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People, Land, and Pipelines: Perspectives on Resource Decision-Making Processes in the Sahtu Region, Northwest Territories

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People, Land, and Pipelines: Perspectives on Resource Decision-Making Processes in the Sahtu Region, Northwest Territories University of Alberta People, Land, and Pipelines: Perspectives on Resource Decision-Making Processes in the Sahtu Region, Northwest Territories by Carly A. Dokis A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology © Carly A. Dokis Spring 2010 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-60502-8 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-60502-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n’y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Examining Committee Dr. Andie Palmer, Anthropology Dr. Christopher Fletcher, Anthropology Dr. Mark Nuttall, Anthropology Dr. Jean DeBernardi, Anthropology Dr. Naomi Krogman, Rural Economy Dr. Colin Scott, Anthropology McGill University Abstract: This dissertation examines the ways in which three Aboriginal communities in the Sahtu Region of the Northwest Territories are participating in decisions and activities related to non-renewable resource extraction on Sahtu lands. In particular, I examine local involvement in the assessment and regulation of a 1,220 km natural gas pipeline and related infrastructure, collectively termed the Mackenzie Gas Project, currently proposed for the Mackenzie Valley. Overall, this work addresses the conditions under which Sahtu Dene and Métis participation in resource decision-making takes place; it identifies and offers a critique of some of the assumptions inherent in regulatory, environmental assessment, and consultative processes currently in place in the Sahtu region, and argues that while there has been significant progress in establishing avenues for Sahtu Dene and Métis participation in resource decision-making, non-local epistemological underpinnings of governance, regulatory, and environmental assessment institutions and practices can hinder local participation in resource decision-making and may serve to reinforce existing power relationships between proponents, Aboriginal communities, and the Canadian state. The findings of this research suggest that there are several barriers to Sahtu Dene and Métis participation in resource decision-making, including: 1) how environmental impacts are assessed and the associated determination of their „significance‟ in environmental assessment and management regimes; 2) the naturalization of techno-rational knowledge paradigms and legalistic discourse in environmental assessment and regulatory processes; 3) incongruent communicative practices and norms of appropriate human and human/other than-human relationships between local Dene and Métis participants and those of large development corporations and governments; 4) divergent perceptions of the landscape; and 5) changing governance structures resulting from the Sahtu Dene and Métis Comprehensive Land Claim. This research contributes to a growing assessment of current participatory and resource co-management processes in the Canadian north, and addresses the call for research reflecting local experiences of various participatory processes in resource management, including the often messy and contradictory positions taken by members of a diverse community. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the people of Déline, Tulit‟a, and Colville Lake for their generosity and hospitality during my stay in their communities, and for their willingness to so patiently and graciously share their knowledge and experience with me. I would like to especially thank Morris and Bernice Neyelle, Cathy Menacho, and Marie and Hyacinth Kochon for opening their homes and lives to me. Thank you also to Larry and Carla at the Rayuka Inn in Norman Wells for taking me to and from the airport, and offering me „student‟ rates during my stays. This work would not be possible without the knowledge and experience shared by Chief Frank Andrew, Alvin Yalle, Wilbert Menacho, Jonas Neyelle, Leon Andrew, Rocky Norwegian, Clarence Campbell, Carl Yakalaya, Bobby Clement, Charlie Neyelle, Marty-Ann Kenny, Leroy Andre, Collin Bayah, Danny Bayah, Walter Bayah, Ed Reeves, Richard Kochon, Joseph Kochon, and Gene Ouzi. Irene Betsidia‟s insight and skills were invaluable during my field research, and her gentle advice and support were always appreciated. I would like to thank Morris Mendo, Les Baton, Barry Gully, and Gloria Gaudet for their kindness and friendship throughout my stay in the Sahtu. Funding for this research was provided by the Canadian Circumpolar Institute C/BAR and the Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) Northern Scientific Training Program (NSTP) grants, the Richard F. Salisbury Student Award, the International Association for Impact Assessment Western & Northern Canada (IAIA-WNC) Graduate Scholarship, a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Scholarship, and the Aboriginal Voice in Environmental Impact Assessment project funded through ArcticNet. I would like to thank Douglas Rae of Rae and Company for his support, advice, and for the „lift‟ from Colville Lake. Thank you to Thom Stubbs at Integrated Environments for his advice and reference material. Thank you also to David Livingstone at the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Renewable Resources and the Environment in Yellowknife for his support of this project. This work would not be possible without the thoughtful guidance of my supervisor, Dr. Andie Palmer; I very much appreciate her professional and personal support throughout my doctoral program. The experience and advice of Chris Fletcher has been invaluable throughout my doctoral studies, and I owe him a special thank you for his assistance in my field research. Mark Nuttall has graciously offered his expertise in the area of northern studies, and particularly in the area of northern resource development. A special thank you is extended to my University examiners, Dr. Jean DeBernardi, and Dr. Naomi Krogman. Collin Scott, Professor of Anthropology at McGill University, has also provided valuable feedback on this work. I would like to thank the Canadian Circumpolar Institute, and particularly Elaine Maloney, for their continued support of this project, and the assistance of the staff at the Department of Anthropology at the University of Alberta, especially Gail Mathew and Liz Jobagy, and Joanne McKinnon. This work has benefited from discussions with collogues and fellow graduate students including Christine Schreyer, Clint Westman, Aaron Denham, and Arthur Mason; their encouragement and friendship has meant a great deal to me over the course of my Ph.D. program. My parents, Darlene and Marcus McLafferty, and my sister, Lindsey Shaw, have always encouraged me to follow my dreams, and I thank them for providing the guidance and opportunities that have allowed me to undertake this project. My husband, Doug, has been an incredible source of support during my studies and my fieldwork, and I thank him for his patience and his encouragement throughout my travels and writing. Finally, I would like to thank our children, Elijah and Miishi, for providing the inspiration to finish this dissertation.
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