VACCINES FOR ROADS Second edition NEW

WE CAN CREATE A WORLD FREE OF HIGH-RISK ROADS

A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS | irap.org NEW

* LOCAL SAFETY CHAMPIONS LEADING ROAD ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES IN 70 COUNTRIES * RISK ON HALF A MILLION KILOMETRES OF ROADS ASSESSED * STRATEGIES TO PREVENT 50,000 DEATHS AND SERIOUS INJURIES A YEAR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES * STAR RATINGS BEING USED TO DESIGN SAFE NEW ROADS

irap.org | A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS

3,500 people will die on the world’s roads associations and road authorities leading The good news is that Safer Roads to have lasting partnerships with many today and 100,000 more will be seriously in road safety. The programme created Investment Plans are making the solutions road authorities, automobile associations, injured or disabled. But road death is not simple and objective measures of road equally clear. Construction of just 65km of multilateral development banks, research inevitable—it is preventable. safety risk and highlighted the vital footpaths on high-risk roads in Costa Rica, institutes, donors and non-government role that road infrastructure can play for instance, would prevent almost 3,000 organisations. A network of accredited There has never been a more opportune in preventing crashes and reducing deaths and serious injuries over 20 years road safety professionals and companies moment to tackle this serious and the severity of injuries. The approach and save $215 million in crash costs. Much capable of competitively bidding to rapidly worsening public health crisis by spread rapidly throughout , then of this cost would otherwise be borne provide high-quality iRAP assessments is fundamentally changing the inherent to Australia, the United States and New by an already stretched health sector. also growing. safety of road systems around the world. Zealand, with local experts introducing The plans are helping to demonstrate Causes of road trauma are well known, as their own innovative improvements. The that by investing in safer roads, the The central message of Vaccines for are ‘vaccines’ to prevent them. We know focus then shifted to low-income and social and economic burden on families, Roads is simple: large-scale, immediate there is enormous potential to generate middle-income countries, where the road communities, workplaces and hospitals improvements to high-risk roads will save large social and economic returns from trauma crisis is most urgent. It culminated can be significantly lessened. By setting lives today and long into the future. better investment; the in the first edition of Vaccines for Roads ambitious policy targets such as the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011- in 2008 which presented pioneering work elimination of one-star and two-star roads Together, we can create a world free of 2020 brings unprecedented international in Chile, Costa Rica, Malaysia and South by 2020 or a requirement that all new high-risk roads. leadership and political-will to the cause. Africa. roads achieve four-stars, countries can We can, and must, make this happen. create a legacy of safe roads for future iRAP is now a global programme of local generations. iRAP is an international charity dedicated road safety champions leading RAP to creating a world free of high-risk roads. activities in more than 70 countries. Some As a registered charity, iRAP benefits from We work on a global scale and are moving half a million kilometres of roads have the generous financial support of the FIA urgently to save lives. We act on sound been assessed. This second edition of Foundation, the Road Safety Fund which research and compelling evidence. Road Vaccines for Roads describes that work, is jointly managed by the FIA Foundation Assessment Programmes (RAPs) are a with a particular focus on results in low- and the World Health Organisation, and catalyst for change, providing political income and middle-income countries. the Global Road Safety Facility. This leaders, policy makers and road builders Sadly, about half the roads assessed in support enables us to provide safety tools with the social, economic and engineering these countries are rated in the highest risk and software to low-income and middle- evidence and tools needed to transform bands: one-star or two-stars. The reasons income countries free-of-charge and give entire road networks. for this are clear and include the fact that the programmatic support needed to 84% of the roads where pedestrians are ensure that assessments are completed RAPs started with EuroRAP in 2001, as present have no footpaths. to the same, high-quality consistency Rob McInerney a partnership between automobile around the world. We are very fortunate Chief Executive Officer Numerous publications show how death • Mistakes, errors of judgment and poor just ‘patching up’ apparent problem A SAFE SYSTEM and serious injury can be prevented decisions are intrinsic to humans. The areas. globally, including: Towards Zero: road system needs to be designed and • The ‘engineered’ elements of the Ambitious Road Safety Targets and operated to account for this. system—vehicles and roads—can be the Safe System Approach, produced • Humans are fragile. Unprotected, we designed to be compatible with the Road deaths and injuries are by the Organisation for Economic cannot survive impacts that occur at human element, recognising that, a function of the way people Cooperation and Development (OECD), greater than around 30km/h. while crashes might occur, the total behave, the different types the multilateral development banks’ A • People who behave with disregard for system can be designed to minimise of vehicles in use and their Shared Approach to Managing Road the safety of themselves and others harm. speeds, and road design. Safety, and the United Nations’ Global should expect tough policing and Plan for the Decade of Action for Road tough penalties. Despite this complexity, the Countries leading in road safety have Safety 2011-2020. The following principles • Safety can be built into the road put these principles into practice with way in which a genuinely safe broadly underpin the safe system system comprehensively and outstanding results. road system can be created is approach and inform iRAP’s approach: systematically, involving more than well understood

After decades of building roads, causes of death and serious injury are well known...

Bicyclists are typically killed or Pedestrians are typically killed or Vehicle occupants are typically killed or Motorcyclists are typically killed seriously injured when cycling along seriously injured when walking along or seriously injured in run-off road, head-on or or seriously injured in run-off road, the road and at intersections across the road crashes head-on or intersection crashes As just one example, the Swedish Road then took even more country to country, the principles are saving 6,000 lives and generating crash- Administration defined a safe road progressive steps towards improving universal. The moral imperative for taking cost savings of £25-£35 billion.5 transport system as one where: the road features to harness the substantial this approach is compelling. So too is driver uses a seat belt, does not exceed synergies that occur when speed and the economic imperative; it is estimated the speed limits, and is sober; the forgiving infrastructure interact in a that a single road death costs as much vehicle has a five-star rating by the Euro compatible way.2 For example, by 2020 as 60-80 times a country’s gross domestic NCAP (European New Car Assessment three quarters of traffic flow with speeds product (GDP) per capita, yet the Programme); and the road has a four- over 80 km/h will be on roads with a economic savings from targeted safety star rating by EuroRAP. Research showed median barrier, where the risk of death upgrades typically exceed the cost of this combination to be a stunning or serious injury in a head-on crash is their construction and maintenance.4 It success: just 2-3% of road deaths significantly reduced.3 was found in the that by occurred when these conditions were investing less than 10% of existing road met, despite them coinciding with 30% of Although the specific approach to budgets, one-star and two-star roads traffic flow.1 creating a safe system might vary from could be eliminated in the next decade,

