Selling Hollywood to the World: U.S

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65156-1 - Selling Hollywood to the World: U.S. and European Struggles for Mastery of the Global Film Industry, 1920–1950 John Trumpbour Index More information

Index

Achard, Marcel, 239 Aragon, Louis, 241–2, 251, 253 Acheson, Dean, 88, 105–6, 111 Arbeiderbladet, 67 Acoulon, Philippe, 264 Arbuckle, Roscoe “Fatty,” 20–1 Action Française, 236–9 Argentina, 31, 191, 265 Adorno, Theodor, 251 Arnall, Ellis, 110–11 Aero-Engine, 134 Arrivée d’un train à La Ciotat, 328n5 Afghanistan, 97 artisans, 8, 240, 243, 249–51, 255–7, 268 Agee, James, 84 artisanal vs. industrial ﬁlm, 140, 268, Akira, Asada, 284–5 271–3 Albert, King, 224 artisanal populism, 8, 240, 247 All Quiet on the Western Front, 107 Ashton, C. M., 147 Alliance du Cinéma Independent, 252 Associated British Cinemas (ABC), 178 Allport, F. W., 92, 186, 200 Associated British Picture Company Amen, John Harlan, 81 (ABPC), 178 America, 17–18, 144 Association of Cine-Technicians, 203 American Civil Liberties Union, 52 Association of Revolutionary Artists and Americans All, 98 Writers (AEAR), 252 Amery, L. S., 124 Astaire, Fred, 279–80 Amis de Spartacus, Les, 244–5 “Asterix” cartoons, 225 anarchism, 255–6 Atkinson, G. A., 147, 172, 173 Anderson, Digby, 286 Atlantic Monthly, 28–9 Anderson, Eugene, 102 Attack of the Crab Monsters, 222 Anderson, Perry, 12–13 Aube, L’, 247 Andrew, Dudley, 249 Auden, W. H., 128, 132 Andy Hardy’s Dilemma, 98 Australia, 38, 191 Anglophilia, 77, 229–31 automobile industry, 8, 256, 268 Ann Vickers, 295n45 ﬁlm and female driving, 96 Anti-Defamation League, 192 anti-Semitism, 3, 21–2, 35, 41–2, 61–2, Baden-Powell, Lord (Robert Stephenson 75–7, 80–8, 145, 158–9, 231–9 Smyth), 30, 162, 163 antitrust, 73, 103, 105 Baker, George W., 104 Apollinaire, Guillaume, 241, 242 Balcon, Michael, 148, 153, 159, 178, 205, Appel, 239 208 Appel du Silence, L’, 229, 248 Baldwin, Stanley, 122, 123 Apple, 204 Baltimore Catholic Review, 71 Applin, R. V. K., 120 Bandera, La, 229

