DOCSLIB.ORG

L1 English Vocalic Transfer in L2 Japanese

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
L1 English Vocalic Transfer in L2 Japanese L1 ENGLISH VOCALIC TRANSFER IN L2 JAPANESE by KENNETH JEFFREY KNIGHT (Under the Direction of Don R. McCreary) ABSTRACT This study looks at four factors that cause transfer errors in the duration and quality of vowel sounds in Japanese as spoken by native English speaking learners. These factors are: 1) words contain a contrastive long vowel, 2) words contain vowels in hiatal position, 3) words are English loanwords, and 4) words are written in Romanization. 34 students at the University of Georgia completed elicited imitation and reading aloud tasks. Results show that roughly 5% of all responses contained vocalic errors. Error rates were highest for minimal pairs that contrast only in vowel length. Similarities in orthography, word origin, and differences in phonological rules were shown to be significant factors in L2 Japanese vowel pronunciation error. A brief survey of the most widely used Japanese textbooks in the US reveals a lack of explicit instruction in vowel length contrasts and Japanese loanword adaptation. Increased explicit instruction in these areas as well as limited use of Romanization may greatly reduce the risk of L2 Japanese vowel pronunciation error. INDEX WORDS: Transfer; Interference; Japanese as a Foreign Language; English; Vowel; Duration; Second Language Acquisition L1 ENGLISH VOCALIC TRANSFER IN L2 JAPANESE by KENNETH JEFFREY KNIGHT B.A., Temple University, 1998 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2013 © 2013 Kenneth Jeffrey Knight All Rights Reserved L1 ENGLISH VOCALIC TRANSFER IN L2 JAPANESE by KENNETH JEFFREY KNIGHT Major Professor: Don R. McCreary Committee: Jonathan Evans Keith Langston Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia December 2013 DEDICATION I dedicate this work to the memory of my Father, Kenneth David Knight, to whom I promised its conclusion. May his soul find eternal peace and joy! iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work owes its existence to Dr. Don McCreary, who shaped my studies from the moment I entered the Linguistics program at the University of Georgia until the moment I sent him my final version of this dissertation. I am sorely and eternally indebted to him for all of his thoughts, comments and questions. His boundless knowledge of SLA and Japanese brightened the path during this process. Dr. Keith Langston also offered countless hours poring over my work and sending me invaluable suggestions related to phonology, SLA and content. In addition, Dr. Jonathan Evans selflessly gave of his time and wisdom in all of the exam preparation and offered wonderful advice throughout, even into the defense. Dr. Gary Baker’s knowledge of phonetics and phonology as well as his keen interest in Japanese gave solidity to many of the early ideas expressed in pursuit of the perfect topic. I am forever grateful for all of the time and effort these men have offered me and my family in working to complete this life-changing work. I cannot begin to describe the sacrifices my family has made during this endeavor. I am grateful to my wife, Hitomi, and my son, Andy, as well as my mother, Patricia, who all gave deeply so that this work may be completed. I owe you all a great deal and will continue to repay you as long as I live. v PREFACE Japan and the United States each display great dialectal diversity. However, the media and education systems of both countries have played a large role in creating standard dialects respective to each country that are immediately understood and generally regarded as the primary dialect of business and formal interaction by the majority of the population and especially younger generations. In Japan this dialect is known as 共通語 (kyoutsuugo, 'common language'). This is the variety normally taught to foreign learners of Japanese both inside and outside of Japan. Modern Standard Japanese (SJ) is based on the speaking style of educated, middle-class residents of Tokyo. (Shibatani 1990:186) Vance refers to a relatively standard dialect of American English used in the United States (SAE) as “United States newscaster English.” (2008:XVIII) These are the varieties of Japanese and English that are used in this study and are referred to merely as “Japanese” and “English.” Japanese Romanization, when necessary, is given in the Hepburn system.1 1 See Vance 2008a for specific arguments against using the kunrei system with loanwords. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ v PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 Purpose of This Study ............................................................................................................. 1 Expected Results ..................................................................................................................... 2 Japanese and English Vowel Sounds ...................................................................................... 3 Japanese Vowels in Hiatus ...................................................................................................... 4 Japanese Vowel Duration ........................................................................................................ 8 Japanese Orthography ........................................................................................................... 10 Loanwords in Japanese ..........................................................................................................11 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 14 Similarity and Transfer ......................................................................................................... 14 Vowel Duration ..................................................................................................................... 17 L2 Vowel Quality .................................................................................................................. 