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Russian Political Liberalism and Western Political Theory

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Russian Political Liberalism and Western Political Theory _________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses Russian political liberalism and Western political theory. Kaehne, Axel How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Kaehne, Axel (2002) Russian political liberalism and Western political theory.. thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42222 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence: copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. The copyright for any work remains with the original author unless otherwise specified. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder. Permission for multiple reproductions should be obtained from the original author. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to copyright and publisher restrictions when uploading content to the repository. Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ Russian Political Liberalism and Western Political Theory Axel Kaehne Submitted to the University of Wales in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Wales Swansea 2002 1 ProQuest Number: 10797924 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10797924 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Summary The thesis attempts to reinvigorate the universalist credentials of Western liberal political theory by (1) illustrating the centrality of the concept of human agency for universal political liberalism, (2) arguing for the significance of the concept of agency for understanding the Russian societal transformation, and (3) suggesting that political theory may most usefully be conceived as a universal discourse which is in constant need of appropriating and constructively integrating different accounts and conceptualisations of political liberalism. In order to accomplish this it will be argued that Western political theorists have to take seriously the ways in which Russian scholars think about political liberalism and, to this end, the thesis will present an overview of the Russian debate on political liberalism during the first post-communist decade. 2 Declarations and Statements DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ............................ (candidate) Date ......................... STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by references (Harvard system) giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed .................... (candidate) Date ............ STATEMENT 2 I hereby give my consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter- library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ........................ (candidate) Date 0 9 3 CONTENTS PART I - Western Political Theory, Universalism and Agency 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................7 2. Literature Review.......................................................................................................................... 20 3. Agency and Political Universalism.............................................................................................30 4. Building Blocs for a Viable Universal Liberalism...................................................................59 5. Russian Transformation and Agency - Why Agency Matters to Russia.............................82 PART II - The Russian Debate on Political Liberalism 6. The Problem of Parallel Debates - Some Methodological Remarks................................. 118 7 . Characterising the Debate.......................................................................................................... 129 8. Russian Liberalism between East and West - Influences and Misunderstandings 141 9. Liberalism, Culture and Civility............................................................................................... 166 10. Liberalism as Civilisation.........................................................................................................175 11. Statehood, Russia and Historical Prerequisites of Liberalism..........................................191 12. Modernity and Political Liberalism....................................................................................... 208 13. Political Theory- Liberalism, Chaos, and Anarchy............................................................ 234 PART III - Political Theory, Universalism and Russia 14. What is the (Russian Challenge1 to Western Political Theory?........................................257 15. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 275 16. References................................................................................................................................... 299 4 Abbreviations AT A-cultural Theory CT Cultural Theory HR Heuristic Radicalism UC Universality Claim Tables Table 1. Categories of the Russian debate page 132 5 Part I Western Political Theory, Universalism and Agency 1. Introduction ‘Politics’ Michael Oakeshott once wrote, ‘is the art of knowing where to go next in the exploration of an already existing traditional kind of society’ (Oakeshott, 1991, p.406). Trying to rebut the ‘ideologically oriented’ re-crafting of social affairs, he emphasised the relevance of existing social structures and norms from which the citizens of the polity would glean some intimations as to where to go and how to proceed. Although such a moderate conservatism might reverberate increasingly well in Western societies and a growing number of liberals may take refuge in his portrayal of politics as a ‘vernacular’ spoken by, and particular to, the participants (cf. for the most recent conservative reformulation Cahoone, 2002), Russia currently neither has the privilege nor can it afford such a moderate conservatism since it lacks any established and widely accepted rules of the political game. While the conservative critique of political liberalism in the West aims at preventing the dissolution of an already existing and highly valued political fabric that evolved over centuries, Russia knows only a caricature of politics in its ideological deformation. Thus Oakeshott’s warning against an understanding of politics as a formulaic project is conditional upon the temporal primacy of liberal politics. But what about those societies like Russia which so far have failed to establish successfully liberal politics throughout their history and now, exiting the disastrous Communist experiment, are faced with a choice of ad hoc instituting liberal institutions? If Western liberals have expressed growing discontent about unfettered liberalism of late, and a ‘mitigated’ liberalism is dependent on existing well-established politics, where shall they turn? Is there a fast lane for learning the liberal ‘vernacular’? And are such political linguistics suitable for societies in transformation at all? Or are some societies simply doomed to remain averse to political liberalism for the foreseeable future? Looking at the situation in Europe’s former Communist states, the picture is varied. Some societies have managed in the wake of the collapse of the Communist regimes to 7 revitalise their political traditions, as it were, peeling off the veneer of Communist politics and thereby baring the healthy (or not so healthy) past political arrangements. Russian society, however, has faced a different challenge since 1991. The furrows of the Communist project ran deeper here and the veneer is thicker, rendering it impossible to declare a simple ‘return’ after an ‘accident’ that had lasted more than 70 years. Ever since the dissolution of the Soviet Union Russia has been a country in search of the meaning of the suffering that Communism had exacted over the last seven decades. Since neither a simple ‘return’ to pre-revolutionary times nor a consensus on an entirely novel, modem Russia seemed to emerge for a long time, Russian historians and political scientists had to do it the hard way: to come to terms with, and try to make sense of, the Soviet experiment and thereby address the needs of the present. The magnitude of this change can barely be glimpsed using the terminology
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