363

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364 Index

Bank of England, 170, 320n7 Bled, Le, 259 Bardèche, Maurice, 236–7, 255 Bliss, Don, 200–1 Barnes, Elmer Tracey, 226–7 block booking, 61, 68 Barrymore, John, 245 Blum, Léon, 236, 252 Bas-Fonds, Les, 255 Blum–Byrnes Accord, 266–71 Battle of Russia, 92 Blumer, Herbert, 45 Bazin, André, 243, 249, 333n65 Board of Trade (U.K.), 6, 65–6, 141–2, 179, BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 186–9, 191, 194–8, 200–2, 207–8 127, 129, 140, 186, 208, 278, 287 Bond, Ralph, 131, 314n37 BBC: The Voice of Britain, 129 Bonnell, René, 2 Beau Geste, 228, 229 Bonnet, Henri, 265, 336n20 Beaverbrook, Lord (William Maxwell Bonnie Prince Charlie, 160, 202 Aitken), 121, 185, 203, 321n29 Boston Post, 48 Becker, Jacques, 269 Boudoir Diplomat, 32 Beddington, Jack, 132 Boudu sauvé des eaux, 255 Beer, George Louis, 211 Box, Muriel, 314n36 Begg, John, 102 Boyer, Charles, 238 Belgium, 4, 64–5, 187, 262, 278, 281, Boyle, (Bishop) Hugh C., 49–50 285–6 Brady, William, 24–5, 27 bans Congolese from Hollywood, 10, Brandeis, Louis, 275 225 Brasillach, Robert, 236–7, 255 Catholic ﬁlm movement, growth, 213–23 Brazil, 70 dubbing meets resistance, 223 Brazza ou l’épopée du Congo, 258 Flanders vs. Wallonia, 212 Brecht, Bertolt, 136–7, 153 foreign invasions, 211–12 Breen, Joseph I., 39, 40, 54, 56–62, 144–5, historical disparagement, 211 182, 192–4, 216, 262 internationalism, 213 accused of selling out by allies, 50 outrage at U.S. nudism ﬁlm, 223–4 anti-Semitism, 41–2 Bell, Oliver, 130, 133 Chaplin and, 305n38 Belle of the Nineties (aka It Ain’t No Sin), Chicago Legion, disenchantment with, 49 298n105 Belloc, Hilaire, 76, 135 European producers frustrated by, 264 Berg, Beggt, 67 Hays: disenchantment with, 41–2, 59; Berg, Henrik, 67 privately backed by, 56 Berle, A. A., 89, 110 as “Hitler of Hollywood,” 299n110 Berliner Zeitung am Mittag, 66 on Mildred Pierce, 58 Bernanos, Georges, 240 morals more important than patriotism, Bernays, Edward, 133 98 Bête humaine, La, 255 and Production Code, 34–5, 53 Betts, Ernest, 18, 185 power mounts, 50–1 Bevin, Ernest, 132, 196–7, 202, 323nn84,87 Brezillon, Léon, 258–9 Bicycle Thief, The, 250–1 Bride of Frankenstein, 205 Big Parade, The, 228 Brighton Rock, 202 Binder, J. W., 24, 299n113 British Board of Film Censors, 11, 18, 30, Bioscope, 2, 120 38, 172, 293n26 Biró, Lajos, 152, 154 British Council, 127 Birth of a Nation, 144 British Library of Information, 141–5 Bismarck, Otto von, 211 Brohée, (Chanoine [Canon]) Abel, 214–16, Black, Gregory D., 291n17 225 Black Narcissus, 194, 202 Broken Blossoms, 242 Blackboard Jungle, 223 Bromhead, A. C., 121, 166, 177 Bland, J. O. P., 28–9 Broncho Billy and the Greaser, 28

Index 365

Bucket of Blood, A, 223 Catholic Party (Belgium), 223 Buñuel, Luis, 220 Cavalcanti, Alberto, 128, 140 Burckhardt, Jacob, 180 Céline, Louis-Ferdinand, 236 Burgess, E. W., 45 Central Conference of Jewish Rabbis, 44 Burma, see Objective Burma Centre Catholique d’Action Cinématogra- Burma Victory, 185 phique (CCAC), 55, 218 Burnett, R. J., 172–3 Centre Catholique Internationale de Presse Burnham, Walter Dean, 291n18 et de Cinéma, 216 Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 229 Centre National de la Cinématographie Business Advisory Council, 275 (CNC), 264, 271 Butler, (Sen.) Hugh, 88 Chambrillon, L., 245 Butler, Smedley, 108 Chaplin, Charles, 69, 80, 142–3, 151, 242, Byrnes, James, 266 251, 277, 303n38 Charge of the Light Brigade, 299n107 Cabinet des Dr. Caligari, Das, 7–8 Charisse, Cyd, 279–80 Caddo Company, 37 Charman, Bernard, 145 Caffery, Jefferson, 267–70 Chastanet, J. L., 231 Cagney, James, 58, 98 Chataigneau, Yves, 231 Cain, James, 58 Chicago, 24, 29 Camelots du Roi, 232, 239 archdiocese of, 55 caméra-stylo, 249 Chienne, La, 220 Canada, 38, 44, 94 children and film, 179–80, 221–3, 282–5; communist accusations vs. Grierson, see also juvenile delinquency 130–1 Children at School, 134 Imperial Economic Conference, 126 Chile, 31 Québec, 262 Choisir, 214, 215, 216, 220, 234, 247–9, Canard, Le, 233 253, 262, 282, 285 Cantwell, (Bishop) John J., 42–3, 49, 61, Christiansen, Arthur, 185 301n131 Churchill, Winston, 148 Canty, George E., 108 Churchman, The, 35 Canudo, Ricciotto, 241, 243 Cicognani, (Archbishop) A. G., 42 Capra, Frank, 92 Ciné-Liberté, 252–3, 261–2 Captain Blood, 60 cinema-club movement, 129–30, 243–6 Carillo, Leo, 31 cinéma de papa, 272–3 Carrington, Lord (Peter Alexander Rupert Cinematograph Exhibitors Association, Carrington), 128 129, 199 Carmoy, Leo, 260, 264, 335n13 Cinematograph Films Act (U.K.) Carné, Marcel, 237, 239, 254 of 1927, 146, 161 Carosello, 278 of 1938, 161–7, 179, 201 Catholic Church Citizen Kane, 49 in Belgium, film movement, 213–22 Citizens League of Maryland for Better on Black Narcissus, 194 Motion Pictures, 71, 94 in Britain, 173–4 City of London (financial district), 154, in France, resurgence, 246–9 158, 161, 170 and Methodism, debate over film, 175 Clair, René, 152, 238, 241, 246–7 WASP-dominated state suspected, 60–1 Clark, Barrett H., 52 see also specific cleric; Breen, Joseph I.; Clark, (Sen.) Bennett Champ, 75, 79 Choisir; Legion of Decency; Lord, Clark, (Sen.) D. Worth, 76, 77 Daniel; OCIC; Pius XI; Pius XII; class, 281–2 Quigley, Martin anarchism, social bases of, 255–6 Catholic Daughters of America, 61 bankers as gentry, 161 Catholic Film Society, 173–5 bourgeois decay, dangers of, 95–6, 103

