Urban Economics and Management, Vol. 5, No3(19), 111-131 www.iueam.ir Indexed in: ISC, EconLit, Econbiz, SID, RICeST, Magiran, Civilica, Google Scholar, Noormags, Ensani. ISSN: 2345-2870

The Role of Islamic City Council in the Promotion of Citizenship Rights (Case: Islamic City Council of ) Mohammad Salari Ph.D. Student of Urban Development, Edalat University, Tehran, Maryam Safavi Soha* Ph.D. student of Urban Development, Faculty of Art and Architecture, , South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Received: 2017/03/11 Accepted: 2017/06/20 Abstract: Today, the city and every environment of civil and social life become meaningful to the citizens. The relationship between citizenship and urban management is one of the important issues that have been considered in the field of urban management in the world. One of the factors that can lead to the realization and sustainability of the democratic system in society through public gatherings is the attention to citizens’ rights that can be achieved by the councils to achieve this goal. In a comprehensive glance, the councils have the keyword of civil rights in itself since the philosophy of the council itself is a part of the realization of the criteria and components of the citizenship rights. In other words, the councils are the realization of citizenship rights. In this regard, the present study examines the performance of Tehran City Council in the realization of citizenship rights. This research is applied and survey-descriptive in terms of method. Data collection was carried out in two ways: library-documentary and survey-field with questionnaires. The available sample is 150 employees of the Islamic Council and 384 citizens of Tehran in 2016. To analyze the collected data, SPSS software, T-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression were used. The results of this study showed that citizens of Tehran have less than average performance of city council due to lack of proper mechanism for monitoring city affairs and realization of citizenship rights. In addition, there is a positive and significant correlation between the performance of the Islamic City Council of Tehran (supervision of urban management, electing mayor and approval of municipal affairs) with the extent of realization of citizenship rights. Moreover, the results of regression test Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] indicates that among the dimensions of Islamic City Council of Tehran, the variables of electing mayor, the supervision of urban management and approval of municipal affairs predict respectively the extent of realization of citizenship rights. Therefore, providing appropriate mechanisms to better realization of these criteria in the Islamic City Council of Tehran will help to play the best role of this institution in realizing citizenship rights in order to increase Tehran citizens’ quality of life. Keywords: Citizenship, Citizenship rights, Urban Management, Islamic City Council, City of Tehran JEL Classification: N15, L32, P25, H76

* Corresponding Author: [email protected] 112 ______Urban Economics and Management

1- Introduction Islamic City Councils (dated 1996), the The rapid growth of urbanization and main task of urban management lies with the formation of new scales of urban Islamic City Councils, whose representatives development during recent decades have are elected by the people (Noroozi, 2016). faced cities and urban communities with For this purpose, the main goal of new complexities and problems (Gholipoor Islamic City Council is the rapid advance et al., 2015). The complexity of cities and of urban development programs through urbanization, the complexity of the cooperation and participation of the government and the need for the interaction people, which is why, in Iran, the councils of the urban community, citizens, guilds have found philosophy of existence as and urban institutions, with the government, one of the supervisory bodies on the requires a new approach to citizens as performance of the public sector (Pirmoazzen, complementary and government-led 2002). Islamic City Councils are defined as decision makers. In other words, urban the main driver of urban activities to realize management, on the other hand, has single urban management. According to increased urban population growth and the seventh principle of the constitution social development, increasing the level of the councils, their duties are to attract of citizens’ demands from the government people’s participation in the city administration, to provide services. Thus, governments to prevent discrimination, to protect are entering into new political, economic citizenship rights, to regulate local and cultural arenas, and in order to regulations, to elect local directors and to manage the affairs of society, they need monitor the effective implementation of to adopt laws and regulations that are city and citizen affairs (Beheshti, 2001). appropriate to the requirements of time In fact, the main objective of the formation (Shakeri & Fadayi, 2014). City management of the city council is the rapid progress of as a new approach to solve problems in urban development through cooperation society plays an important role as a local and participation of the people. government in urban life (Amanpoor et The policies, programs and rules of al., 2015). the local governments in the absence of It is a vast organization consisting of citizens’ awareness will not yield significant all the elements and components of the results, and in addition to city management official and informal relevant and effective disturbance, citizens will face a number in various aspects of the social, economic of problems. In other words, having

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] and physical life of the city with the aim decent living with others and enjoying the of managing, controlling and developing benefits of the city, without awareness of the city comprehensively and sustainably the rights, duties and related tasks will not which consists of various departments be realized for citizens. In a civil society, and institutions. One of the most important citizenship rights are one of the most pillars of this system is city councils, important and fundamental issues, and which are considered quite public institutions Islamic Councils are also responsible for and are responsible for discussing, defending these rights. reviewing and deciding on everyday Considering that the most important issues and citizen affairs. According to reasons for the formation of Islamic City the Constitution and the law adopted by Councils are in accordance with the The Role of Islamic City Council in the Promotion of Citizenship Rights …______113