...as are engineering treatments to prevent unnecessary suffering.6

Bicycle paths like this one Pedestrian footpaths, like this one Energy-absorbing safety barriers, Well-designed roundabouts can This exclusive motorcycle in in China reduce the risk that in the Philippines, can reduce like this one in New Zealand, reduce casualty crash risk at Malaysia, the first of its kind in the bicyclists will be struck by fast- the likelihood that people will be significantly reduce the risk of intersections by more than 60% world, ensures that motorcyclists moving cars, trucks or buses, struck by vehicles while walking death or injury. Prior to being and have been shown to be do not need to mix with heavier by physically separating travel by as much as 40-60%. ‘Raised upgraded, this section of road highly cost-effective and often faster-moving traffic. . Well-designed on-road table’ pedestrian crossings help rated two-stars and three-stars The construction of this lane bicycle lanes can reduce to reduce traffic speeds and under KiwiRAP. Now it rates four- resulted in a 39% reduction in bicyclist crashes by 25-40% lower the risk of injury stars. Fatal and serious injury motorcycle crashes crashes decreased by 63% iRAP inspections use specially equipped Countries do not need to inspect every ROAD SAFETY vehicles to collect digital, panoramic road in order to make a large difference; INSPECTIONS images or videos of roads. These images in India, about two-thirds of deaths occur are then used to record (or ‘code’) on state and national highways which road design attributes that are known account for just 6% of the network.7 iRAP to influence the likelihood of a crash encourages countries to focus inspections and its severity. The inspections create a on their busiest roads, where the largest permanent video and database record safety gains can be made. In Mexico, that can be reviewed easily by local for example, assessments cover around engineers and planners. 45,000km of federal roads, which is a By systematically inspecting little more than 10% of the nation’s roads roads, countries can develop The attributes, which are recorded at 100 (and around one third of paved roads).8 an understanding of the level metre intervals, include: To enable the cost-effective assessment of risk that is ‘built in’ to their • traffic speeds of roads, there is a global network of accredited suppliers who are capable road networks. This provides • number of lanes • lane width of competitively bidding to undertake a basis for targeting high-risk • paved width high-quality inspections and coding sections of road for improve- • audio-tactile lines (see www.irap.org for a list). ment before people are killed • median type or seriously injured. Inspections • curvature and curve quality are especially useful when • roadside design/obstacle crash data is unavailable or • delineation • pavement condition unreliable • demand • intersection layout, volume and quality • minor access point density • bicycle facilities • facilities and quality • sidewalk provision • side friction/roadside activities.

A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS | irap.org

By measuring the risk associated with road Latin America and the Caribbean (19,900km assessed) STAR RATINGS FOR attributes, Star Ratings can provide a better 17% ROADS IN LOW-INCOME indicator of the influence of road attributes 23% 24% 29% on risk than crash numbers alone.10 The 39% 44% AND MIDDLE-INCOME focus of Star Ratings is on attributes that 43% 53% influence the most common and severe 36% 27% COUNTRIES types of crashes for vehicle occupants, 29%

motorcyclists, pedestrians and bicyclists. VVEHICLEehicle OCCUPANTSoccupants PEDESTRIANS motorcyclistsMOTORCYCLISTS BICYCLISTSBICYCLISTS

The charts on this page help to explain why Asia Pacific (15,300km assessed) Star Ratings are an objective low-income and middle-income countries measure of the likelihood experience such high rates of death and 23% 22% 16% serious injury. Significant proportions of the 45% of a crash occurring and its 18% 22% 25% severity. They draw on road roads are rated just one-star or two-stars. 34% safety inspection data and the 34% 57% 37% The road safety inspections and Star Ratings 25% extensive real-world relationships 14% provide countries and international finance between road attributes and institutions with a set of highly objective VVEHICLEehicle occupantsOCCUPANTS PEDESTRIANS motorcyclistsMOTORCYCLISTS BICYCLISTSBICYCLISTS crash rates indicators that can be used in setting ambitious road safety targets. National Africa (10,100km assessed) Research shows that a person’s targets have been shown to play an 8% 10% risk of death or serious injury is important role in altering the community’s 13% 26% view of the inevitability of road trauma 31% 49% highest on a one-star road and 36% and driving action to save lives.11 The 38% lowest on a five-star road 9 , for example, has committed to 53% 43% 42% bring all one-star and two-star roads on the 35% national road network up to at least three- VVEHICLEehicle occupantsOCCUPANTS PEDESTRIANS motorcyclistsMOTORCYCLISTS BICYCLISTSBICYCLISTS stars, while New Zealand is ensuring that all Roads of National Significance will be at least four-stars.12,13 CIS States/Eastern Europe (6,800km assessed)

18% STAR RATINGS 41% 21% 58% 79% 36% 54% 24% 26% 12% No activity recorded VVEHICLEehicle occupantsOCCUPANTS PEDESTRIANSPEDESTRIANS motorcyclistsMOTORCYCLISTS BICYCLISTSBICYCLISTS

A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS | irap.org The assessments in low-income and middle-income countries found that many of the roads assessed to date lack the most basic engineering safety features such as footpaths, safety barriers, paved shoulders and safe intersection design. The risk factors on this page play a significant role in the Star Rating results and provide a basis for planning life-saving treatments. BICYCLISTS AT RISK PEDESTRIANS AT RISK MOTORCYCLISTS AT RISK 85% of roads where bicyclists are present Pedestrians are present on most roads, 68% of roads with high motorcycle flows carry traffic at 40km/h or more and have both rural and urban. 84% of roads where (>20% of vehicles) carry traffic at 60km/h no bicycle facilities pedestrians are present carry traffic at or more and do not have any motorcycle 40km/h or more and have no footpaths facilities

HEAD-ON RISK INTERSECTION RISK RUN-OFF ROAD RISK 58% of roads are undivided single lane 55% of intersections on roads that carry 66% of curved sections of road carry carriageways that carry traffic at 70km/h traffic at 60km/h or more do not have traffic at 60km/h or more and have or more and have medium to high roundabouts, are not signalised, or are hazardous roadsides overtaking demand not grade separated

irap.org | A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS  80 km/h traffic speed Pedestrians High pedestrian flow