366 Index

Korda on aristocracy, bourgeoisie, and Costello, Walter J., 68 proletariat, 153 Council on Foreign Relations, 275 Norman regards filmmakers as low-class, Cousteau, P. A., 236 169 Couvares, Francis G., 295n46 proletarian films lacking in France, Crafts, Wilbur Fisk, 21, 22, 292nn12,13 254–5 Crawford, Joan, 58 Rank favors middle class over aristocracy, Creel, George, 63 182 Cremieu-Javal, Ian, 178 see also artisans Crime de Monsieur Lange, Le, 254 Cleveland News, 98 Cripps, Stafford, 132, 154–6, 186, 189, Cleveland Plain-Dealer, 189 191 Clive of India, 230 Crosby, Bing, 101 Clofine, Michael, 112 Crossfire, 84, 300n121 Clouzot, Henri-Georges, 265, 335n13 Croy (Crouy-Chanel), Étienne, 265 Club des Amis du Septième Art (CASA), Crybaby Killer, The, 223 243 Cuba, 32, 108 Coal Face, 128 Culture, Ministry of, 271 Cockburn, Alexander, 336n31 Cunliffe-Lister, Sir Philip (Viscount Cocteau, Jean, 246 Swinton), 123, 141, 161, 301n4 Cohn, Harry, 150 Curd, T. W. C., 174 Cohn, Jack (brother of Harry), 88 Curtis, Charles, 38 Collingwood, R. G., 181 Collins, Richard, 87 Daily Express, 120, 170, 185 Comité Catholique du Cinématographe, Daily Mail, 184 247, 248–9 Daily Mirror, 185 Comité d’Organisation de l’Industrie Daily Sketch, 184, 185 Cinématographique (COIC), 263–4 Daily Worker, 198 Commerce, (U.S.) Dept. of, 4, 5, 6, 7, 20, Dalton, Hugh, 179, 190 26, 108–10, 212, 224, 259 Damien, Father, 327n24 Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Dancing Gob, The, 71 Commerce (BFDC), 64–5 Daniels, Josephus, 1, 88, 107–8, 310n36 Motion Picture Section, 64 Daquin, Louis, 269 religious crusaders vs., 72 Daughters of the American Revolution, 17, tries to shield film industry, 73 30, 71 Committee for Economic Development Davies, Joseph, 82 (CED), 275 Davies, Marion, 49, 245 Committee on Public Information, 63–4 Davis, Bette, 157 Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), Davis, John, 204, 205, 207 256, 261, 267 de Gaulle, Charles, 225, 230 Confessions of a Nazi Spy, 75, 79 De Givray, Claude, 255 Congrès Catholique du Cinéma, 247 de Havilland, Olivia, 60 Conservative Party (U.K.), 280 De Sica, Vittorio, 250–1 public relations and documentary used, Dead of Night, 140 132 Dearborn Independent, 21–2, 23 Tory suspicion of documentary move- Death Mills, 83 ment, 129–30 Debray, Régis, 135, 284 Contact, 128 Decloux, André-Léon, 229 Continental, 264, 335n13 Degrelle, Léon, 212 contingentement, see quotas Del Giudice, Filippo, 206 Corbeau, Le, 265, 335n13, 336n20 Dell, Jeffrey, 207 Corfield, John, 169 Delluc, Louis, 242, 243, 244 corporatism, 20, 26–7 Demaria, Jules, 226 Costa Rica, 70 Deming, Barbara, 95