principles of the constitution and even a daily interaction with citizens, also clearly with regard to global experiences; therefore, to be considered and adhered. debate on the role and function of the city In this regard, the present study seeks council in realizing citizenship rights to assess the status of Islamic City needs to provide an image of the concept Council of Tehran in the realization of and the main features of the metropolitan citizenship rights and it also seeks to management system and the expected answer the following research questions: performance of it. In fact, first of all, it What is the performance of Islamic should be clarified what functions of the City Council of Tehran in the realization city administration system are expected to of citizenship rights from the point of be made in order to determine the position, view of citizens of Tehran? role and functions of the relevant elements, What is the performance of Islamic including city council, in realizing City Council of Tehran in the realization citizenship rights in this framework and of citizenship rights from the point of in accordance with its requirements. view of the staff of Islamic City Council In realizing citizenship rights, attention of Tehran? should be paid to the civic, political and Is there any significant difference social factors in society. Each of these between Tehran Islamic City Council’s factors contributes to the realization of performance on the realization of citizenship citizenship rights. Citizen is one of the rights from the viewpoint of the citizens important factors in the establishment of of Tehran and the staff of Islamic Council government, so citizenship rights should City of Tehran? be considered. As citizens share in How is the performance of Islamic City obedience, they must share in governance. Council of Tehran (supervision of urban In such a process, citizenship rights are management, the election of the mayor, accepted and recognized. One of the ways approval of municipal affairs) from the to realize citizenship rights is to strengthen perspective of the citizens of Tehran? civil institutions. Just as the will of the How is the performance of Islamic community and all citizens in the City Council of Tehran (supervision of implementation stage for the realization urban management, the election of the of citizenship rights is required, the will mayor, approval of municipal affairs) of the official authorities and institutions from the perspective of the staff of of the government, given the historical Islamic City Council of Tehran?

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] background and complete state authority Is there a significant difference between over economics, culture and politics, is Tehran citizens and Tehran city councils’ necessary and crucial to respect citizens’ assessment of the performance of rights and implement existing laws on Islamic City Council of Tehran (supervision citizenship right. This will must be of urban management, mayor's election, considered above power in order to make approval of municipal affairs)? citizen’s right to be treated as a civil and Is there a significant relationship formal norm, and at the lower levels of between the performance of Islamic City executive management, middle management Council of Tehran (supervision of urban and city councils that have broader management, the selection of mayors, and connections with the community and have

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approval of municipal affairs) and the the main tasks of the local government is to extent of realization of citizenship rights? provide citizenship satisfaction and to pay Are the dimensions of the anticipation attention to the citizens’ quality of life, of the functioning of Islamic City Council which, by establishing appropriate laws and of Tehran (supervision of urban management, regulations, prevents others from invading the selection of the mayor, approval of their rights and freedoms. municipal affairs) able to predict the extent b) Iranian Researches of realization of citizenship rights? Habibi (2002), in addition to investigating the performance of the first Tehran City 2- Literature Review Council, considered political tendencies a) Foreign Researches and affiliations as the most important Raco & Imrie in a research entitled elements to enter into Islamic City “Governmentality and rights and Council of Tehran, rather experience and responsibilities in urban policy” stated operational efficiency. He said that that the issue of the rights and responsibilities ignoring this important issue by the of citizenship and their bilateral relationship Council would be a ground for the failure are a part of the widespread developments of the Council. in the rationality and techniques of local Sarrafi & Abdollahi (2008) argued governments. The local governments of that structural and functional changes of the community emphasize the common social and political systems have created sense of rationality, membership and different grounds for managing the affairs social commitment, the social participation of cities. Forming and playing the role of and belonging of all members of society different actors in the urban arena, including in order to strengthen modern social government, people, civil society, and cohesion and order. legislators, have led to the creation of Nzuve & Bakari (2012) in their research mutual and interrelated duties and entitled “The relationship between responsibilities between citizens and empowerment and performance in the policy makers at national and local levels. city council of Nairobi” stated that there Cities as residential centers have different was a positive and significant relationship structures and functions. Formation of between empowerment of city council physical elements in cities and playing members and their performance. The various roles has been made by actors in average Nairobi council staff empowerment the political and social arena of the country,

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] rating from the maximum of five scores is but the city administration and addressing estimated to be 3.546, indicating that in the demands and expectations of citizens Nairobi, powerful staff and expert at the require the existence of the bases and City Council are used to better serve the fields that can be answered in a way that city administration, the necessary is reasonable in the light of such demands. arrangements to participate more people City, citizen, and urban management are in the city and enjoy their rights. the concepts that are closely related to Hansen (2015) in a research entitled each other. Establishing the necessary “the democratic costs of size: how conditions for interaction between urban increasing size affects citizen satisfaction management elements involving citizens, with local government” stated that one of city governing institutions, Islamic City The Role of Islamic City Council in the Promotion of Citizenship Rights …______115

Council and the private sector requires roles are made by actors in the political the inclusion of the rule of law. and social arena. Forming and playing the Legislation is based on the elaboration role of different actors in the urban arena, of laws and regulations that clarify including government, people, civil and the duties and responsibilities of legislative bodies, and so on, have led to citizens and urban management, and its the creation of mutual and interrelated purpose is to organize urban life and urban duties and responsibilities between citizens management activities. and the administrators of affairs at the Saffarirad & Tahvildari (2015) in a national and local levels (Lotfi et al., 2009). research entitled “An Analysis of Urban City administration and addressing Management and Its Role in Awareness citizens’ demands and expectations of Citizenship Rights and Citizenship- require the existence of the bases and Case Study of Langrood County” stated areas in which they can respond to such that citizenship rights are an integral part demands in a sensible and rational manner. of civil society and the basis for its City, citizen, and urban management are formation, because it provides for the concepts that are closely interrelated with voluntary participation of all individuals each other, because the city relies on its in all social arenas. Therefore, considering own function and specificity of living the importance of citizens in urban space. Citizens are considered as inhabitants management, the need to examine urban of this space, and urban management is management and its role in citizenship is responsible for mutual interaction between felt more than ever. Therefore, today, these two elements. Therefore, there can while emphasizing on the specialization be said that there is a space called city of urban management and its role in that citizens enjoy citizenship rights with citizenship, the changes and developments having rights, duties, responsibilities, and in urban governance laws and regulations urban management makes attempt to meet have been addressed in order to improve these needs and it has also expectations the relationship between management and from citizens to participate in city citizenship socially and economically. administration (Akhbari et al., 2014). In the political encyclopedia, a citizen 3- Theoretical Framework is a person who enjoys political and civil The city is the place where society, rights in relation with a government, and civilization and citizenship emerge. Today’s on the other hand, one has duties for the

