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The Effects of Political', Economic and Social Events on the Order of Freemasons in South Africa, with Some Reference To

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The Effects of Political', Economic and Social Events on the Order of Freemasons in South Africa, with Some Reference To THE EFFECTS OF POLITICAL', ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EVENTS ON THE ORDER OF FREEMASONS IN SOUTH AFRICA, WITH SOME REFERENCE TO THE -MOVEMENT FOR THE FORMATION OF A UNITED GRAND LODGE, 1772 - 1961 by ALAN A. COOPER Dissertation presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Stellenbosch. Promotor " Professor " Dr. ' D.J. Kot26 SEPTEMBER 1983 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za CONTENTS Page PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix ABBREVIATIONS GLOSSARY xii CHAPTER I: ORIGINS AND GROWTH OF FREEMASONRY IN SOUTH AFRICA FROM 1772 CHAPTER II: A RUSH NORTHWARDS 52 CHAPTER III: MASONS UNDER FIRE 1899. - 1901. 104 CHAPTER IV: INTERNATIONAL MASONIC RELATIONS DURING THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE 1880 - 1881 and 1899 7 1902 124 - CHAPTER V: POLITICAL UNION AND MASONIC HOPES 1902 - 1914 144 CHAPTER VI: DUTCH DISPUTES 1882 - 1914 179 CHAPTER VII: .EUPHORIA AND UNEASE 1908 - 1918 212 CHAPTER VIII: A DREAM OF UNIVERSAL PEACE 1919 235' CHAPTER IX: BETWEEN THE WARS 254 CHAPTER X: WAR YEARS 1939 - 1945 293 CHAPTER XI: PEACE, DISILLUSIONMENT AND NEW HOPES 1945 - 1961 329 CHAPTER XII: FORMATION OF THE GRAND LODGE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA 356 CONCLUSION 391 APPENDICES: A. World Masonic Membership 1913 - 1932 413 B. Masonic Membership in South Africa 1914 - 1920 414 C. Aims and Relationships of English Freemasonry 1938 415 D. Conditions for Recognition of Grand Lodges by the United Grand Lodge of England 418 BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ILLUSTRATIONS Page SIR JOHANNES ANDREAS TRUTER 12, SIR CHRISTOFFEL JOSEPH BRAND 17 SIR RICHARD SOUTHEY 33 LORD CARNARVON'S MEMO TO THE GRAND MASTER 9 DECEMBER, 1875 (Excerpt) 42 MASONIC BOER PRISONERS-OF-WAR AT ST. HELENA 115 ADDRESS FROM THE GRAND EAST OF THE NETHERLANDS TO THE UNITED GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND, 13 FEBRUARY, 1881 (Excerpt) 127 ADDRESS FROM LA GRANDE LOGE SUISSE ALPINA TO THE UNITED GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND, 17 DECEMBER, 1901 (Excerpt) 135 REPLY FROM THE UNITED GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND TO LA GRANDE LOGE SUISSE ALPINA, 18 JANUARY, 1902 (Excerpt) 142 MAP, UNITED GRAND LODGE OF SOUTH AFRICA 160 THE EARL OF CARNARVON, THE EARL OF LATHOM, SIR EDWARD LETCHWORTH, PROFESSOR C.E. LEWIS 193 DE GOEDE HOOP LODGE, CAPE TOWN PINELANDS MASONIC CENTRE 261 T.N. CRANSTOUN-DAY 315 COLIN GRAHAM BOTHA 353 MASONS IN PROCESSION VISIT OF H.R.H.PRINCE GEORGE TO CAPE TOWN IN FEBRUARY, 1934 403 DIAGRAM OF A GRAND LODGE 403A Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za PREFACE This dissertation sets out to illustrate the effects of political, economic and social events in history on the Order of Freemasons in South Africa, with some reference to the continuing movement for the formation of a United Grand Lodge in this country. The period covered is from 1772 to 1961 - the year of the establishment of the first independent Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of Southern Africa as it was then. The major masonic events from 1961 to 1982 are recorded briefly in the Conclusion to illustrate that the concept of a United Grand Lodge in South Africa appears to be as far from realisation as it was when it was first mooted in 1870 by the Dutch Lodge Harmony at Richmond. Chapter I is an abridged version of the writer's unpublished thesis, "The Origins and Growth of Freemasonry in South Africa 1772 - 1876", submitted successfully for a Master of Arts Degree in 1980. It does however include fresh material gathered inter alia on field research trips in 1981 and 1982. It begins with the formation of the first lodge in Southern Africa - De Goede Hoop at Cape Town in 1772, its demise in 1781 and its restart in 1794. Freemasonry received official approval in the restricted life of the Cape Colony with the arrival in 1803, on the take-over by the Batavian Government, of the Commissary-General Jacob Abraham de Mist who was also Deputy Grand Master in Holland. It tells of the expansion eastwards along the coast of English Freemasonry and dissatisfaction with rule from Cape Town and the eventual separation of English lodges into geographical districts in the 1870s and 1880s. Netherlandic lodges increased in numbers as a result of the Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ii .missionary travels northwards in the 1860s of the Deputy Grand Master National, Sir Christoffel Brand. The centrifugal effects of the discovery of diamonds and the growth of Kimberley on Freemasonry are recorded in Chapter 2. Established lodges lost many members as a result of the "diamond fever", while new lodges were set up in the Diamond Fields. The first call for an independent Grand