24 vii L2 Japanese Transfer............................................................................................................. 25 Romanization ........................................................................................................................ 26 Studies on Loanword Adaptation .......................................................................................... 28 3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 31 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................................ 31 Procedure 1: Elicited Imitation Tasks ................................................................................... 32 Elicited Imitation Tasks: Tokens ........................................................................................... 33 Elicited Imitation Tasks: Target Words ................................................................................. 34 Elicited Imitation with Native Word Targets (n=34) ............................................................ 34 Elicited Imitation with English Loanword Targets (n=13) ................................................... 35 Procedure 2: Reading Aloud Tasks ....................................................................................... 37 Reading Aloud Task: Reading Native Japanese Target Words in Kana and in Roman Letters (n=19) .................................................................................................................................... 39 Reading Aloud Task: Reading English Loanwords in Kana and Roman Letters (n=5) ....... 40 Subjects ................................................................................................................................. 41 Procedure 3: Native Speaker Acceptability Judgment .......................................................... 42 NS Acceptability Judgment Task .......................................................................................... 43 Procedure Used in NS Ratings .............................................................................................. 44 4. RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 47 Native Speaker Ratings ......................................................................................................... 48 viii NS Ratings of Elicited Imitation Task Results ...................................................................... 48 NS Ratings of Reading Aloud Task Results.......................................................................... 55 Combined NS Rating Results ............................................................................................... 63 5. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Look at Linguistic Readers
    Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts Volume 10 Issue 3 April 1970 Article 5 4-1-1970 A Look At Linguistic Readers Nicholas P. Criscuolo New Haven, Connecticut Public Schools Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/reading_horizons Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Criscuolo, N. P. (1970). A Look At Linguistic Readers. Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts, 10 (3). Retrieved from https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/reading_horizons/vol10/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Education and Literacy Studies at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu- [email protected]. A LOOK AT LINGUISTIC READERS Nicholas P. Criscuolo NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, PUBLIC SCHOOLS Linguistics, as it relates to reading, has generated much interest lately among educators. Although linguistics is not a new science, its recent focus has captured the interest of the reading specialist because both the specialist and the linguist are concerned with language. This surge of interest in linguistics becomes evident when one sees that a total of forty-four articles on linguistics are listed in the Education Index for July, 1965 to June, 1966. The number of articles on linguistics written for educational journals has been increasing ever SInce. This interest has been sharpened to some degree by the publi­ cation of Chall's book Learning to Read: The Great Debate (1).
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Mora and Syllable
    2 Mora and Syllable HARUO KUBOZONO 0 Introduction In his classical typological study Trubetzkoy (1969) proposed that natural languages fall into two groups, “mora languages” and “syllable languages,” according to the smallest prosodic unit that is used productively in that lan- guage. Tokyo Japanese is classified as a “mora” language whereas Modern English is supposed to be a “syllable” language. The mora is generally defined as a unit of duration in Japanese (Bloch 1950), where it is used to measure the length of words and utterances. The three words in (1), for example, are felt by native speakers of Tokyo Japanese as having the same length despite the different number of syllables involved. In (1) and the rest of this chapter, mora boundaries are marked by hyphens /-/, whereas syllable boundaries are marked by dots /./. All syllable boundaries are mora boundaries, too, although not vice versa.1 (1) a. to-o-kyo-o “Tokyo” b. a-ma-zo-n “Amazon” too.kyoo a.ma.zon c. a-me-ri-ka “America” a.me.ri.ka The notion of “mora” as defined in (1) is equivalent to what Pike (1947) called a “phonemic syllable,” whereas “syllable” in (1) corresponds to what he referred to as a “phonetic syllable.” Pike’s choice of terminology as well as Trubetzkoy’s classification may be taken as implying that only the mora is relevant in Japanese phonology and morphology. Indeed, the majority of the literature emphasizes the importance of the mora while essentially downplaying the syllable (e.g. Sugito 1989, Poser 1990, Tsujimura 1996b). This symbolizes the importance of the mora in Japanese, but it remains an open question whether the syllable is in fact irrelevant in Japanese and, if not, what role this second unit actually plays in the language.