Index 367

Denham Studios, 154, 156, 158, 159, 176; Eakins, David W., 275 see also Korda, Alexander Ealing Studios, 140, 194, 205, 206 Denmark, 93 Eastern Valley, 134 Dennett, Mary Ware, 52 Eastman, Fred, 29, 72, 303n19 Derr, E. B., 37 Eckstein, Harry J., 52 Dertouzos, Michael, 287 Economic Cooperation Administration, Desert Fox, The, 113–14 114, 191, 275; see also Marshall Destrée, Jules, 211 Plan Deutsch, Lily, 176 economics, of Hollywood, 73–4, 277, 280 Deutsch, Oscar, 176–7, 178, 179, 187 French cinema market, 227–8, 230–1, 2 ou 3 choses que je sais d’elle, 273 256–7 Devil’s Island, 229 as moral-regulatory force, 3, 33, 53, 59– Dewey, John, 83 61 Diamant-Berger, Robert, 238, 241 Eisenstein, Sergei, 130, 135 Dickinson, Margaret, 3, 198, 324n8, El Salvador, 31 325n15 Elliot, Walter, 124 Dies, Martin, 85 Elstree Studios, 145, 175 Dies committee, 79 Elton, Arthur, 127, 139 Disney, Walt, 94–5, 270, 277 Empire Marketing Board, 123–4, 126–7, Documentation cinématographique de la 133; see also Grierson, John; Tallents, Presse (DOCIP), 218–19 Stephen documentary Enemies of Women, The, 228 Belgium, 212–13 Enfants du Paradis, Les, 239 desire for higher short-film quota, 165 Enough to Eat?, 134 human vs. social, 136–7 Entertainments Tax (ET), 186–7, 207 see also specific film; Grierson, John Ermans, Marcel, 159 Doherty, Thomas, 291n17, 295n46 Ernst, Georg, 214 Dominican Republic, 108 Esprit, 247, 249 Dominicans of Woodchester, 174 Eureka Stockade, 140 “Don’ts and Be Carefuls” (MPPDA list), 33 European Economic Community (EEC), Dormael, Jaco van, 225 206 Double Indemnity, 220 European Recovery Program (ERP), see double program, banned in France and Marshall Plan Germany, 263–4 Evening Standard, 120 Douglas, Melvyn, 85 Extase (Ecstasy), 216 Doumergue, Gaston, 232 Dove, The, 31 Face of Britain, 134 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 39 Facey, (Father) Paul, 43 Dracula, 32 Fadeyev, Alexander, 278 Dragstrip Riot, 223 Fainsilber, Samson, 238 Dreyfus, Mme Jean-Paul (Nina Martel- fan magazines, crusade against, 52–3 Dreyfus), 253 Farewell to Arms, A, 19 Drifters, 124, 134 Farrow, Leslie William, 169 Dubois, Cardinal, 247 Faure, Paul, 260, 262 Duggan, S. J., 96 Fayard, Jean, 217 Duhamel, Georges, 240 Federal Council of Churches of Christ in Dulac, Germaine, 242–3, 244 America, 43 Dulles, Allen, 116, 190, 196 Fédération des Salles Catholiques, 247 Dulles, John Foster, 114–15, 270 Federation of British Industries, 119, 121, Duvivier, Julien, 237, 238, 272 123, 141–2, 168 Fehrenbach, Heide, 2–3, 290n12 Eady, Wilfrid, 190, 191, 195, 196, 207 Feyder, Jacques, 152, 212, 220, 237 Eagle–Lion Pictures, 270 Fidler, Jimmie, 80