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] city can be considered a place for citizens’ government (Lotfi et al., 2009). Citizen is production. In the meantime, urban law also a person who is present in the social, has been considered as the basis for the political, cultural and economic structure emergence of the citizen and their rights of the society, in the decision-making and for facilitating these matters, defining, shaping of it, directly or indirectly, in the strengthening and supporting the relations shadow of coexistence, voluntary engagement and interactions of the actors and institutions and is effective on co-operation in of the city for more than half a century. achieving worldly and future prosperity Cities as residential centers with different (Ahmadzadeh, 2005). Citizens are individuals structures and functions. The formation of who have nationality and, as a result of physical elements in cities and the various this dependence, enjoy the rights and

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benefits conferred by the Constitution and a state-nation or city (Marshal, 1998). other ordinary laws in that country. Since citizenship is about human Citizenship is considered social status in relationships, it is not possible to provide the attitude towards civil society, which a simple, static definition that applies to provides for the possibility of enjoying all societies and times (Faulks, 2002), but rights and powers (Mohseni, 2010). In the common core of all theories and definitions political and legal theory, a citizen refers of citizenship can be summarized in Table 1: to a set of rights and duties of members of

Table1. Common Core of Citizenship Theories and Definitions Row Common Core of Citizenship Theories and Definitions 1 A kind of base and a modern social role for all members of the community Interconnected collections of duties, rights, responsibilities, and social, political, legal, economic, and cultural 2 obligations universally, equally and uniformly Sense of belonging and modern social membership for active participation in society and economic, 3 political, social and cultural arenas The fair and just enjoyment by all members of society of the benefits, and privileges of social, 4 economic, political, legal and cultural rights, regardless of class, racial, religious or ethnic belonging Reference: (Tavassoli & Nejati Hosseini, 2004)

The realization of the concept and the freedom of expression, religious freedom, formation of the idea of citizenship require equality against law, prohibition of the existence of a suitable and well- discrimination on the basis of gender, race, established context, which is referred to national or linguistic origin, protection of as civil society. Civil society refers to a a person against illegal government set of institutions, bodies, associations, actions, such as imprisonment (illegal) or private and civil organizations (non- compulsory labor (Goldooziyan, 2006). governmental organizations) that include - Political dimension: The rights that individuals and groups of civil rights, are essential for active participation in the regardless of political power. It is in such free government process include the right a space and place that citizenship is to vote and the possibility of holding emerged (Bashariyeh, 2002). government-level responsibilities, freedom Citizenship is a set of rights and of assembly and association, freedom to duties that determines the individual’s access information and the possibility of

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] access to social and economic resources. political activities. Marshall analyzes citizenship into three - Social dimension: It includes a wide elements of civil, political, and social, range of rights related to welfare and economic including the rights that a citizen has in security, and includes the right to live in relation to the state (Mohseni, 2010). accordance with the ordinary living Citizenship is the status given to the full standards of a community (Hezarjoreybi members of the community (Sheikhani, & Amaniyan, 2011). Socio-economic 2003). The dimensions of citizenship rights, which have been interpreted as rights are as follows: “full membership in the social arena of - Civil dimension: It includes numerous society”, such as the right to property, the issues such as the right to liberty, inviolability, right to work, equality in job opportunities, The Role of Islamic City Council in the Promotion of Citizenship Rights …______117

the right to benefit from social-health environment for present and future services, the enjoyment of social security generations, including the right to and standard of living for the individual environmental education, the right to and support of the person in the event of environmental litigation, the development unemployment, aging and disability of environmental rights, the right to (Goldooziyan, 2006), the right to housing, access to environmental information the right to access to all services offered (Eftekhari et al., 2016). to the public, such as vehicles and parks, The dimensions of citizenship rights the right to enjoy a healthy and peaceful are expressed in table 2:

Table2. The dimensions of citizenship rights Citizenship rights

Civil Political Social Freedom of Right to have Freedom right Right to vote Property right expression house Right to access to Freedom of religion Race Gathering rights Working right all services Equality against Preventing Equality in job Right to have law violation opportunities health environment Right to benefit Nondiscrimination Developing rights health and social based on gender of development services Enjoying social Freedom to access security right to information and Proper standard for Nationality political activities Protecting people living Right to access to against illegal acts Protecting and environmental of government supporting people information at time of unemployed and incapability Reference: (Goldooziyan, 2006; Hezarjoreybi & Amaniyan; Eftekhari et al., 2016)

Civil rights is a collection of laws, management organizes factors and rules and regulations that regulate the resources to meet citizens’ needs. Given interactions between citizens and city that city has an open system, urban Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] administrations in local and urban areas management is something more than and explains the rights of councils, physical structure of city (Bartlett et al., municipalities and other urban institutions 2016). Urban management consists of an (Lotfi, et al., 2009). extensive organization consisting of Urban management means the targeting, formal and informal elements that are planning and implementation of urban- effective and relevant in various social, based solutions and services to citizens, economic, and physical aspects of urban under the supervision of responsible life, with the aim of managing, controlling, organizations such as city councils and directing and developing the city immensely municipalities (Cheema, 1993). Urban and sustainably (Barakpoor, 2008).