    [Show full text]
  • A Student Model of Katakana Reading Proficiency for a Japanese Language Intelligent Tutoring System
    A Student Model of Katakana Reading Proficiency for a Japanese Language Intelligent Tutoring System Anthony A. Maciejewski Yun-Sun Kang School of Electrical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 Abstract--Thls work describes the development of a kanji. Due to the limited number of kana, their relatively low student model that Is used In a Japanese language visual complexity, and their systematic arrangement they do Intelligent tutoring system to assess a pupil's not represent a significant barrier to the student of Japanese. proficiency at reading one of the distinct In fact, the relatively small effort required to learn katakana orthographies of Japanese, known as k a t a k a n a , yields significant returns to readers of technical Japanese due to While the effort required to memorize the relatively the high incidence of terms derived from English and few k a t a k a n a symbols and their associated transliterated into katakana. pronunciations Is not prohibitive, a major difficulty In reading katakana Is associated with the phonetic This work describes the development of a system that is modifications which occur when English words used to automatically acquire knowledge about how English which are transliterated Into katakana are made to words are transliterated into katakana and then to use that conform to the more restrictive rules of Japanese information in developing a model of a student's proficiency in phonology. The algorithm described here Is able to reading katakana. This model is used to guide the instruction automatically acquire a knowledge base of these of the student using an intelligent tutoring system developed phonological transformation rules, use them to previously [6,8].
    [Show full text]
  • Learning About Phonology and Orthography
    EFFECTIVE LITERACY PRACTICES MODULE REFERENCE GUIDE Learning About Phonology and Orthography Module Focus Learning about the relationships between the letters of written language and the sounds of spoken language (often referred to as letter-sound associations, graphophonics, sound- symbol relationships) Definitions phonology: study of speech sounds in a language orthography: study of the system of written language (spelling) continuous text: a complete text or substantive part of a complete text What Children Children need to learn to work out how their spoken language relates to messages in print. Have to Learn They need to learn (Clay, 2002, 2006, p. 112) • to hear sounds buried in words • to visually discriminate the symbols we use in print • to link single symbols and clusters of symbols with the sounds they represent • that there are many exceptions and alternatives in our English system of putting sounds into print Children also begin to work on relationships among things they already know, often long before the teacher attends to those relationships. For example, children discover that • it is more efficient to work with larger chunks • sometimes it is more efficient to work with relationships (like some word or word part I know) • often it is more efficient to use a vague sense of a rule How Children Writing Learn About • Building a known writing vocabulary Phonology and • Analyzing words by hearing and recording sounds in words Orthography • Using known words and word parts to solve new unknown words • Noticing and learning about exceptions in English orthography Reading • Building a known reading vocabulary • Using known words and word parts to get to unknown words • Taking words apart while reading Manipulating Words and Word Parts • Using magnetic letters to manipulate and explore words and word parts Key Points Through reading and writing continuous text, children learn about sound-symbol relation- for Teachers ships, they take on known reading and writing vocabularies, and they can use what they know about words to generate new learning.