SNAPSHOT: Stories of deaths on the Dhaka-Sylhet No crossing facility Highway accumulate at an alarming rate: High side-friction THE DHAKA-SYLHET former finance minister M. Saifur Rahman was killed in September 2009 when his car No footpaths HIGHWAY swerved off the road; at least 11 people were killed and 32 were injured when two buses collided near Belabo in 2010; 56 people were killed in 29 crashes on a notorious curve near Itakhola during 2010. 60 km/h traffic speed

Median barrier The 229km-long Dhaka-Sylhet At the invitation of the FIA Foundation, the Government of Bangladesh and local road Highway in Bangladesh is one Roadside barrier of the most deadly in the world. safety organisations, iRAP assessed the 180 people were reportedly highway in 2010. Although the road had 2 straight lanes been upgraded only a few years earlier, it  killed on the road in 2008, Vehicle occupants was still rated mostly two-stars or less for all No intersection although the true number could road users. Shortcomings identified included be much higher.14 On a per- a lack of paved shoulders and safety kilometre basis, the reported barriers, few if any pedestrian facilities death rate is a staggering 10 and many hazardous intersections. The times higher than Britain’s most picture showing pedestrians at risk (top right) is a common scene on the highly persistently high-risk roads 15 dangerous highway. The subsequent economic analysis found that with such high rates of death and injury, even modest safety improvements were likely to prevent thousands of deaths and serious injuries— and generate large economic savings.

The assessment did also have one very positive finding: a short section of the PEDESTRIAN STAR RATINGS highway was rated five-stars (see right). This demonstrates that with the application of safe-system principles in design and suitable investment, the construction of low-income risk roads is possible in Bangladesh. No activity recorded

A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS | irap.org EAST AFRICA Car Occupant ETHIOE T H OP I A iRAP Star Ratings provide a simple and objective measure of the level of safety ‘built in’ to the road for car occupants, motorcyclists, bicyclists and pedestrians. Star Ratings Five-star roads are the safest, and one-star roads are the least safe. Star Ratings are based on road inspection data collected through road inspection and analysis.

The full reports can be downloaded from: iRAP Uganda - www.irap.net/library/doc_download/24-uganda-irap-results.html SSUDANU D A N iRAP Kenya - www.irap.net/library/doc_download/26-kenya-irap-results.html iRAP Tanzania - www.irap.net/library/doc_download/23-tanzania-irap-results.html The first regional assessments were

L SNAPSHOT: a k completed by EuroRAP, and culminated e

T u in the , which Lodwar r European Road Safety Atlas k a Watsa Arua n REGIONAL a was financed by the Gulu

DEM.E REP.P Marsabit and covers 240,000km of roads in 20 Lira KAMPALA

ASSESSMENTS A

countries (atlas.eurorap.org). Since then, OFO THEHEE rt Soroti Wajir I e lb Bunia A ke Hoima a L major regional assessments have been L CONGOGGO KENYK E YAY A Mbale Kitale

UGU G ANA N DDAA A undertaken in numerous other countries Fort Portal Tororo NAIROBI Jinga Eldoret around the world. M Butembo KAMPALA Nanyuki Meru Entebbe O Kisumu

Nakuru Garissa

S S Masaka NyeriNyeri S One benefit of iRAP’s approach In East Africa, Star Rating maps of roads Embu Mbarara Kisii in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania combine Lake is that assessments can cross Victoria Bukoba to illustrate levels of risk across some of the NAIROBI Musoma borders of neighbouring Goma Machakos most important economic and trade routes KIGALI countries, providing an RWWANDA DAA Cyangugu in the region. As the map indicates (right), Mwanza Lamu internationally consistent basis Butare the large majority (85%) of the 8,000km- for measuring risk and tracking BBUBURU RURUNDR U N DDII Malindi long network are rated one-star or two-stars Arusha Moshi BUJUMBURA performance for vehicle occupants, although roads Shinyanga in the urban areas where traffic speeds Mombasa

are lower tend to have better ratings. Kigoma

L a Tabora k Tanga These results form the basis for road safety e improvements (see Uganda snapshot). TANT A N Z A N I A Kalemie Indian Zanzibar DODOMA T a In Latin America and the Caribbean, Star n Ocean ga ny ik Morogoro Baudouinville a Dar es Ratings were produced for a 3,300km Salaam section of the Pacific Corridor, which Iringa carries 95% of products traded within DAR es SALAAM

Pweto the region. The Corridor passes through Chungya

Mbeya Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Mbala Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. The Takuyu Star Rating maps for the Pacific Corridor

Kasama Mtwara help governments and the Inter-American I

Star Ratings

a

s Songea

a

W W W W Development Bank target investments at y N Tunduru the highest-risk sections of roads, where A Vila de Mocímboa ZAMBZ M BIAB A Mzuzu da Praia

L e

Ratings on dual carriageway roads k the most lives can be saved and largest show the lowest rated carriageway a L

A Other roads MOZAMMMOZZZA BIQUEU

economic gains can be made. International boundary M

Scale © International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP) 2011 0 25 50 75ml © 2011 Europa Technologies Ltd. All rights reserved iRAP technology including protocols, processes and brands may not be 0 25 50 75 100 125 km Nkhota Kota altered or used in any way without the express written agreement of iRAP. EuroRAP Star Rating map for the Highways Agency Strategic road network in England

High-income country programmes have

A SNAPSHOT: HIGH assessed risk on hundreds of thousands of 1 INCOME COUNTRIES kilometres of roads (see right for example)

1 and play a vital role in shaping road A 0 10 20 30 40 50 km

A 1 safety policy and directions. For example, 9 SHARING KNOWLEDGE A69 A69 Newcastle upon Tyne A1 1-star Slovenian Risk Mapping results published Sunderland 2-star

A1(M) 3-star AND EXPERTISE in November 2009 received widespread M6 4-star A 1 9

A 66 6 A 6 Unrated / roadworks A66 Middlesbrough support and led to the inclusion of EuroRAP A 6 5 A6 Local authority roads 9 5 174 A66 A M6 in the national Road Safety Operational National boundaries