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In Amid dictionary, the council means the form of city councils, departments, consultation, exploration, and investigation villages and settlements, manage some of (Amid, 2004). The Council is a body of their public and social affairs, such as representatives elected by the people approving the municipal budget, selecting who, with the authority of the executive, and dismissing the mayor, overseeing administer part of their affairs (Irani, 1997). financial and operational work on In the concept of the council, there government departments, and directing are three main characteristics: 1- Elected and organizing finances (Choopani by people 2- Adminstering executive Yazdali, 2003). powers 3. Being based on the place of Table 3 contains some definitions in residence of individuals. With such relation to the Council: characteristics, local elected councils, in

Table3. Definitions provided by experts from the council Experts Definitions Arnstein Councils in urban management system are citizenship power (Papliyazdi, 2003). The Council is a process in which it considers public participation as a political one, and it defines the involvement of all individuals, groups, organizations and Cunningham communities in a planning process, in which the effectiveness has the results of process (Papliyazdi, 2003). The Council is a fundamental value in democratic societies and a necessary part of a genuine and effective democracy. It is based on the principles of the council, Ansari (2005) democratic planning and empowerment of citizens in order to be effective in their surroundings. Asadiyan et al., A gathering of people to discuss, investigate, and exchange views, as well as (2013) expediency and opinion The Council is an Islamic term based on the teachings of the Qur'an and the KhademHosseini & prophetic tradition, and has been mentioned twice as a worthy act in the Holy Bagha (2015) Qur'an. The significance of the council is so far as the name of the fourteenth chapter of the Holy Quran is “Shuri”. The city council is the place where its activists are elected by popular vote and Rajabi (2013) work to improve the city and improve urban affairs such as cultural, architectural and recreational ones. The councils are one of the most appropriate and best grounded for people’s Alikhani (2005) participation in determining their own destinies and governing the society as well as institutionalizing accountability and democracy. Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] In many democratic societies, the The appointment of the mayor is the councils give their citizens the right to be responsibility of the council. All plans informed, consulted, and, in the circumstances and decisions of the municipality should provided for them, express their ideas about be coordinated and supervised by the issues affecting their lives (Papliyazdi, 2006). councils. By law, Islamic City Councils According to the constitution and law are formed to promote social, economic, of Islamic City Council, city council has development, health, cultural, educational the central role in urban governance, its and other welfare programs in cooperation representatives elected by the people with the people and supervise city affairs. (Shakeri & Fadayi, 2014). The duration of the council members is The Role of Islamic City Council in the Promotion of Citizenship Rights …______119

four years and the number of members area of 730 square kilometers is the varies according to the population of the twenty-fifth populated city and the largest city (Saeidniya, 2003). City Councils are twenty-seventh city in the world. advocating for equilibrium in urban living Islamic City Council of Tehran (in the conditions. They are selected by different fourth period) consisted of 31 representatives, classes of the city, which should consider who were responsible for the administration the luck of the people, meet their needs of the city of Tehran in accordance with and expand the areas of urban growth and the laws of the councils. One of the most excellence (Shieh, 2004). important tasks of the council is to elect Today, living in urban societies due of the mayor for four years, monitor the to the size of the cities in the territorial performance of the municipality and, if dimension as well as the diversity created necessary, overthrowing the mayor, in the area of urban services, has caused approving plans for the welfare of more urban executives to seek a sort of decision- citizens and monitoring their implementation, making power to better manage and approving the annual budget of the respond more effectively to the diverse municipality, approving the statutes of the and broader needs of the urban population. institutions and affiliated companies of The implementing experience of various municipality. Tehran City Council has six nations in this area illustrates the success permanent committees. The departments of city executives who have made their of each of the commissions are as follows: decisions on relative independence within - Program and Budget Commission: the framework of national regulations. Economic and Human Resources Committee From this perspective, being a citizen is a - Commission on Health and legal concept between city residents and Environment: Committee on Safety and urban management, which in some Crisis Management, Health Committee, countries is called “local government” Environment Committee and Municipal and in others, “local council”. Due to the Services nature of the elected officials of the local - Civil and Shipping Commission: governments directly elected by the Civil and Shipping Committee people, with the supervision of the - Cultural and Social Commission: people's representatives, the performance Social Committee, Religious Committee, of city executives (mayors and their Cultural Committee, Public Participation affiliated directors) in the form of city Committee, Committee on Cultural

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] councils, the field of intervention and Heritage and Tourism, Historical and public participation in welfare, development, Distressed Areas, Sports Committee, Art environmental, service, cultural and Committee, Naming Committee, Coordinating recreational services will be provided Committee of Chairs and Headquarters of more than ever. Governance can also use Tehran City the positive effects of this participation in - Commission for Architecture and the political arenas (Noroozi, 2016). Urban Development: Architectural Tehran, the largest city and capital of Committee, Gardens Revision Commission, Iran, is the center of capital of Tehran Urban Development Committee, Urban province and the city of Tehran with a Distressed Areas Committee and Historic population of about eight million and an Monuments Committee

