Integrated Battery Systems for Electrified Flight

NASA Electrified Powertrain Flight Demonstration – 11.30.2020

Presented by: AK Srouji, PhD - CTO Engineering Overview Strong team with relevant combined experience across key engineering disciplines

Romeo Engineering Overview Select Professional Experience — 60+ battery-specific engineers — Deep knowledge experts team across all core engineering disciplines including electrical, thermal, chemical, mechanical, electrochemistry — Team members experienced with multiple prolific vehicle launches — Combining automotive, space, and aviation tech to create the most advanced battery systems for electric vehicles

— 7 GWh-capable, fully functional manufacturing and R&D center located in Los Angeles, California

Representative Product Launch Experience of Romeo Engineering Team

Tesla Roadster Tesla Model S Tesla Model X Faraday Future FF91 Fiat 500e Porsche Cayenne Hybrid Apache Helicopter SpaceX Dragon Rocket

2 Evolution of Romeo Demonstrating major milestone achievements and progress on vision in less than four years

Romeo’s Evolution and Growth Trajectory

Romeo Power founded Beta products Invests $50mm into Hermes battery by a team of ex-Tesla and developed for electric Romeo Power and launched for CV and Merger with RMG SpaceX engineers CV, power sports forms JV high performance PV • Partnership with RMG and new public market Invests into Romeo investors Focused on EVs from Additional R&D into Power and forms Day 1; extensive R&D on adjacent areas including Strategic Partnership thermal management and consumer and stationary for Responsible battery modular design storage applications Environmental Controls

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Romeo’s Future

Los Angeles, CA Factory Pilot Line Customer Trials Mass Production

3 Romeo’sCore Focusexpertise across on cellBattery and vehicle and engineering Module results inPacks a superior battery solution

Battery Engineering How Does Romeo’s Technology Enhance EV Performance?

— Romeo performs extensive independent evaluation of cells Raw Inputs & Raw Materials Cell Science and closely collaborates with industry leading cell Cell Expertise manufacturers at early development stages of next generation Upstream Design and cell technology Engineering — Cell selection process based on energy density, quality and Refined Active Materials safety standards

— Designed for durability and crashworthiness; fulfills Modular / E-Plate requirements for volume production such as manufacturability Midstream Cell Manufacturing Technology & and serviceability Electro-Mechanical — Modules are designed to meet the highest safety standards Engineering and have undergone extensive testing and broad-based customer validation

Downstream Battery Modules / Packs — Designed for consistent temperature distribution within and Is Our Core Thermal among all battery cells guaranteeing lifetime maximum battery Competency Engineering performance BMI-AI¹ — Creates a singular platform enabling all customers to benefit Mass Battery from field testing of electronic and software for prototypes Commercial EVs through scaled deployment Production Management — Established safety measures system, including isolation System (BMS) HP EVs monitoring, high voltage interlock, manual service disconnect, End hardware and software protections Products — Maximize total fleet battery health by leveraging machine Electro-flight learning to help reduce total cost of ownership Vehicle — Learn aging factors from field behavior based on feedback Expertise Specialty EVs BMI-AI1 from battery population health optimization — Provide individual decisions that benefit net total asset and increased profitability of fleet managers, and total cost of ownership

¹ Brain Machine Interface - Artificial Intelligence 4 State-of-the-Art Production Facility In-house design, manufacturing and testing capabilities for Romeo North America

Site Highlights Romeo Facility Overview

— 113,000 ft2 North American Headquarters, strategically Electrical Mechanical Safety and High Voltage located in Los Angeles to attract the best industry talent Automotive Automotive Destruction Development — Deliberately designed to allow for cost effective Test Lab Test Lab Test Lab Area expansion of productions lines to 7 GWh / year capability — All key battery development labs in-house, including: Module Lines ̶ Reliability, Testing & Validation Lab Line of End Module Lines Testing ̶ Battery Cell Test Lab (Form Factor Agnostic) ̶ Battery Safety & Test Facility Section Pack Lines ̶ Battery Management Systems Engineering Materials In Product Out — IS09001 Certified & UL2580 Certified1 Pack Lines Production Facility Outside of Los Angeles BMS / Thermal Cell Battery Firmware Engineering Technology Algorithms Lab Lab Lab Lab