A 1

9

1 Plan for 2010-11.16 A

0 9 5 A 8 6 1 A64 A A By taking a lead in assessing 65 4 6 A1(M) A

The high-income programmes also harness M6 York roads and advocating for A 6 2 9

4 A6 A5 M65 the substantial expertise of many road Blackpool 85 LEEDS M55 Kingston safety in their own countries, A63 M1 upon Hull BRADFORD M62 A63 M65 M62 M62

safety professionals. They are continuously A

A 4 5 9 M18 7 M62 A and by sharing their 0 M66 1 M61 M6 M1 A180 M180 M58 innovating, searching for ways to improve MANCHESTER 8 A61 M57 A62 6 experience globally, EuroRAP, M60 M18 A1(M) LIVERPOOL M1 systems, which results in better approaches M62 M53 Sheffield M56

0 5 AusRAP, usRAP and KiwiRAP 5 A A to assessing roads and new ideas about M6 1

6 A55 M1 A4 are helping to drive reductions how to improve infrastructure safety. Stoke- 6 4 A on-Trent A 1 8

3

A A52 in road trauma around the The joint EuroRAP-EuroNCAP report A50 A52

M6 3 45 A A50 A 5

6

4

8 A Roads That Cars Can Read is just one 3 A world A42 A A5 1 A47 A458 Norwich M6 A47 M54 Toll M42 A47 example. The learning from this process A 1 9 A11 2 4 A A 5 Wolverhampton M69 M6 Peterborough M1 9 4 can then be shared throughout the iRAP 4 A 456 A 4 A1(M) M42 M6 A1 1 M5 A1 M42 Coventry A A 14 45 M45 A14 family around the world. For instance, A46 5

9 3

4 4 A45 A A A449 A14 A A5 14 M40 Northampton A428 at a recent iRAP Asia Pacific Workshop, A46 A1 Cambridge M1 A11 Ipswich A45 A1 3 4 A4 6 12 4 A which brought together experts from A M11 65 A M50 4 4 A 9 A5 M1 120 A A120 A around 25 countries, KiwiRAP shared its 40 A40 A1(M) 1 2 Gloucester A A 4 M40 1 7 2 1 experience in guiding, and measuring A M25 M5 A A M11 4 3 M1 M25 1 4 9 M40 Swindon 4 the benefits of, investment in median 0 M49 4 LONDON A13 M4 A Southend-on-Sea M32 Reading M4 M4 barriers that dramatically reduce the risk A Bristol 4 9 4 M25 A3 M2 2 M3 A A M20

3 M26

M5 4 A 3 M25 A of head-on crashes. Similarly, usRAP has 6 2 M20 3 M23 A303 A30 A 21

A M3 A A20 3 3 2 A 0 provided substantial technical support for 4 7

A23 3 0 A30 A 9 3 3 5 0 6 2 assessments throughout Latin America and A3 A

A27 M5 Southampton M27 A3(M) A27 A259 A27 A 31 2 the Caribbean. A30 A 6 A31 Brighton A35 Portsmouth A35 Poole A30 Bournemouth More information is available on the A38 A 3 8 following websites: www.eurorap.org, 0 Plymouth A3 www.ausrap.org, www.kiwirap.org.nz and © . Source mapping © Copyright HarperCollins. www.usrap.us. Prepared under licence from EuroRAP AISBL using protocols © Copyright EuroRAP AISBL. This map may not be reproduced without the consent of the Road Safety Foundation. A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS | irap.org Where Star Ratings provide a measure In Victoria, Australia—a jurisdiction supported by the iRAP online software SAFER ROADS of risk on a road, Safer Roads Investment that has already made substantial which makes this information highly INVESTMENT PLANS Plans identify ways in which the Star reductions in crash rates—an initial $130 accessible. Ratings can be improved in a cost- million investment in simple but strategic effective way. improvements across 113 projects The table below shows a snapshot of resulted in a 22% reduction in run-off recommendations that have been The evidence that well-targeted road road, head-on and intersection casualty made. For example, by investing in safety improvements save lives, at both crashes.17 As a result, the program was 1,600km of safety barriers on important individual locations and across networks, expanded to $650 million over 10 years.18 national roads in Tanzania that have is unassailable. On a section of the A4128 poor vehicle occupant Star Ratings, an To date, Safer Roads in the United Kingdom, for example, Safer Roads Investment Plans draw on estimated 30,000 deaths and serious Investment Plans have been speed reductions, improved signs and this type of international experience. injuries could be prevented. Similarly, used to identify improvements markings, intelligent road studs, traffic The plans include extensive planning sections of road in Chile which have in low-income and middle- calming and upgraded pedestrian and engineering information such as a poor pedestrian Star Rating and crossings helped cut the number of fatal road attribute records, countermeasure significant pedestrian activity are likely to income countries that and serious crashes from 19 in 2004-06 proposals and economic assessments benefit from the installation of footpaths could prevent more than to two in 2007-09—an 89% reduction.15 for 100m sections of road. They are (or sidewalks). 50,000 deaths and serious injuries per year, saving around $1.2 billion per year Selected countermeasure recommendations (20 year analysis) in crash costs avoided. The Deaths and serious injuries Countermeasure type Country Sites/length Benefit cost ratio countermeasures identified prevented are often relatively low cost Safety barriers Tanzania 1,600 km 30,000 3 yet they can last for decades Duplication Bangladesh 40 km 8,400 5

Footpaths Chile 530 km 6,100 28

Delineation improvements Vietnam 700 km 5,500 8

Pedestrian crossings Costa Rica 310 sites 3,100 19

Shoulder widening 290 km 1,200 10

Motorcycle lanes Malaysia 270 km 900 15

Signalise intersections Indonesia 80 sites 900 12

irap.org | A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS SNAPSHOT: SAFER iRAP Uganda is a collaboration with the Ministry of Works and Transport, the ROADS IN UGANDA Uganda National Roads Authority and the Automobile Association of Uganda which has assessed some 2,400km of national roads.

Many of the safety improvements identified in the project coincided with improvements put in place by the Targeted safety improvements road authority with financing from the in Uganda will prevent World Bank, the European Union and thousands of deaths and the government of Uganda. On the serious injuries over the next 136km-long Masaka-Mbarara Road, for decade example, improvements included paving shoulders (see right), clearing roadside hazards, installing roadside safety barriers (see right), better delineation, provision of footpaths and traffic calming and Map data © 2011 PPWK, Tele Atlas, Transnavicom Map data © 2011 PPWK, Tele Atlas, Transnavicom construction of roundabouts.