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- Commission for Regulatory and The structure of Islamic City Council Legal Affairs: Committee on Modification, of Tehran is as follows: Committee on Legal Affairs and Supervision

The Structure of Islamic City Council of Tehran

Architecture and Supervisory Civil and Health and Urban Program and Budget and Legal Cultural and Social Commission Transportation Environment Development Commission Commission Commission Commission Commission

Religious Social Safety Architectural Committee committee Committee Independent Committee and crisis Committee management Sports Cultural Civil Economic committee Committee Committee Committee Commission for revision of gardens Coordinating Public Health Committee of Participation committee Legal the Council Committee Committee Committee on Urban Art Development Naming Committee commission Human Transport Environment The Resources Committee and Urban Committee of Committee on Services Committee Supervisory urban distressed Cultural Committee Committee Chief of Heritage and areas and historical Staff of Tourism buildings Tehran City historically and distressed areas

Fig1. The Structure of Islamic City Council of Tehran

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] By studying the literature of the commissions in the framework of monitoring research, Figure 2 shows the overall urban management, electing mayors, structure of the research. As you can see, approving municipal affairs and exchanging Islamic City Council of Tehran has communication with citizens in the realization played a significant role by creating six of the rights of the three citizens.

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Fig2. Overall structure of the research

4- Research Method In the elementary part of the research, Given that the present study aims at a library method was used for data assessing the status of Islamic City collection. In the second step, a quantitative Council in the realization of citizenship method was used to collect data using a Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] rights, the research method is a survey- survey method-a 21-item researcher-made descriptive and it is considered as an questionnaire, based on five-point Likert’s applied research. The statistical population scale. In the present questionnaire, citizenship of the present study consists of Tehran rights have been developed with the City Council members and Tehran citizens following elements: civil, political, social in 2016, which is a sample of available and city council performance with the research including 150 employees of Islamic following elements: supervision of urban City Council and 384 citizens of Tehran in management, mayor election, approval of 2016. municipal affairs. To assess the validity of the instrument, experts evaluated the

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validity of the tool in a desirable manner between the data and after ensuring the using content validity method. To estimate normal distribution of the data through the reliability of the research tool, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, t-test and Cronbach’s alpha method was used, which independent sample t test were used. was calculated as 0.82. The structure of the questionnaire and In order to analyze the data according the components of the research variables to the continuous scale and the distance are described in Table 4 and 5:

Table4. Components and sub-elements for assessing citizenship rights Components of Sub-Components citizenship rights Effect of Islamic City Council of Tehran through the approval of bills on the Civil realization of citizenship rights, the influence of religion, gender, race on the citizenship at Islamic City Council of Tehran The role of Islamic City Council of Tehran in approving bills to support the participation of citizens in public organizations, voluntary activities, the formation of associations, etc., the role of Islamic City Council of Tehran in Political promoting citizens’ awareness in framing scientific, experimental and ethical principles and values in the election of council members, the work of Islamic City Council of Tehran in establishing citizens’ rights in the freedom of citizens to access information and the possibility of political activities The success rate of councils in monitoring the social affairs of the city and Social improving the health and beauty of the city, the influence of the city council on the supervision of urban affairs to create a healthy environment

Table5. Components to evaluate the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran The components of council’s Sub-components performance The role of Islamic City Council of Tehran in monitoring the executive functions Supervision of and projects of the municipality, approving urban development plans and projects, urban implementing the laws approved by the council, resolving civil disputes with the management municipality, maintaining the use of urban land and preventing violations, monitoring the municipal financial performance, preventive monitoring etc. The election of qualified people for the mayor by Islamic City Council of Tehran, far from political tendencies, attention and consideration to the executive records of Mayor election the people to elect the Mayor by Islamic Council of Tehran, attention to the specialty in electing the mayor by Islamic City Council of Tehran etc. The role of Islamic City Council of Tehran in approving bills or abolishing city complications, as well as changing the type and extent thereof, taking into account

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] the public policy of the state, in influencing the management and development of Approval of urban infrastructure (such as parks, streets, bridges, underpasses, sanitary facilities, Municipal Affairs etc.), in approving bills and plans for preservation (sanitation, public comfort, beauty of the city), approval of bills and plans related to urban affairs (field of management and use of urban land) etc.

5- Research Findings Table 6 shows the percentage distribution Demographic information of 384 of respondents’ age in both groups of Tehran citizens and 150 Islamic City Tehran citizens and Tehran City Council Council officials and experts who completed staff and it was found that respondents are the questionnaire information, are presented more likely to be between the ages of 31 in tables 6 through 9 in percentage terms. and 40. The Role of Islamic City Council in the Promotion of Citizenship Rights …______123

Table6. Percentage distribution of respondent’s age groups in both groups Between Between 31 Between 41 Between Age group of More than 20 and 30 and 40 and 50 51 and 60 Total respondents 60 years old years old years old years old years old Experts of Tehran 15.33 50 20 12.67 2 100 City Council Citizens of Tehran 25.26 34.64 22.66 11.46 5.98 100 Total 22.47 38.95 21.91 11.80 4.87 100

In Table 7, the percentage distribution of gender and marital status and it was of respondents in both groups of Tehran found that married and men respondents citizens and employees of Islamic City were more than women were. Council of Tehran was expressed in terms

Table7. Percentage distribution of gender and marital status of respondents in both groups Gender Marital status Respondent’s groups Male Female Single Married 54 46 Experts of Tehran City Council 32.67 67.33 58.59 41.41 Citizens of Tehran 47.14 52.86 57.30 42.70 Total 43.07 56.93

Table 8 shows residence duration of of the majority of the two target societies each respondent (in two groups) in Tehran. is between 10 and 20 years in Tehran. As it can be seen, the length of residence

Table8. Percentage distribution of residence time of two target groups in Tehran Less than Between 5 Between 10 More than 20 Residence time in Tehran 5 years and 10 years and 20 years years Experts of Tehran City Council 14.67 26.67 42 16.67 Citizens 17.97 28.65 31.77 21.61 Total 17.04 28.09 34.64 20.22

Table 9 represents the percentage Tehran City Council are masters and distribution of respondents’ education in higher, and nearly half of Tehran’s citizens Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] both target groups. As it can be seen, are accountable to the level of diploma more than two-thirds of the members of education.

