Escuela Politécnica Nacional Facultad De Ingeniería Eléctrica Y Electrónica

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Escuela Politécnica Nacional Facultad De Ingeniería Eléctrica Y Electrónica ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA ELÉCTRICA Y ELECTRÓNICA DISEÑO DE LA CABECERA (HEAD END) DE UNA EMPRESA DE CATV PARA PROVEER TELEVISIÓN DE ALTA DEFINICIÓN (HDTV) EN LAS CIUDADES DE QUITO Y GUAYAQUIL UTILIZANDO UNA ARQUITECTURA REDUNDANTE PROYECTO PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO EN ELECTRÓNICA Y TELECOMUNICACIONES LOAIZA FREIRE ALBERTO GABINO [email protected] DIRECTOR: ING. FERNANDO FLORES [email protected] Quito, Noviembre 2011 DECLARACIÓN Yo Alberto Gabino Loaiza Freire, declaró bajo juramento que el trabajo aquí descrito es de mi autoría; que no ha sido previamente presentado para ningún grado o calificación profesional; y, que he consultado las referencias bibliográficas que se incluyen en este documento. A través de la presente declaración cedo mis derechos de propiedad intelectual correspondientes a este trabajo, a la Escuela Politécnica Nacional, según lo establecido por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, por su Reglamento y por la normatividad institucional vigente. Alberto Gabino Loaiza Freire CERTIFICACIÓN Certifico que el presente trabajo fue desarrollado por ALBERTO GABINO LOAIZA FREIRE, bajo mi supervisión. Ing. Fernando Flores DIRECTOR DE PROYECTO AGRADECIMIENTO A mi Esposa Daisy Elena por su ayuda y apoyo incondicional. Al Ing. Pablo Vega por su colaboración desinteresada para el desarrollo de este proyecto. Al Ing. Fernando Flores por su acertada guía durante la elaboración de este proyecto. A Grupo TVCable por el auspicio y el apoyo brindado en la realización de este proyecto. DEDICATORIA Se lo dedico muy especialmente al amor de mi vida, a la compañera de mi vida, a mi esposa Daisy Elena. Se lo dedico también a mi familia: a mi Madre que ha sido un ejemplo de vida, a mis hermanas Alex y Carla por el apoyo incondicional en todo momento, y a mi Padre por creer y confiar siempre en mí. I ÍNDICE GENERAL CAPÍTULO I 1. SITUACIÓN ACTUAL Y DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA RED DE GRUPO TV CABLE .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. INTRODUCCIÓN [1] , [2] ...................................................................... 1 1.2. ESTRUCTURA DE LA RED HFC DE GRUPO TV CABLE [2], [3] ...... 2 1.2.1. CABECERA O HEADEND [2], [3] ............................................................ 3 1.2.1.1. Recepción o Generación de Servicios ....................................................4 1.2.1.1.1. Servicios de Internet y Telefonía ..................................................................... 4 1.2.1.1.2. Servicios de Televisión .................................................................................... 7 1.2.1.1.2.1. Recepción por Aire ............................................................................. 7 1.2.1.1.2.2. Recepción directa mediante enlaces de Fibra Óptica ...................... 11 1.2.1.1.2.3. Señales Originadas por Grupo TVCable .......................................... 12 1.2.1.1.2.4. Recepción de Señales Vía Satélite [6], [33] .......................................... 12 1.2.1.2. Procesamiento ......................................................................................18 1.2.1.2.1. Procesamiento de señales en una infraestructura analógica ....................... 19 1.2.1.2.1.1. Infraestructura de señales recibidas a través de Fibra Óptica ......... 20 1.2.1.2.1.2. Infraestructura para transmisión de señales analógicas recibidas a través de una antena en forma analógica .................................................................. 20 1.2.1.2.1.3. Infraestructura para transmisión de canales analógicos, recibidos en formato digital desde un satélite ................................................................................. 21 1.2.1.2.2. Procesamiento de señales en una infraestructura digital en definición estándar 23 1.2.1.2.2.1. Codificación ...................................................................................... 23 1.2.1.2.2.2. Multiplexación ................................................................................... 24 1.2.1.2.2.3. Encripción y Modulación ................................................................... 25 1.2.1.2.3. Procesamiento de señales en una infraestructura digital en alta definición . 26 1.2.2. RED TRONCAL .................................................................................. 27 II 1.2.3. RED DE DISTRIBUCIÓN ................................................................... 28 1.2.3.1. Elementos Activos ................................................................................29 1.2.3.1.1. Amplificadores ............................................................................................... 