As a result of these improvements, the length of one-star roads for vehicle occupants, on this road has dropped by 47%. It is estimated that 144 deaths or serious injuries will be prevented each year as a result of the improvements.

A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS | irap.org With financial assistance from the Global that by improving overtaking facilities, SNAPSHOT: Road Safety Facility, the Philippines and thereby reducing the risk of head- LEVERAGING Department of Public Works and Highways on crashes, significant safety benefits (DPWH) and the Automobile Association would also be achieved through the INVESTMENT IN THE of the Philippines (AAP) led iRAP construction of additional lanes on parts assessments of approximately 3,000km of of the network. PHILIPPINES national roads. Although these represent just fewer than 10% of national roads, As a result of the success of the first they carry almost 30% of traffic. The most project in the Philippines, a second comprehensive plan developed in the phase of assessments was financed by Network-level Safer Roads project identified investments totalling the Australian Government overseas aid Investment Plans provide a $150 million which could prevent an program, AusAID. means of leveraging existing estimated 27,000 deaths and serious injuries over 20 years. investments for road safety MVUC FUND

By identifying complementary objectives with projects as diverse as the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)-financed Map data © 2011 PPWK, Tele Atlas, Transnavicom improvements of roads in Samar, the

Motor Vehicle User Charge ‘additional MCC ROAD PROJECT ADB ROAD PROJECTS pavement width’ fund and the black spot program, opportunities to leverage existing finance to implement the majority of safety recommendations

were identified. For example, although iRAP ASSESSMENT OF 3,000KM OF the ‘additional pavement width’ fund NATIONAL ROADS is specifically designed to increase road capacity, the iRAP project found

DPWH ROADS AND BRIDGE APPLICATION (RBIA) DATABASE WORLD BANK ROAD PROJECTS

DPWH INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM BUDGET

irap.org | A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS It is critically important that people’s Government then extended this target the existing roads. For example, the STAR RATING safety and well-being is not overlooked in to include around 500km of additional percentage of road rated one-star or ROAD DESIGNS favour of more traditional objectives such roads. two-stars for vehicle occupants reduced as reducing congestion and travel times. 2. With funding support from the Global from 86% to 2%. It was estimated that the The seven major multilateral development Road Safety Facility and Bloomberg new designs would result in 55% fewer banks are improving safety performance Philanthropies, road safety inspections deaths and serious injuries than currently measures for the road designs they were carried out and baseline Star occur.22 finance.19 Similarly, the Commission for Ratings calculated for the existing Global Road Safety recommends that roads. A project in the Republic of Moldova desired design speeds for new roads 3. Consulting engineers and road produced similarly impressive results. With Apart from assessing existing should be subject to achieving minimum authority engineers used Star Ratings to the support of the MCC, the Global Road roads, Star Ratings are being safety ratings.20 test the safety impact of various design Safety Facility and engineers from URS used to ensure that safety is options, such as ‘raised pedestrian Corporation and Universinj, designs that built-in to designs for major The Karnataka State Highway crossings’ (see below left). particularly focused on pedestrians in Improvement Project (KSHIP) in India 4. Final designs were based on villages (see below right) increased the upgrades and new roads prior provides a good example of how Star optimised Star Ratings and met local percentage of road rated four-stars from to construction Ratings are being used to design safer design standards and budget and 8% to 84%. Final designs were estimated to roads: environmental requirements. reduce risk of deaths and serious injuries 1. The World Bank initially set a target by 40%.23 of three-stars for road safety This process resulted in designs with demonstration corridors.21 The significantly better Star Ratings than

A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS | irap.org In countries where reliable crash data Foundation for Civil Engineering found provide a set of safety performance TRACKING is available, Risk Mapping has been that although 42% of total national roads indicators for road infrastructure.28 In PERFORMANCE used to compare crash rates over time. were rated as high risk for the period 2008- New Zealand, KiwiRAP Star Ratings are These countries include Australia, , 2010, this was 19% (3,000km) less than included in weekly road death reports to , , in 2005-2007.26 In the , the Minister for Transport. By combining , Czech Republic, Ireland, , UAMK and CityPlan published risk rates this with information about behaviour- the Netherlands, New Zealand, , on national roads from 2003 to 2010. related issues such as seat belt wearing , , , Sweden, They found that the number of lower-risk and speeding and Australasian NCAP , the United Kingdom and sections was increasing and the number Star Ratings for cars, the Minister is the United States.24 For example, the of highest risk ones was decreasing.27 able to gain a balanced view of the The establishment of road Spanish automobile association (RACC) factors that influenced each death. In safety targets requires found that the number of high crash risk Safety performance indicators also Malaysia, the road authority (JKR) used that safety performance stretches or very high crash risk stretches provide an effective means of monitoring Star Ratings to rapidly estimate the be monitored over time. has decreased from 36% to 7.3% over performance. Measures such as helmet change in infrastructure-related risk as a 10 years (from 1999-2001 to 2008-2010).25 and seat belt wearing rates have been result of improvements at several high- Governments and funding In Poland, researchers at the Technical used effectively in assessing road safety risk sites under the black spot program agencies can also benefit from Institute of Gdansk, together with experts behaviour, as have speed measurements (see image). 29 evaluating the road safety from the motoring club PZM and the and conflict studies, and iRAP Star Ratings impacts of their investments