Table9. Distribution of respondents’ education level in two target groups Respondents’ Junior and High Master and Diploma A.A. & B.A. education level Senior school higher Experts of Tehran City - - - 26 74 Council Citizens 11.72 16.67 43.75 21.35 6.51 Total 8.43 11.99 43.75 22.66 25.47

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To answer the first question of the of α = 0.01 between theoretical mean and research, “What is the performance of experimental one. Therefore, given the Islamic City Council of Tehran in the fact that the experimental average is lower realization of citizenship rights from the than the theoretical average, from the viewpoint of citizens of Tehran?”, one- viewpoint of the Tehran citizens, the sample t test was used. Considering the performance of Islamic City Council of amount of t obtained, it can be argued that Tehran in the realization of citizenship there is a significant difference at the level rights is less than average (Table 10).

Table10. Performance evaluation of Islamic City Council of Tehran in the realization of citizenship rights from the viewpoint of citizens of Tehran Evaluation of Tehran Islamic City Council Mean SD Df t Sig Performance Evaluation of the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran in the realization of civil rights of 2.15 0.32 383 -52.051 0.000 citizenship from the perspective of citizens of Tehran Evaluation of the performance of Islamic Council of Tehran in the realization of citizenship political rights 2.33 0.22 383 -59.678 0.000 from the viewpoint of the citizens of Tehran Evaluation of the performance of Islamic Council of Tehran in the realization of social citizenship rights 2.67 0.45 383 -14.370 0.000 from the viewpoint of citizens of Tehran Evaluation of the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran in the realization of citizenship rights from 2.25 0.19 383 -77.352 0.000 the viewpoint of citizens of Tehran

To answer the second question of the significant difference at the level of α=0.01 research, “What is the performance of between the theoretical mean and the Islamic City Council of Tehran in the experimental mean., that is, from the realization of citizenship rights from the viewpoint of the staff of Islamic City point of view of the staff of Islamic Council of Tehran, the performance of Council of Tehran?” one-sample t test Islamic Council of Tehran in the realization was used. Considering the obtained t of citizenship rights is moderate (table11). value, it can be argued that there is no

Table11. Evaluation of the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran in the realization of citizenship rights from the viewpoint of the staff of Islamic Council of Tehran

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] Evaluation of Tehran Islamic City Council Performance Mean SD Df t Sig Evaluation of the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran in the realization of civil rights of citizenship from the 2.98 0.20 149 -1.225 0.125 perspective of the staff of Islamic City Council of Tehran Evaluation of the performance of Islamic Council of Tehran in the realization of citizenship political rights from the 3.04 0.31 149 1.580 0.187 viewpoint of the staff of Islamic City Council of Tehran Evaluation of the performance of Islamic Council of Tehran in the realization of social citizenship rights from the 3.06 0.41 149 1.792 0.152 viewpoint of the staff of Islamic City Council of Tehran Evaluation of the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran in the realization of citizenship rights from the 3.02 0.22 149 1.113 0.132 viewpoint of the staff of Islamic City Council of Tehran

The Role of Islamic City Council in the Promotion of Citizenship Rights …______125

To answer the third question of the used. Considering the obtained t value, it research, “Is there any significant difference can be argued that there is a significant between the evaluation of the performance difference in the level of α = 0.01 between of Islamic City Council of Tehran in the the evaluation of the performance of Islamic realization of citizenship rights from the City Council of Tehran in the realization of viewpoint of the citizens of Tehran and citizenship rights from the viewpoint of the staff of Islamic City Council of the citizens of Tehran and the staff of Tehran?” independent sample t test were Islamic City Council of Tehran (table12).

Table12. Evaluation of the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran in the realization of citizenship rights from the viewpoint of the citizens of Tehran and the staff of Islamic City Council of Tehran Statistical test Evaluation Status Mean SD Df t Sig of the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran The viewpoint of 2.15 0.32 citizens of Tehran Realization of Citizenship Rights The viewpoint of the 532 14.745 0.005 staff of Islamic City 2.98 0.20 Council of Tehran The viewpoint of 2.33 0.22 citizens of Tehran Realization of Political Citizenship Rights The viewpoint of the 532 10.349 0.000 staff of Islamic City 3.04 0.31 Council of Tehran The viewpoint of 2.67 0.45 citizens of Tehran Realization of Social Citizenship Rights The viewpoint of the 532 4.825 0.000 staff of Islamic City 3.06 0.41 Council of Tehran The viewpoint of 2.25 0.19 citizens of Tehran Realization of Citizenship Rights The viewpoint of the 532 5.627 0.000 staff of Islamic City 3.02 0.22 Council of Tehran

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] To answer the fourth question of the level of α = 0.01 between the theoretical and research, “What is the performance of experimental means. Therefore, given the Islamic City Council of Tehran (monitoring fact that the experimental average is lower city administration, the election of mayor, than the theoretical average, from the viewpoint approval of municipal affairs) from the of Tehran citizens, the performance of viewpoint of Tehran citizens?”, one Islamic City Council of Tehran in terms of sample-t test was used. Considering the monitoring urban management, the election of obtained t value, it can be argued that mayor, approval of municipal affairs, is there is a significant difference at the less than moderate (table13).