    [Show full text]
  • LT3212 Phonetics Assignment 4 Mavis, Wong Chak Yin
    LT3212 Phonetics Assignment 4 Mavis, Wong Chak Yin Essay Title: The sound system of Japanese This essay aims to introduce the sound system of Japanese, including the inventories of consonants, vowels, and diphthongs. The phonological variations of the sound segments in different phonetic environments are also included. For the illustration, word examples are given and they are presented in the following format: [IPA] (Romaji: “meaning”). Consonants In Japanese, there are 14 core consonants, and some of them have a lot of allophonic variations. The various types of consonants classified with respect to their manner of articulation are presented as follows. Stop Japanese has six oral stops or plosives, /p b t d k g/, which are classified into three place categories, bilabial, alveolar, and velar, as listed below. In each place category, there is a pair of plosives with the contrast in voicing. /p/ = a voiceless bilabial plosive [p]: [ippai] (ippai: “A cup of”) /b/ = a voiced bilabial plosive [b]: [baɴ] (ban: “Night”) /t/ = a voiceless alveolar plosive [t]: [oto̞ ːto̞ ] (ototo: “Brother”) /d/ = a voiced alveolar plosive [d]: [to̞ mo̞ datɕi] (tomodachi: “Friend”) /k/ = a voiceless velar plosive [k]: [kaiɰa] (kaiwa: “Conversation”) /g/ = a voiced velar plosive [g]: [ɡakɯβsai] (gakusai: “Student”) Phonetically, Japanese also has a glottal stop [ʔ] which is commonly produced to separate the neighboring vowels occurring in different syllables. This phonological phenomenon is known as ‘glottal stop insertion’. The glottal stop may be realized as a pause, which is used to indicate the beginning or the end of an utterance. For instance, the word “Japanese money” is actually pronounced as [ʔe̞ ɴ], instead of [je̞ ɴ], and the pronunciation of “¥15” is [dʑɯβːɡo̞ ʔe̞ ɴ].
    [Show full text]
  • Syllabus 1 Lín Táo 林燾 and Gêng Zhènshëng 耿振生
    CHINESE 542 Introduction to Chinese Historical Phonology Spring 2005 This course is a basic introduction at the graduate level to methods and materials in Chinese historical phonology. Reading ability in Chinese is required. It is assumed that students have taken Chinese 342, 442, or the equivalent, and are familiar with articulatory phonetics concepts and terminology, including the International Phonetic Alphabet, and with general notions of historical sound change. Topics covered include the periodization of the Chinese language; the source materials for reconstructing earlier stages of the language; traditional Chinese phonological categories and terminology; fânqiè spellings; major reconstruction systems; the use of reference materials to determine reconstructions in these systems. The focus of the course is on Middle Chinese. Class: Mondays & Fridays 3:30 - 5:20, Savery 335 Web: http://courses.washington.edu/chin532/ Instructor: Zev Handel 245 Gowen, 543-4863 [email protected] Office hours: MF 2-3pm Grading: homework exercises 30% quiz 5% comprehensive test 25% short translations 15% annotated translation 25% Readings: Readings are available on e-reserves or in the East Asian library. Items below marked with a call number are on reserve in the East Asian Library or (if the call number starts with REF) on the reference shelves. Items marked eres are on course e-reserves. Baxter, William H. 1992. A handbook of Old Chinese phonology. (Trends in linguistics: studies and monographs, 64.) Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. PL1201.B38 1992 [eres: chapters 2, 8, 9] Baxter, William H. and Laurent Sagart. 1998 . “Word formation in Old Chinese” . In New approaches to Chinese word formation: morphology, phonology and the lexicon in modern and ancient Chinese.