Before After

irap.org | A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS The iRAP methodology was derived from have a demonstrated record of saving that it provides researchers with a strong PUTTING RESEARCH EuroRAP and AusRAP models by leading lives. As Star Ratings are often used where platform to guide research needs globally. INTO PRACTICE researchers at TRL (United Kingdom), ARRB there is little crash data available, it is Group (Australia), MRI Global (United nevertheless important to understand iRAP draws on decades of research and States), the world’s automobile clubs and whether they correlate with actual experience by dedicated road safety with particular assistance from the Swedish crashes. Studies of this topic have been professionals around the world. As we Road Administration.10 The model’s conducted in Australia (see below centre), move through the United Nations Decade ongoing development and oversight , , Italy, Netherlands, New of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020, is governed by a Global Technical Zealand (see below right), Spain, Sweden, we will also put new knowledge into Committee (GTC) comprised of iRAP the United Kingdom and the United practice. There is more to learn about The iRAP methodology is members with significant expertise in road States (see below left).30 In each case, a road infrastructure risk in low-income and based on sound research infrastructure safety, and representatives demonstrable relationship between Star middle-income countries particularly, and compelling evidence. from iRAP Centres of Excellence. Rating and crash rate was found. such as finding optimal ways to help Throughout the United Nations pedestrians cross busy roads. We will Decade of Action for Road Through application in dozens of countries In 2010, the Global Road Safety Facility achieve this in partnership with leading and extensive research, iRAP methodology sponsored a workshop to open the researchers and road authorities around Safety 2011-2020, we will ensure has undergone continual review and methodology to independent review, the world, including those discussed earlier iRAP is at the forefront of validation. At the broadest level, the especially with respect to speed.31 along with the Malaysian Institute of Road putting research into practice road safety improvement programmes Participants included representatives Safety Research (MIROS), the Mexican proposed for the four initial pilot countries from the Institute of Transport Economics Institute of Transport (IMT), the Research (and many countries since then) have (), the Dutch national road safety Institute of Highway (RIOH) in China and provided useful and practical information institute (SWOV) and the Korea Transport the Transport Research Board (TRB) in the for local safety engineers.10 This is Institute (KOTI). The workshop concluded United States. unsurprising, given that the methodology that the methodology was impressive, shares its heritage with programmes that comprehensive and systematic, and

Star Ratings and serious crashes, Star Ratings and crash costs, Star Ratings and injury crash rates, Washington and Iowa, USA Queensland, Australia New Zealand 16 $0.120 80 14 $0.100 70 12 60 $0.080 10 50

8 $0.060 40

6 30 $0.040

4 PERCOSTVKT CRASH 20 INJURY CRASHES / 100 / MVMT100 CRASHES INJURY

$0.020 PER100M VKT CRASHES INJURY 2 10 VEHICLE OCCUPANT SERIOUSOCCUPANT FATALAND VEHICLE 0 $0.000 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS | irap.org VEHICLE OCCUPANT STAR RATINGS (100M SECTIONS) STAR RATING STAR RATING (100M SECTIONS)

There is substantial expertise in road safety combined with delivery of projects, such as participation in road safety LOCAL OWNERSHIP around the world, though much of it is to strengthen institutional road safety inspections and coding AND EXPERTISE concentrated in high-income countries. capacity. Elements of the strategy • mentoring road authority engineers For example, anecdotal evidence include: and key stakeholders to ensure they suggests there are around 500 road • training modules that can be are familiar with all parts of a project safety specialists in the Australian State of combined to create courses that and fully understand the methodology, Victoria, which has a population of just match the needs of participants (see results and are able to implement 5.5 million people (and a world-class rate next page) recommendations of 5.3 deaths per 100,000 population).32 • university accreditation for courses, • regional workshops, that provide At the other end of the spectrum, it is including the ‘iRAP programme and opportunities to share knowledge and Countries that have successfully unusual for a low-income or middle- project leader’s module’ that was experience and build networks. reduced deaths and serious income country to have more than a developed with support from the injuries invariably benefit from handful of such specialists, despite its Centre for Accident Research and engagement in the issues at all road safety challenge usually being vastly Road Safety – Queensland (CARRS-Q), larger than that of Victoria. the Malaysian Institute of Road Safety levels, from political leaders to Research (MIROS) and the Australia- policy makers, professionals and Part of iRAP’s strategy is to create Malaysia Institute the community. iRAP works to sustainable learning opportunities, often • on-the-job training during projects, build the pyramid of leadership, skills and enthusiasm necessary to transform the safety of roads

A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS | irap.org iRAP training modules that can be combined to create courses that match the needs of participants

Training module Who

iRAP overview An overview of iRAP’s vision, Risk Mapping, Performance Tracking, Star Policy makers, senior management, Rating and Investment Plans, Road Safety Toolkit, global activities and programme stakeholders Bloomberg RS10 Russia Project ‘family’ members International Road Assessment Programme iRAP programme and project leaders Programme leaders, project managers RUSSIA TRAINING COURSE How to deliver iRAP projects, basic theory and analysis knowledge, and team members, consultants and reporting and communications suppliers iRAP road safety inspections and coding Good road inspection practice (including system calibration, planning, Programme leaders, project managers data collection techniques and data handling) and iRAP coding and team members, inspection crews, (including coding of test sections, quality assurance and use of software coding supervisors and teams to upload results for processing) Using iRAP results to eliminate high risk road Policy makers, senior management, How to use Risk Map, Performance Tracking, Star Rating and Investment programme stakeholders, planners Plan results to eliminate high risk-roads Establishing and procuring iRAP activities The business case for improved road engineering safety. The three Development bank personnel, stages of project preparations, project delivery and implementation of government / road authority managers, countermeasures. Includes reviews, pre-project economics and likely programme managers returns, standard terms of reference, contract and quality assurance documentation, and accredited supplier details Designing five-star roads Project managers, road designers, How the iRAP Star Rating model, Road Protection Scores, Star Rating consultants, construction teams and iRAP Russia Project is Financially supported by: Demonstrator and Road Safety Toolkit enable designers to set and/or planners Bloomberg RS10 meet minimum Star Rating design specifications Five-star communications How to make the most of RAP and opportunities to build organisational Policy makers, media specialists, senior and community awareness and enthusiasm for road safety and management, programme leaders and investment in safer roads. stakeholders