Indicates Function Typically Outsourced by Competitors

While many competitors outsource most testing and some assembly, Romeo’s complete in-house solution-set allows the company to protect IP, ensure quality control and accelerate development and production

1UL 2580 Certified BR Module & Thunder pack 5 Technology Overview Romeo’s batteries use a modular design and best-in-class components

1 2 3 4 Cell Science Module Technology Pack Technology BMS

• Cell procurement is a carefully • Flexible and customizable • Mechanical pack design • Battery management system guided process with rigorous design acts as a building block addresses key requirements – serves as complete solution for testing and validation processes which allows for custom packs from durability and monitoring and control to ensure only the best cells are without needing months / years crashworthiness to selected of additional R&D for each manufacturability, serviceability, • Romeo’s BMS are built on a prototype and recyclability highly configurable platform, • Romeo’s packs and modules are allowing it to support a wide cell-agnostic, allowing the • Modules are designed to meet • Flexible design allows the variety of architectures, and company to use only the best for the highest safety standards and company to reach significant driving lower cost and a faster each application, and adapt and have undergone extensive scale and a broad range of time to market when compared change as new cells come to testing and broad-based customer needs without incurring to peers market customer validation, both at the significant additional costs and individual pack and module level overhead

Exhaustive Testing In-House Developed by Romeo In-House

6 Module Technology Flexible and efficient building block for configurable, scalable energy storage

Hermes Module Key Attributes

Configurable and Scalable — Market-leading building block with active high cooling performance (x8 voltage variants) — 20-30% more energy density than same-size competitor packs 1

— High stability and superior thermal management (<4 °C Temp delta)

— Patented and structural cold-plate technology allows for quick integration into vehicle structures.

Integrated Battery — Electrical isolation protection achieved without compromising Management Board energy density or thermal performance 1000V working voltage.

— Liquid active cooling within slimmest volume factor (7% of volume) High Performance, Lightweight Integrated and Structural Isolation Material Cooling-plate — No fire propagation during single or multiple cell failures

— 2hr baseline charge time for optimal life (20min, fast charge to 80%)

— Highest manufacturing rate at <100 ms per Cell

1 Management estimate 7 Battery Management System (BMS) Among the most flexible and configurable systems in the market today

Romeo’s BMS offers a complete solution for monitoring and controlling complex battery systems for automotive applications

Features Value Proposition Advanced Algorithms

— Voltage, current, temperature, isolation — Others only measure voltage, temperature measurements and current, leading to increased buffers and — Operating modes, contactor, pre-charge and cost charge control — Romeo utilizes a series of sophisticated real- — Safety measures – isolation monitoring, high time onboard models as a result of voltage interlock, manual service disconnect, proprietary testing and algorithm hardware and software protections developments: — Advanced battery control algorithms ̶ More accurate remaining range — Built on highly configurable platform estimation — Advanced diagnostics and prognostics — Self-diagnostics ̶ More accurate battery health estimation — Field configurability for fast and convenient — Supports wide variety of architectures integration ̶ Enables safer and faster charging — Operates with virtually every vehicle engine control — Support over-the-air updates unit Pack Vehicle Supervisory — Cybersecurity Controller — Proven exceptional real world performance — Automotive ISO 26262 compliant1 — Low cost and robust On-board Advanced — Scalable from 48V to 1000V Models — Faster time to market

1ISO 26262 compliance is not yet complete, but expected by Q2 2021 8 Thermal Event Safety Designing a safe battery system using a collaborative effort across multiple knowledge domains

Thermal Event Mitigation Romeo’s Solution at Work

Cell Selection Electrical Design 500 • Selection of safest cells only as result of • Rational fusing hierarchy down to the 400 Battery Experiencing ) Incident elaborate testing campaign single cell C ° 300 Thermal Incident Not • Reproducible and predictable behavior • Multiple disconnects and pyro devices Propagating to Neighbor 200 Batteries Mechanical Design Pack Design 100 • Robust to vibration and road failures • Venting strategy and methodology Temperature ( • Flame ablation and resistant material • Crash mitigation strategy 0 0:00 0:03 0:06 0:10 0:13 0:16 0:20 Time (mm:ss) In-House Battery Safety Testing and Targeted Safety R&D Protected Batteries Experiencing Thermal Runaway