    [Show full text]
  • Shallow Vs Non-Shallow Orthographies and Learning to Read Workshop 28-29 September 2005
    A Report of the OECD-CERI LEARNING SCIENCES AND BRAIN RESEARCH Shallow vs Non-shallow Orthographies and Learning to Read Workshop 28-29 September 2005 St. John’s College Cambridge University UK Co-hosted by The Centre for Neuroscience in Education Cambridge University Report prepared by Cassandra Davis OECD, Learning Sciences and Brain Research Project 1 Background information The goal of this report of this workshop is to: • Provide an overview of the content of the workshop presentations. • Present a summary of the discussion on cross-language differences in learning to read and the future of brain science research in this arena. N.B. The project on "Learning Sciences and Brain Research" was introduced to the OECD's CERI Governing Board on 23 November 1999, outlining proposed work for the future. The purpose of this novel project was to create collaboration between the learning sciences and brain research on the one hand, and researchers and policy makers on the other hand. The CERI Governing Board recognised this as a risk venture, as most innovative programmes are, but with a high potential pay-off. The CERI Secretariat and Governing Board agreed in particular that the project had excellent potential for better understanding learning processes over the lifecycle, but that ethical questions also existed. Together these potentials and concerns highlighted the need for dialogue between the different stakeholders. The project is now in its second phase (2002- 2005), and has channelled its activities into 3 networks (literacy, numeracy and lifelong learning) using a three dimensional approach: problem-focused; trans-disciplinary; and international.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Depends on Writing, in Chinese
    Reading depends on writing, in Chinese Li Hai Tan*, John A. Spinks†, Guinevere F. Eden‡, Charles A. Perfetti§, and Wai Ting Siok*¶ *Department of Linguistics, and †Vice Chancellor’s Office, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; ‡Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057; and §Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 12560 Communicated by Robert Desimone, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, April 28, 2005 (received for review January 3, 2005) Language development entails four fundamental and interactive this argument are two characteristics of the Chinese language: (i) abilities: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Over the past Spoken Chinese is highly homophonic, with a single syllable four decades, a large body of evidence has indicated that reading shared by many words, and (ii) the writing system encodes these acquisition is strongly associated with a child’s listening skills, homophonic syllables in its major graphic unit, the character. particularly the child’s sensitivity to phonological structures of Thus, when learning to read, a Chinese child is confronted with spoken language. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that the the fact that a large number of written characters correspond to close relationship between reading and listening is manifested the same syllable (as depicted in Fig. 1A), and phonological universally across languages and that behavioral remediation information is insufficient to access semantics of a printed using strategies addressing phonological awareness alleviates character. reading difficulties in dyslexics. The prevailing view of the central In addition to these system-level (language and writing system) role of phonological awareness in reading development is largely factors, Chinese writing presents some script-level features that based on studies using Western (alphabetic) languages, which are distinguish it visually from alphabetic systems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Activation of Phonology During Silent Chinese Word Reading
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: Copyright 1999 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. Learning, Memory', and Cognition 0278-7393/99/S3.0O 1999, Vol. 25, No. 4,838-857 The Activation of Phonology During Silent Chinese Word Reading Yaoda Xu Alexander Pollatsek Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Massachusetts at Amherst Mary C. Potter Massachusetts Institute of Technology The role of phonology in silent Chinese compound-character reading was studied in 2 experiments using a semantic relatedness judgment task. There was significant interference from a homophone of a "target" word that was semantically related to an initially presented cue word whether the homophone was orthographically similar to the target or not This interference was only observed for exact homophones (i.e., those that had the same tone, consonant, and vowel). In addition, the effect was not significantly modulated by target or distractor frequency, nor was it restricted to cases of associative priming. Substantial interference was also found from orthographically similar nonhomophones of the targets. Together these data are best accounted for by a model that allows for parallel access of semantics via 2 routes, 1 directly from orthography to semantics and the other from orthography to phonology to semantics. The initial acquisition of most languages (with the orthography to meaning and two indirect routes to meaning important exception of sign language) is through speech. via a phonological representation, one based on spelling-to- When humans develop secondary verbal skills—reading and sound rules or regularities (a "prelexical" route) and the writing—it is unclear whether they establish a direct link other based on orthographic identification of a lexical entry from orthography to meaning or whether orthography is that leads to the activation of the word's phonological linked to phonology, with phonology remaining the sole or representation (a "postlexical" route).