irap.org | A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS

1.7 MILLION REASONS Society’s willingness to blame road users Kingdom on a large scale? By drawing on for deaths has lulled us into a sense existing data, research and our experience 10% TO INVEST that designs which are fundamentally in undertaking iRAP assessments on every Target for improvement of the busiest unsafe are adequate. This must change: continent, we have attempted to answer and highest-speed roads (which pedestrians without footpaths, roadside this question. In doing so, we now have typically account for more than half hazards without safety barriers, high-speed the outline of a business case for global of all road deaths) undivided roads must become things of investment in safe roads (see right).33 the past. The United Nations Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020 requires The business case not only supports World that we take a fresh, honest look at the Bank guidelines that the safety component $1,000 billion Road crashes are the causes of death and injury—and the of road projects should constitute between Invest $1,000 billion worldwide by solutions. number one killer of young 5% and 10% of total project costs, and 2020 (that is, the equivalent of about people worldwide. What recommendations by the Commission one-fifth of current spending on roads greater incentive could Based on the estimates of the number of for Global Road Safety and the United worldwide) deaths and the related cost of deaths Nations’ Global Plan for the Decade of we need to invest in safer and serious injuries in each country, we Action for Road Safety 2011-2020 that 10% infrastructure? A response calculate that serious road trauma costs of total project costs should be allocated that is commensurate with the world more than $1.5 trillion per year. to safety. It also shows that investing a the enormous scale of this At the same time, road authorities spend further 10% of total project costs in safety 1.7 million public health crisis is urgently approximately $500 billion each year on is economically justified. It shows that, on Prevent 1.7 million deaths and serious road infrastructure. In many cases, less than average, a death or serious injury can be required injuries every year from 2020 onwards 1% of this is earmarked for road safety. prevented for as little as $2,000 in low- Given this imbalance, it should come as income countries. no surprise that we are facing a global epidemic. As the Global Commission for The case for global investment in safety is Road Safety highlights, we are simply not compelling. A Decade of Action in high- $5,400 billion investing enough in safety. A scaling-up of return road investment can create a world Save $5,400 billion in crash-cost investment is essential—it is morally, socially free of high-risk roads. savings over 20 years and economically justified.

It is reasonable to ask what a commensurate global response on infrastructure safety is. What would it take to emulate the examples discussed earlier for Sweden, Australia and the United

irap.org | A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS RAPs SUPPORTING THE HOW RAPs ARE DECADE OF ACTION IN SUPPORTING PRACTICAL WAYS PILLAR 1 OF THE UN GLOBAL PLAN: ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT To achieve global reductions in The New Zealand Transport Minister Ministers from countries as varied road trauma, a significant scaling- receives a report on each fatal crash as the Netherlands, Malaysia and up of road safety awareness, which includes the KiwiRAP (www. Paraguay have announced policy kiwirap.org) Star Rating of the road. goals based on raising Star Ratings, action, expertise and knowledge such as eliminating one-star and two- sharing is needed. The Global Plan star national roads by 2020. for the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020, established by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Road Safety Collaboration, is designed to achieve this. The following are examples of how RAPs are taking practical steps to enabling each of the Plan’s five pillars to contribute to cuts in road trauma. The second pillar, Safer Roads and Mobility, is co-chaired by iRAP and the International Road Federation (IRF) usRAP (www.usrap.us), which has AusRAP (www.ausrap.org), which has assessed some 100,000km of roads assessed some 30,000km of roads, in eight States, provides performance is collaborating with Austroads on benchmarks that support the goals the integration of Star Ratings and of ‘Towards Zero Deaths: A National investment plans with broader planning Strategy’. tools to support the national road safety strategy.

A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS | irap.org The President of the Philippines takes a iRAP is partnering with the Multilateral RAPs are contributing to good The Prime Minister of the Republic personal interest in improving the Star Development Banks to help implement governance by increasing of Moldova shows outstanding Ratings of the nation’s roads, providing MDB Road Safety: A Development understanding and support of safety leadership, staying well-briefed on iRAP crucial road safety leadership. Priority. programs and reinforcing public road safety inspections agency accountability for safety.

Mexico will inspect and Star Rate There is an ever-growing body of Organisations such as the Slovak more than 45,000km of roads as part evidence making the business case Motoring Club are using EuroRAP of strategy to provide safe roads for for investment in safety. Saving Lives, (www.eurorap.org) Risk Maps to economic and social development. Saving Money identified potential measure actual performance against savings of between £25 billion and £36 national road safety targets during billion by 2020 in the UK. the Decade of Action.

irap.org | A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS HOW RAPs ARE SUPPORTING PILLAR 2 OF THE UN GLOBAL PLAN: SAFER ROADS AND MOBILITY Thanks to the support of our donors The European Road Safety Atlas (atlas. Road authorities in India and the and partners, iRAP is able to provide eurorap.org) assesses 240,000km of Republic of Moldova have used its tools and software to developing roads across 20 countries. It reveals Star Ratings to find ways to improve countries free-of-charge. Along with that 42% of the roads rated had designs for new roads. programmatic support for their use, unacceptably high risk, and over a this is enabling hundreds of thousands quarter of roads Star Rated scored of kilometres of high-risk roads to be less than the recommended minimum assessed and improved. three-star rating.

Star Ratings provide baseline safety Performance tracking shows how Working with Illinois DOT and usRAP, indicators for roads being rehabilitated risk changes over time. AusRAP, for Kane County DOT has developed a in the Philippines with finance from the example, found that on the top 15 most plan that would provide nearly $24 in Millennium Challenge Corporation. improved sections of Australian national benefits for each $1 spent on safety roads, casualty crashes declined from engineering improvements. 963 to 424—a 56% reduction—between 2000-04 and 2005-09.

A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS | irap.org KiwiRAP found that although just 5% iRAP training courses, like this one iRAP Centres of Excellence—ARRB Barriers to Change: Designing of New Zealand’s 10,000km long State in Peru, are being delivered around Group, the Transport Research Safe Roads for Motorcycles (www. Highway network rated 4- stars or the world. Content for courses is also Foundation, the Mexican Institute of eurorap.org) found that while safe better, 28% of travel occurs on these being provided by organisations Transport (IMT) and the Malaysian road design has cut deaths and roads, indicating that investment has such as the Institute of Transportation Institute of Road Safety Research injuries significantly, there is room for been well targeted. Engineers (ITE). (MIROS) and MRI Global are enabling improvement for bikers. large-scale use of assessments. They provide training, undertake research and development and deliver projects.

Free information on the causes and prevention of serious road crashes

Building on decades of road safety In Malaysia, Star Ratings have been Projects such as in Belize bring together Assessments in Paraguay showed how research, the Road Safety Toolkit (toolkit. used by the Public Works Department a range of organisations, including an investment of $25 million will avoid irap.org) helps engineers, planners and (JKR) to make immediate assessments road authorities, NGOs, police, finance 18,500 accidents. policy makers develop safety plans of reductions in risk at dangerous roads departments, consultants and donors to for vehicle occupants, motorcyclists, fixed under the national black spot ensure they benefit from diverse expertise. pedestrians, bicyclists, heavy vehicle program. occupants and public transport users.

irap.org | A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS HOW RAPs ARE SUPPORTING PILLAR 3 OF THE UN GLOBAL PLAN: SAFER VEHICLES

Roads That Cars Can Read—a joint In coming years, motorists in the usRAP is exploring the use of Risk initiative of EuroRAP and EuroNCAP— US will be able to use their in-car Maps to help state and local found that the condition of road signs navigation system to request not law enforcement officials target and markings could be the greatest only the quickest way from point A enforcement activities at roads with hurdle in reaping benefits of vehicle to point B, but the safest way using high risk rates and specific issues, such technology such as ‘Lane Support’ and usRAP Risk Maps. as drink driving. ‘Speed Alert.’