— Allows for continuous destructive testing and failure analysis, providing Competitor Packs Romeo Power quick and precise feedback for the safest product designs Thermal incident propagates from cell — In-house testing capabilities include: Module and pack design prevents to cell propagation of incident ̶ Cell, module, pack and destructive testing (fire and mechanical) ̶ Materials and components stability / dielectric withstand at high voltage ̶ Testing and validation of venting strategies ̶ Abuse testing covers most stringent safety standards

— Safety group director with 10+ years of battery safety experience

Experiencing Thermal Runaway

9 Pack Technology Customers are willing to pay a premium for integrated products from their battery solution provider

With Just One Highly Configurable Module…

Hermes Module … Romeo Can Create a Variety of Unique Packs… Every Level

Orion V4 Orion V3 Orion V2 Orion V1 Flat V2 Flat 1 … Serving a Wide Range of Growing End Markets1 Creating Massive Deployment Leverage at

Freight Bus / Shuttle Refuse Truck Delivery Truck

Using 4 major cells, with 8 voltage variants and 6 different packs, Romeo is able to create 192 products utilizing the same module, manufacturing line, process and test sequence, allowing for high customizability and product expansion with ease

1 Representative only, non-exhaustive list of potential end markets or offerings. Romeo does develop more than one module in-house 10 Pack Technology for E-Flight Taking advantage of product status for trucks and commercial vehicles

Orion V4 Orion V3

• Reduce Weight: Orion V2 Orion V1 o Increase structural integration o Utilize more lightweight materials (composites, hybrids, etc) • Increase Power • Cells with high P/E ratios • Evaluate and upgrade as needed for aviation grade redundancy and functional safety • Other

1 Representative only, non-exhaustive list of potential end markets or offerings. Romeo does develop more than one module in-house 11 Single Pack System Level Example Mega Pack Application Mega EVs Configuration 8S1P (Hermes 24s) 1S15P Parallel Packs • 1.2 MWh system to achieve 900+ km • 7+ yrs, 700,000+ km life Capacity: Total 80 kWh 1.2 MWh • Distributed system w/ ISO 26262 BMS Useable 65.6 kWh 1 MWh • Serviceable junction per pack box for ease of maintenance and access Voltage Range, 806 to 480 VDC • Single or multiple cell fault tolerance at pack level Operation • SAE J2380 1.2C (approx. 1440 kW) • Temperature uniformity within 3 dimensions < 5 deg C 1.2C (approx. 96 kW) discharge • Scalable system allows to add/remove energy for specific customer discharge needs 0.9C (approx. 1080 kW) Cont. Power 0.9C (approx. 72 kW) charge charge 0.31 C (approx. 25 kW) 0.31 C (approx. 375 kW) regen regen 4C (approx. 320 kW) 4C (approx. 4.8 MW) Peak Power discharge discharge (10 sec pulse) 3C (approx. 240 kW) regen 3C (approx. 3.6 MW) regen

-20 to 60°C (discharge) x 8s Operation Temp 0 to 50°C (charge) Generalized mounting example: Dimension (overall) 844 (L) x 671 (W) x 714 (H) mm per Pack Volume 404 L 6,060 L

Volumetric Energy 200+ Wh/L (up to 245 Wh/L) Density

Weight Less than 500 kg Less than 4,500 kg Gravimetric Energy Greater than 160 Wh/kg Density

BMS Architecture Distributed with CANbus Communication Over J1939 Confidential: DO NOT 12 DISTRIBUTE Reducing weight, Increasing Power to Weight Ratio are in Focus

Energy Density Improvements Remain Critical

Today 2022 2025 2027 2030 Metal - 400 2030 Air 400+ wh/l Nickel rich 380 320+ wh/kg Low cobalt 2027 Gr & Gr/SiO 350+ wh/l 360 270+ wh/kg

340

2025 Solid or Semi- 320 315 wh/l Solid State 234 wh/kg system High Silicone 300 system

Wh/l 2022 • Reduce Weight: 280 245 wh/l 210 wh/kg Increase structural integration Today o 260 235 wh/l o Utilize more lightweight materials (composites, 185 wh/kg hybrids, etc) 240 • Increase Power 220 • Cells with high P/E ratios 200 • Evaluate and upgrade as needed for aviation 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 grade redundancy and functional safety Wh/kg • Other Defined Pathway with Continuous Potential Improvements Until 2030

¹ Energy density at pack level 13