Decisions Made?...............................................80 9.3 The Developers: Putting the Deal Together..........................................82 9.4 The Host Governments:..........................................................................87 9.5 Biggest Challenges .................................................................................90 9.6 Déjà vu, All Over Again...........................................................................92 9.7 The Development ‘Innovators’ and ‘Green’ Resort Alternatives:........92 10.0 Current Trends in Cruise Tourism ........................................ 98 10.1 Environmental, Social, and Economic Impacts ..................................99 10.2 Regional Analysis of Cruise Tourism................................................106 10.3 Cruise Tourism Reforms and Alternatives........................................108 11.0 WWF’s Hypothesis Revisited .............................................. 111 12.0 Proposed Interventions for WWF........................................ 116 12.1 Endorsement of What’s Already “Inside the Box” ..........................116 12.2 Proposed New Interventions for WWF .............................................117 13.0 List of Interviews .................................................................. 125 2 CESD: Global Trends in Coastal Tourism 14.0 About the Research Team and the Center on Ecotourism and Sustainable Development (CESD) ....................................... 127 Appendix I: Regional Report on East Africa Appendix II: Regional Report on Central America Appendix III: Regional Report on Coral Triangle 3 CESD: Global Trends in Coastal Tourism Table of Figures Figure 1: Images of Tourism Development................................................................ 18 Figure 2: Multiple Impacts of Tourism Activities........................................................ 20 Figure 3: Tourism's Impacts on Ecosystems ............................................................. 21 Figure 4: Map of International Arrivals and Biodiversity Hotspots.......................... 24 Figure 5: International Tourism Arrivals to 2020 ....................................................... 25 Figure 6: Table of International Arrivals Forecasts................................................... 26 Figure 7: Tourism Definitions ....................................................................................... 29 Figure 8: Nature Sells.................................................................................................... 31 Figure 9: Diagram of Different Types of Tourism...................................................... 33 Figure 10: Map of Coral Triangle Countries............................................................... 67 Figure 11: Maps of Main East African Coastal Tourism Development.................. 73 Figure 12: Map of Nicaraguan Coastal Tourism Development............................... 76 Figure 13: Map of Panamanian Tourism Development ........................................... 76 Figure 14: Map of Costa Rican Coastal Tourism Development ............................. 77 Figure 15: Pyramid of Tourist Priorities ...................................................................... 80 Figure 16: Diagram of Complexity in Property-Level Ownership Structure.......... 86 Figure 17: Cruise vs Stayover Economic Impacts in Central America ................ 103 4 CESD: Global Trends in Coastal Tourism Acronyms AAA: American Automobile Association ARC: Airline Reporting Corporation AWF: Africa Wildlife Fund ASTA: American Society of Travel Agents CAFTA: Central American Free Trade Agreement CAST: Caribbean Alliance for Sustainable Tourism CELB: Center for Environmental Leadership in Business, a program of Conservation International CESD: Center on Ecotourism and Sustainable Development CHA: Caribbean Hotel Association CI: Conservation International CLIA: Cruise Lines International Association CST: Certification for Sustainable Tourism EMS: Environment Management System FDI: Foreign Direct Investment FONATUR: Fundo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo or National Trust Fund for Tourism Development Trust, Mexico GDP: Gross Domestic Product GEF: Global Environment Facility GHI: Green Hotel Initiative IATAN: International Airlines Travel Agent Network ICCL: International Council of Cruise Lines IDB: Inter-American Development Bank 5 CESD: Global Trends in Coastal Tourism IFC: International Finance Corporation ILO: International Labor Organization IMO: International Maritime Organization ISO: International Organization for Standardization IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature or IMF: International Monetary Fund IUCN: International Union for the Conservation of Nature LDCs: Least Developed Countries LOHAS: Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability MIF: Multilateral Investment Fund MIGA: Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency NGO: Non-governmental organization NTA: National Tour Association OAS: Organization of American States PNG: Papua New Guinea REITs: Real Estate Investment Trusts ROI: Return on Investment SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SMEs: Small and medium enterprises STSC: Sustainable Tourism Stewardship Council TIA: Travel Industry Association of America TIES: The International Ecotourism Society TNC: The Nature Conservancy 6 CESD: Global Trends in Coastal Tourism TOI: Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development UNCED: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development or Earth Summit UNDP: United Nations Development Program UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNEP: United Nations Environmental Programme UNWTO: United Nations World Tourism Organization USAID: United States Agency for International Development USTOA: United States Tour Operators Association WCPA: World Commission on Protected Areas WTTC: World Travel and Tourism Council WWF: World Wildlife Fund or World Wide Fund for Nature 7 CESD: Global Trends in Coastal Tourism 1.0 Executive Summary: Key Findings The Center for Ecotourism and Sustainable Development (CESD), a policy oriented research institute committed to providing analysis and tools for sustainable tourism development, was commissioned by the Marine Program of World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in Washington, DC to analyze the current trends and to test WWF’s working hypothesis about the main drivers behind coastal and marine tourism, and then to propose what interventions would be most useful should WWF develop a new tourism program. This study examines the structure of the tourism industry, the main types of tourism, the impacts (economic, environmental, and social) of marine and
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