HOW RAPs ARE SUPPORTING PILLARS 4 AND 5 OF THE UN GLOBAL PLAN: SAFER ROAD USERS AND

POST-CRASH RESPONSE RAPs are engaging the public in road Companies such as BHP Billiton Risk Maps, Star Ratings and fatality safety. Risk-aware road users are use Star Ratings and Risk Maps to estimations help identify where the more likely to adapt their behaviour understand and minimise risk for their need for post-crash care is greatest. to reduce their risk, and will better employees and local communities. understand the need for traffic laws and speed limits.

A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS | irap.org 1. Stigson, H, Krafft, M and Tingvall, C 2008, ‘Use els for the Road Assessment Programme, Karnataka State Highway Improvement REFERENCES of fatal real-life crashes to analyze a safe RAP504.12 and TRL Report CPR1293, published Project. road transport system model, including the by iRAP and TRL and available at www.irap. 22. iRAP, KSHIP 2012, Star Rating Designs in Karna- road user, the vehicle, and the road’, Traffic org and www.trl.co.uk. taka, India. Injury Prevention, 9:463-471. 11. OCED International Transport Forum 2008, 23. iRAP 2011, Integrating Star Rating into Design, 2. Oxley, J, Corben, B, Koppel, S, Fildes, B, Towards zero: ambitious road safety targets EuroRAP, available at www.irap.org. Jacques, N, Symmons, M and Johnston, I 2004 and the safe system approach. 24. See www.eurorap.org, www.ausrap.org, Cost-effective infrastructure measures on rural 12. EuroRAP 2008, Latest Star Rating results from www.usrap.org and www.kiwirap.org. roads, Monash University Accident Research the Netherlands conclude that many Dutch 25. EuroRAP 2011, Spanish EuroRAP results 2011 Centre (MUARC), Swedish National Road national roads could be safer. http://www. show roads in Galicia, Extremadura and Can- Administration. eurorap.org/news_item?search=y&ID=90. tabria carry the highest risks, http://eurorap. 3. Vägverket 2009, Management by objectives 13. At time of printing, unpublished plans by the org/news_item?search=y&ID=490. for road safety work – Analysis of the road New Zealand government. 26. See for example http://eurorap.targeo.pl/. safety development, Result conference 2009. 14. Aeron-Thomas, A, Jacobs, G, Sexton, B, Guru- 27. See for example http://eurorap.org/news_ 4. McMahon, K and Dahdah, S 2008, The true raj, G, Rahman, F 2004, The involvement and item?search=y&ID=510. cost of road crashes: valuing life and the cost impact of road crashes on the poor: Bangla- 28. iRAP 2011, Before and after studies using crash of a serious injury, www.irap.org. desh and India case studies, TRL Limited. data and iRAP protocols, www.irap.org. 5. Hill, J and Starrs, C 2011, Saving lives, saving 15. Road Safety Foundation 2011, Simple Meas- 29. Rogers, L and Bin Hashim, H 2011, Star Rating money. The costs and benefits of achieving ures Save Lives, available at http://www.road- road improvements: 2009 Malaysia black spot safe roads, Road Safety Foundation and RAC safetyfoundation.org. programme www.irap.org. Foundation, http://www.roadsafetyfounda- 16. http://www.irap.net/news/62-amzs-wins-euro- 30. iRAP 2011, Crash rate–Star Rating compari- tion.org/media/11070/saving%20lives_sav- rap-star-performer-award.html. sons: review of available evidence, EuroRAP, ing%20money.pdf. 17. Scully, J, Newstead, S and Corben, B 2008 available at www.irap.org. 6. See for example, the Road Safety Toolkit, Preliminary evaluation of the $130 million 31. iRAP 2010, The iRAP Worting House Workshop available at http://toolkit.irap.org. Safe Road Infrastructure Program (Stage 1), 2010. Review of the iRAP Road Protection 7. Mohan, D, Tsimhoni, O, Sivak, M, Flannagan, MUARC Research Report. Score model and Star Ratings, available at M 2009, Road safety in India: challenges and 18. http://www.tac.vic.gov.au/jsp/content/Navi- www.irap.org. opportunities, University of Michigan Transpor- gationController.do?areaID=12&tierID=1&navI 32. Department of Infrastructure and Transport tation Research Centre. D=78B99CDE7F0000010163019B959A50EB&nav 2012, Fatal Road Crash Database. http:// 8. http://www.aipcrmexico2011.org/images/ Link=null&pageID=2102. www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/ stories/pdf/XXIV-WRCMX2011-03.pdf. 19. Multilateral Development Banks 2009, A road_fatality_statistics/fatal_road_crash_da- 9. See, for example, Harwood, D, Gilmore, D shared approach to managing road safety, tabase.aspx. and Bauer, K 2009, ‘Validation of U.S. road http://go.worldbank.org/3Y524T7KS0. 33. McInerney, R, Turner, B, Smith, G 2010, ‘A assessment program star rating protocol: ap- 20. Commission for Global Road Safety 2011, world free of high risk roads’ 24th ARRB Con- plication to safety management of U.S. roads, Make roads safe: time for action. ference, 2010. Transportation Research Record: Journal of 21. World Bank 2011, Project appraisal document the Transportation Research Board. on a proposed loan in the amount of US$350 10. Lynam, D 2012, Development of Risk Mod- million to the Republic of India for the Second

irap.org | A WORLD FREE OF HIGH RISK ROADS irap.org

International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP) Worting House, Basingstoke Hampshire, UK, RG23 8PX

T. +44 (0) 1256 345 598 E. [email protected]

A company limited by guarantee, registered in England, no.05476000 Registered as a Charity, no. 1140357 iRAP502.11, April 2012

Programme donors

Development partners

Centres of excellence

Self-governing programmes