Lodge in South Africa was heard in September 1870 and, six years later, a meeting of 200 masons was held in Cape Town to discuss it - without making any progress, for the English District Grand Lodge; would not at the time give up their newly-won independence. The chapter focusses on the discovery of gold and the inevitable migration to the Reef and the setting up of lodges there, climaxing with the 1895 Jameson Raid. Many lodges disappeared but others carried on under great difficulty during the Second War of Independence (1899 - 1902) described in Chapter 3, while Chapter 4 gives a picture of international masonic relations from 1880 to 1881 and from 1899 to 1902, using hitherto unpublished material from European Grand Lodges. Hopes for political union in the early 1900s inspired hopes for masonic union,recorded in Chapter 5. Union Day - 31 May, 1910 - came, but Freemasons were still arguing about the issue up until the outbreak of the first World War when the unity movement disappeared. Netherlandic lodges in South Africa in the late 1800s and early 1900s faced severe testing as the Grand Lodge in the Netherlands continued to issue contentious decrees and unpopular constitutional amendments which brought about support for a Dutch South Africa Grand Lodge and a breakaway from Holland, as Chapter 6 records. By 1917, however, the Netherlands had agreed to give South African lodges a liberal Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za measure of self-government. The unsuccessful rebellion of 1914 and the first world war had a considerable effect on the operation of Freemasonry in South Africa, Chapter 7 records, while Freemasons shared in the postwar euphoria when universal peace became the goal (Chapter 8). But there was as little unity in international Freemasonry as in international affairs in those years. Chapter 9 records the extraordinary growth of the Craft in South Africa after World War I and the reversal of fortunes during the depression of the 1920s. Confidence returned in the 1930s and Freemasons welcomed the political coalition in 1933 of the S.A. Party and the National Party as the "welding of the two races", Afrikaans and English speaking. The years between the two world wars were marked by regular attacks on Freemasonry by the Dutch Reformed Church, while Freemasons in South Africa watched with horror as Mussolini and Hitler crushed the movement in Europe. Many Freemasons served their country during the Second World War either in the field or by raising funds for the war effort, Chapter 10 recounts. The Cape Dutch Reformed Church Synodical Commission produced a report in 1940 that forced masonic leaders, who traditionally never replied to ipublic criticism, to publish the report and their detailed reply to it in a 64-page booklet. As a result, the question of a United Grand Lodge for South Africa again receded into the background. Chapter 11 details the emergence of an independent group, the S.A. Order of Freemasons in 1957, its attempts to win recognition and its demise in 1961. The formation of the Grand Lodge of Southern Africa in 1961, with particular reference to the international masonic scene at the time, is outlined in Chapter 12. The Conclusion gives an overview of the masonic movement in Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za iv South Africa since its formation and suggests that a United Grand Lodge for South Africa is still remote. This study confines itself to the historical aspects of Freemasonry in South Africa and does not endeavour to portray esoteric changes in the Craft. It has attempted to present a broad picture of the activities of the four constitutions - English, Irish, Scottish and Netherlandic, the latter to become the Grand Lodge of Southern Africa in 1961 and the Grand Lodge of South Africa in 1981, and their co-operation and occasional confrontation, seen against the non-masonic events of a particular period from 1772 to 1961. The chapters are in chronological sequence, with divisions designed to indicate significant historical phases. Research for the work began in 1977 when the writer circularised lodges and chapters of all constitutions asking for copies of early minutes, lodge histories or other information. Some 300 circulars were sent out with 150 reminders a few months later. A 40,65 per cent return of replies was received and much valuable information supplied. I was particularly fortunate tobe given first access to a great deal of unlisted, unpublished masonic material collected some years ago by the Chief Archivist, the late Col.C.Graham Botha, at the Cape Archives, Cape Town. Most of it dealt primarily with Dutch lodges. Of special importance were the hitherto unpublished complete masonic records of Sir Christoffel Brand who was Deputy Grand Master National from 1847 to 1874. The task of classifying this material took me three years but proved rewarding research. I was also given access to unlisted masonic material at the South African Library, Cape Town. Two study tours were made overseas, in 1979 and 1981, to visit Grand Lodges.
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