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Table13. Evaluation of the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran (supervision of urban management, election of mayor, approval of municipal affairs) from the perspective of citizens of Tehran Evaluation of Tehran Islamic City Council Performance Mean SD Df t Sig Supervision of Urban Management from the Viewpoint of 2.15 0.19 383 -87.665 0.000 Citizens of Tehran Election of mayor from the Viewpoint of Citizens of Tehran 2.54 0.17 383 -53.024 0.000 Approval of municipal affairs from the viewpoint of 2.78 0.21 383 -20.529 0.000 citizens of Tehran Evaluation of the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran (supervision of urban management, election of 2.68 0.25 383 -25.082 0.000 mayor, approval of municipal affairs) from the perspective of citizens of Tehran

To answer the fifth question of the mean and experimental means. Therefore, study, “how is the performance of considering that the experimental average Islamic City Council of Tehran (monitoring is higher than the theoretical average, urban management, the choice of mayor, according to the employees of Islamic approval of municipal affairs) from the City Council of Tehran, the performance views of the staff of Islamic Council of of Islamic City Council of Tehran in Tehran?” a single-t test has been used. terms of supervision of urban management, Considering the obtained t value, it can be the election of mayors, approval of argued that there is a significant difference municipal affairs, is more than moderate at the level of α = 0.01 between theoretical (table14).

Table14. Evaluation of the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran (supervision of urban management, election of mayor, approval of municipal affairs) from the viewpoint of the employees of Islamic City Council of Tehran Evaluation of Tehran Islamic City Council Performance Mean SD Df t Sig Supervision of urban management from the perspective of the 3.68 0.12 149 69.402 0.000 staff of Islamic City Council of Tehran Election of mayor from the perspective of the staff of 3.77 0.19 149 49.634 0.000 Islamic City Council of Tehran Approval of municipal affairs from the perspective of the 3.85 0.24 149 43.376 0.000 staff of Islamic City Council of Tehran Evaluation of the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran (supervision of urban management, election of 3.52 0.22 149 28.948 0.000 mayor, approval of municipal affairs) from the viewpoint of the employees of Islamic Council of Tehran

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] To answer the sixth question of the be argued that there is a significant research, “Is there any significant difference difference at the level of α = 0.01 in between the assessment of the performance terms of the evaluation of the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran (supervision of Islamic City Council of Tehran in of urban management, the election of the terms of the supervision of urban mayor and approval of municipal affairs) management, the election of mayor from the citizens of Tehran and the staff and the approval of municipal affairs of Islamic City Council of Tehran?” the from the viewpoint of citizens of Tehran independent samples t-test is used. and the staff of Islamic City Council Considering the obtained t value, it can Tehran is different (table15). The Role of Islamic City Council in the Promotion of Citizenship Rights …______127

Table15. Evaluation of the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran (supervision of urban management, the election of mayor, approval of municipal affairs) from the viewpoint of citizens of Tehran and the staff of Islamic City Council of Tehran Statistical test Evaluation Status Mean SD Df t Sig of the performance of the Islamic City Council of Tehran Supervision of urban management from the The Viewpoint of Tehran Citizens 2.15 0.19 perspective of the staff of Islamic City The Viewpoint of The Employees 532 14.548 0.000 3.68 0.12 Council of Tehran of The Islamic Council of Tehran The Viewpoint of Tehran Citizens 2.54 0.17 The election of mayor from the perspective The Viewpoint of The Employees 532 23.789 0.000 of the staff of Islamic City Council of Tehran 3.77 0.19 of The Islamic Council Of Tehran Approval of municipal affairs from the The Viewpoint of Tehran Citizens 2.78 0.21 perspective of the staff of Islamic City The Viewpoint of The Employees 532 18.325 0.000 3.85 0.24 Council of Tehran of Islamic Council of Tehran Evaluation of the performance of Islamic The Viewpoint of Tehran Citizens 2.68 0.25 City Council of Tehran (supervision of urban management, the election of mayor, approval The Viewpoint of The Employees 532 29.789 0.000 of municipal affairs) from the viewpoint of 3.52 0.22 of Islamic Council of Tehran citizens of Tehran and the staff of the Islamic City Council of Tehran

In examining the seventh question, “Is citizenship rights?” the calculated “r” at the there a meaningful relationship between the level of α = 0.01 indicates that there is a performance of Islamic City Council of positive and significant relationship between Tehran (supervision of urban management, the performance of the Islamic City Council the election of mayor, approval of municipal of Tehran and the rate of realization of affairs) and the degree of realization of citizenship rights (table16).