29 1.2.3.1.2. Nodo Óptico .................................................................................................. 32 1.2.3.2. Elementos Pasivos ...............................................................................33 1.2.3.2.1. Cable Coaxial ................................................................................................ 33 1.2.3.2.1.1. Cable Coaxial 750 ............................................................................. 34 1.2.3.2.1.2. Cable Coaxial 500 ............................................................................. 35 1.2.3.2.1.3. Cable Coaxial RG6 ........................................................................... 36 1.2.3.2.1.4. Cable Coaxial RG11 ......................................................................... 37 1.2.3.2.2. TAP ................................................................................................................ 37 1.2.3.2.3. Splitter o Divisor ............................................................................................ 38 1.2.3.2.4. Acopladores .................................................................................................. 38 1.2.3.2.5. RPI ................................................................................................................. 39 1.2.3.3. Fuente de Alimentación Eléctrica .........................................................39 1.2.3.3.1. Módulo Transformador .................................................................................. 40 1.2.3.3.2. Módulo Inversor ............................................................................................. 40 1.2.3.3.3. Banco de Baterías ......................................................................................... 40 1.2.4. EQUIPOS TERMINALES DE USUARIO ............................................ 40 1.2.4.1. Cable módem ........................................................................................40 1.2.4.2. Multimedia Terminal Adaptor ................................................................40 1.2.4.3. Decodificador ........................................................................................41 1.3. REDES DE TRANSPORTE DE GRUPO TVCABLE ...................... 41 1.3.1. RED SDH [15], [16], [17] ............................................................................ 41 1.3.2. RED MPLS [15], [16], [17] .......................................................................... 42 1.3.2.1. Equipos MPLS [15], [16], [17] .......................................................................43 1.3.2.1.1. Equipos 8660 MPLS Edge Switch ................................................................ 43 1.3.2.1.2. Equipo 8630 MPLS ....................................................................................... 43 III 1.4. REDES DE ACCESO DE GRUPO TVCABLE [15], [16], [17] ................ 44 1.4.1. Equipos DSLAM ................................................................................. 44 1.4.1.1. Equipos DSLAM AN3300 [15], [16], [17] .......................................................45 1.4.1.2. Equipos AN2200 [15], [16], [17] ....................................................................46 CAPÍTULO II 2. SERVICIOS DE ALTA DEFINICIÓN EN LATINOAMÉRICA ............... 47 2.1. SATÉLITES QUE CUBREN LATINOAMÉRICA ............................. 47 2.1.1. SATÉLITES GEOESTACIONARIOS [33], ............................................ 47 2.1.2. POSICIÓN DE LOS SATÉLITES ........................................................ 48 2.1.2.1. Longitud Terrestre .................................................................................49 2.1.2.2. Ubicación Geográfica del Continente Americano .................................49 2.1.2.3. Satélites que iluminan el continente americano [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25] .....50 2.1.2.4. Satélites que iluminan las diferentes zonas de Latinoamérica [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25] 53 2.1.2.4.1. Satélites que tienen su cobertura en México ................................................ 53 2.1.2.4.2. Satélites que tienen su cobertura en El Caribe ............................................. 54 2.1.2.4.3. Satélites que tienen cobertura en Centroamérica ......................................... 55 2.1.2.4.4. Satélites que tienen cobertura en Sudamérica ............................................. 56 2.1.2.4.5. Satélites que tienen cobertura en Ecuador ................................................... 57 2.2. GRILLAS COMPLETAS DE CANALES DE TELEVISIÓN DE ALTA DEFINICIÓN DISPONIBLE EN LATINOAMÉRICA. ................................. 58 2.2.1. TELEVISIÓN EN DEFINICIÓN ESTÁNDAR [18] ................................. 58 2.2.1.1. Reseña histórica de la televisión en definición estándar (SDTV) .........58 2.2.1.2. Características Técnicas .......................................................................59
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