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Chinese Phonology Guillaume Jacques Chinese Historical Phonology Differs from Most Domains of Contemporary Linguisti
    Traditional Chinese Phonology Guillaume Jacques Chinese historical phonology differs from most domains of contemporary linguistics in that its general framework is based in large part on a genuinely native tradition. The non-Western outlook of the terminology and concepts used in Chinese historical phonology make this field extremely difficult to understand for both experts in other fields of Chinese linguistics and historical phonologists specializing in other language families. The framework of Chinese phonology derives from the tradition of rhyme books and rhyme tables, which dates back to the medieval period (see section 1 and 2, as well as the corresponding entries). It is generally accepted that these sources were not originally intended as linguistic descriptions of the spoken language; their main purpose was to provide standard character readings for literary Chinese (see subsection 2.4). Nevertheless, these documents also provide a full-fledged terminology describing both syllable structure (initial consonant, rhyme, tone) and several phonological features (places of articulation of consonants and various features that are not always trivial to interpret, see section 2) of the Chinese language of their time (on the problematic concept of “Middle Chinese”, see the corresponding entry). The terminology used in this field is by no means a historical curiosity only relevant to the history of linguistics. It is still widely used in contemporary Chinese phonology, both in works concerning the reconstruction of medieval Chinese and in the description of dialects (see for instance Ma and Zhang 2004). In this framework, the phonological information contained in the medieval documents is used to reconstruct the pronunciation of earlier stages of Chinese, and the abstract categories of the rhyme tables (such as the vexing děng 等 ‘division’ category) receive various phonetic interpretations.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Romaji Help Beginners Learn More Words?
    Yoshiko Okuyama 355 CALL Vocabulary Learning in Japanese: Does Romaji Help Beginners Learn More Words? YOSHIKO OKUYAMA University of Hawaii at Hilo ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of using Romanized spellings on beginner- level Japanese vocabulary learning. Sixty-one first-semester students at two uni- versities in Arizona were both taught and tested on 40 Japanese content words in a computer-assisted language learning (CALL) program. The primary goal of the study was to examine whether the use of Romaji—Roman alphabetic spellings of Japanese—facilitates Japanese beginners’ learning of the L2 vocabulary. The study also investigated whether certain CALL strategies positively correlate with a greater gain in L2 vocabulary. Vocabulary items were presented to students in both experimental and control groups. The items included Hiragana spellings, colored illustrations for meaning, and audio recordings for pronunciation. Only the experimental group was given the extra assistance of Romaji. The scores of the vocabulary pretests and posttests, the types of online learning strategies and questionnaire responses were collected for statistical analyses. The results of the project indicated that the use of Romaji did not facilitate the beginners’ L2 vocabulary intake. However, the more intensive use of audio recordings was found to be strongly related to a higher number of words recalled, regardless of the presence or absence of Romaji. KEYWORDS CALL, Vocabulary Learning, Japanese as a Foreign Language (JFL), Romaji Script, CALL Strategies INTRODUCTION Learning a second language (L2) requires the acquisition of its lexicon. How do American college students learn basic L2 vocabulary in a CALL program? If the vocabulary is written in a nonalphabetic L2 script, such as Japanese, is it more efficient to learn the words with the assistance of more familiar Roman-alphabetic symbols? This experimental study explored these questions in the context of Japa- nese CALL vocabulary learning.
    [Show full text]
  • Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis
    MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master’s Thesis “Dating the split of the Japonic language family. The Pre-Old Japanese corpus” verfasst von / submitted by Patrick Elmer, BA MA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2019 / Vienna 2019 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 599 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Indogermanistik und historische degree programme as it appears on Sprachwissenschaft UG2002 the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Melanie Malzahn, Privatdoz. Table of contents Part 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 8 1.1 The Japonic language family .............................................................................................. 9 1.2 Previous research: When did Japonic split into Japanese and Ryūkyūan .......................... 11 1.3 Research question and scope of study .............................................................................. 15 1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 16 Part 2: Language data ................................................................................................ 19 2.1 Old Japanese ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]