Table16. Correlation coefficient between the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran (supervision of urban management, the election of mayor, approval of municipal affairs) and the degree of realization of citizenship rights Predictor variable Criterion variable Correlation coefficient Sig N Supervision of urban management 0.888 0.000 The election of mayor 0.867 0.000 The rate of realized 534 Approval of municipal affairs citizenship rights 0.884 0.000 The performance of the Islamic City 0.874 0.000 Council of Tehran

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] In order to examine the eighth question, citizenship rights regression was used. In “Is the performance of Islamic City Council this method, using the partial regression of Tehran (supervision of urban management, coefficient (Beta), the direct effect of mayor’s election, approval of municipal Islamic City Council of Tehran on the affairs) able to predict the extent of amount of realization of citizenship rights realization of citizenship rights?” and also is analyzed, which shows that the election determine the relative contribution of of mayor is 0.383, the supervision of each of the variables of the performance urban management 0.366 and approval of of Islamic City Council of Tehran in municipal affairs 0.181 predict the realization prediction of the degree of realization of of citizenship rights (table17).

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Table17. Regression analysis to determine the contribution of variables predicting the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran on the level of realization of citizenship rights Tehran City Council Performance Beta Sig t R R2 Supervision of urban management 0.376 0.000 11.954 The election of mayor 0.383 0.000 10.309 0.762 0.581 Approval of municipal affairs 0.181 0.000 4.891

6- Conclusion and Discussion realization of citizenship rights. Citizens The purpose of this study was to continuously evaluate the performance of investigate the assessment of the status of city council in municipalities. If city councils Islamic City Council in the realization of and municipalities observe all citizens’ citizenship rights from the viewpoint of rights and citizens’ assessment is positive, the staff of Islamic City Council of the credibility of urban management Tehran and the citizens of Tehran. The increases and if citizenship rights and findings indicated that the performance of duties are ignored and so does citizenship, Islamic City Council of Tehran in the citizens expect outside the scope of city realization of citizenship rights from the council duties and, consequently, point of view of Tehran citizens is less municipalities. than average and from the viewpoint of According to the results of the research, the employees of Islamic City Council of suggestions on the promotion of citizenship Tehran, which it was moderate and there rights by Tehran City Council on each of is a significant difference between these the components mentioned in the two views. This means that Tehran citizens research are expressed: from Islamic City Council of Tehran - Islamic City Council of Tehran should expect more to realize their civil, political interact with ministries and government and social rights. In fact, Tehran’s citizens organizations and conduct city affairs expect from Islamic City Council of with public partnership. Tehran to raise citizens’ awareness of - Islamic City Council of Tehran should, their rights, oversee urban issues and instead of occasional and accidental provide a healthy city for citizens, help to supervision, apply oversight of the access accurate information, and pass organization to the municipality. Given laws and bills in order to realize more the limited capacities of Islamic City citizenship rights. In this regard, the councils Council of Tehran in the field of monitoring as public institutions are effective centers Tehran Municipality in terms of human Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] for teaching duties and citizenship rights, resources and facilities, urban management and as an intermediary link between should provide the groundwork for this people, urban and executive managers, issue. In this regard, it is necessary to they have an effective role in following use intelligent processes, measures and the demands and rights of the people. services of the municipality with the Therefore, what is considered the duty of access of Tehran City Council. On the Islamic City Council as Article 71 of the other hand, it should provide for the Law of Islamic Councils of the country is possibility of monitoring councils, local in fact observing the duties and associations and civil society. obligations of urban management in the The Role of Islamic City Council in the Promotion of Citizenship Rights …______129

Increasing the number of members of - Social damages in the field of child City Council and the presence of labor, addiction, informal settlements, etc. expert, knowledgeable and experienced should be more specialized and each area people can also provide careful and more should be specially considered and given detailed monitoring. appropriate solutions. - An appropriate mechanism for people’s - Rights for people with disabilities complaints in the councils should be (disable people) and the elderly should be reviewed before the response and followed provided with appropriate medical and up people’s problems. rehabilitation facilities to improve and Also, the results of the study showed empower them to live independently. that the evaluation of the performance of - Islamic City Council of Tehran, Islamic City Council of Tehran in terms of may lay down several articles and the supervision of urban management, the submissions in the Five-Year Plan of Tehran election of mayors and the approval of Municipality Act, which will consider the municipal affairs from the viewpoint of codified and specific ways to institutionalize citizens of Tehran is lower than average; citizenship rights, and mandate Tehran’s therefore, the following suggestions are municipality to submit them in the form presented: of a bill to investigate and approve at the - Islamic City Council of Tehran councils. should provide NGO’s partnership in the - Rules for the fitting of buildings, administration of city affairs, because the projects, environments and urban spaces existential philosophy of the councils is for the benefit and safe, convenient and the basis for public partnership in the easy transportation of the elderly, administration of city affairs. disabled people, veterans, and medical - City Council should provide the personnel to promote human dignity. opportunity to create such rights as - Islamic City Council should be able peace, happiness and hope for a better to freely publish the information of urban future, spiritual self-improvement and management and help the media disseminate social empowerment, having a safe and their thoughts and fears, city issues and peaceful life, having the opportunity to problems, and urban management. accompany the family, recreation, sports - Supporting and expanding NGOs and tourism that is the rights of every and planning to take advantage of their citizen. cooperation and assistance in urban

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 7:28 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 [ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.113 ] - Establishing different specialized management in the form of good urban working groups in the field of women and governance perspectives and policies, children, and supporting and creating rights resulting in participatory, accountable, for women who have appropriate health transparent, efficient, consensual, effective and treatment programs and appropriate and, most importantly, strengthening counseling for physical and mental health citizens’ awareness of their citizenship in their individual, family and social life rights. These organizations can, on the at different stages of life, especially one hand, monitor urban management pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, and (council and municipality) to identify illness, poverty or disability. issues and urban disadvantages, and, on

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