368 Index

Field, Mary, 179–80 Gaumont–Franco–Film–Aubert (GFFA), Film Council, 156 233, 261 Filmleidung, 218 Gavaerts, 223 Filmrundschau, 215 Gaxotte, Pierre, 236 Financial Times, 158, 198–9 Gay, Edwin F., 45 Finke, Roger, 291n18 Gaynor, William J., 57 Fire over England, 304n33 Geddes. Auckland Sir, 144 First Amendment, 52 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Fisher, F. McCracken, 112 (GATT), 104, 111, 116, 195 Fisher, James B., 32 General Cinema Finance Corporation Flaherty, Robert, 134, 137–8 (GCFC), 169, 175; see also Rank, Flêche de Paris, La, 233, 330n20 J. Arthur Fletcher, Angus 141 General Film Distributors, 169, 175 Flowers, W. F., 83 General Post Office (GPO) Film Unit, Flynn, Errol, 60, 157, 183 126–40; see also Grierson, John Foot, Michael, 203, 206 Geneva, see League of Nations, Conference Ford, Henry, 21, 23 on the Abolition of Import and Export Fordism, 8 Prohibitions and Restrictions Foreign Office (U.K.), 6, 66, 141–5; see also Gentleman’s Agreement, 84 Bevin, Ernest German-American Bund, 75 “Formula, The,” 32–3 Germany Forrestal, James, 85, 196 anti-Nazi films, 77–9, 81, 98 France, 4, 65, 70, 93, 187, 223, 278, 280–1 decartelization, 103, 105 cinema attendance, 227–8, 280–1 double-program ban, 264 domination of global cinema lost, 226–7 expressionism, 19 film criticism in reviving cinema, 241–5 Film Credit Bank, 264 Hollywood angers, 70, 228–31 film industry, 7–8 vs. Jews and foreigners, 231–9 Filmkammer, 104, 259 Latin America strategy, 265 import restrictions, 93 postwar state support, 264–5, 270–1 Kino Reform Movement, 30 Vichy support of film, 6, 239, 263–4 Kontingent system, 4, 65 Franciscans of Guildford, 174 moral crusaders, 30, 44 Frank, Isaiah, 104 newspapers attack Hollywood, 66–7 Frankenstein, 39 U.S. occupation regime, 98–107, 110–14 free flow of information, 116 and WWI, 63–4; as film villain, 28; Frick, Henry Clay, 281 Korda on, 147–8 Friedrich, Otto, 87 see also Goebbels, Joseph; High Commis- Friedman, Thomas, 287 sion in Germany Friese-Greene, William, 199, 324n95 Gerould, Kathleen, 28–9 Gibbs, Cornelia A., 71, 94 Gabin, Jean, 254–5 Gibbs, William F., 55 Gainsborough Films, 178, 182, 205 Gide, André, 252 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 102–3 Gilda, 183 Gamble, Snowden, 132 Gillies, Stewart, 170 Gance, Abel, 229 Girl of the Rio, 31 gangster cycle, 34–9, 60, 75, 98–9 Gilson, Etienne, 268 Garçonne, La, 235 Giraudoux, Jean, 235 Gaslight, 100 Gish, Lillian, 242, 340n31 Gatenbein, James W., 97 Glancy, H. Mark, 2 Gaumont (France), 256, 258 globalization, 8 Gaumont–British, 129, 145, 157, 169, Godard, Jean-Luc, 273, 282, 284 177–8, 179 Goddard, Paulette, 160

Index 369

Goebbels, Joseph, 98, 104, 107, 127, 130, Hamilton, James Shelley, 36 137, 212, 231, 234, 264 Harcourt-Smith, Simon, 182 Going My Way, 100, 101 Hardy, Thomas, 122 Goldman, Solomon, 44 Harper, Sue, 325n14 Goldwyn, Samuel, 60 Harris, Louis I., 52 Gone with the Wind, 84, 101, 266 Harvard Business Review, 63 Gordon, Bill, 192 Hauser, Philip, 45 Gordon, William Evans, 177 Havana Charter, 191 Gouzenko, Igor, 130 Havoc, June, 85 Grant, Cary, 250–1 Hayes, Carlton J. H., 98 Gray, John, 286 Hayes, (Cardinal) Patrick, 52 greaser cycle of films, 28 Hays Office, see Production Code Adminis- Greaser’s Revenge, The, 28 tration Great Awakening, The, 173 Hays, Will H. Great Britain, 3, 4, 6, 10, 30, 38, 44, 65, Christian moralists attack, 71–3 94, 108, 278, 280–1 corporatism and, 20, 26–7 fear of Americanization, 17–18, 68, 119– and France, issues with, 226, 228, 263 20, 162–4, 182–6 free trade, hopes for, 165 see also Board of Trade; Grierson, John; ideology of entertainment, 277, 280, Korda, Alexander; Rank, J. Arthur 286–7 Great Dictator, The, 305n38 isolationist investigation, 76–9, 304n33 Great Expectations, 192 Kennedy, support from, 303n20 Green Goddess, 144 London speech, 17, 120 Green, J. R., 136 Legion uprising privately welcomed, 56– Greene, Graham, 127–8, 149. 154 62 Gregory, (Rev.) Benjamin, 173 and MPPDA formation, 22–30 Grémillon, Jean, 242 precensorship regime, 32–42, 46, 49–51, Grenier, Fernand, 267–8, 273 53, 56–7, 59–62, 298n100 Grew, Joseph, 94 Rank hosted at Waldorf-Astoria, 187 Grierson, John, 8, 121, 124–40, 153–4, restoring world order, 89 156, 206, 279, 285 salary lavish, 293n19 accused of communism, 130–2 State Dept. consulted by, 91–2 biography and education, 125–6 and U.K.: British call for film czar, 166; on film and God, 175 search for film incidents, 143–4 financing of Drifters, 124–5 Washington alliances, 63–6, 109, 115–16 Lippmann as influence, 125, 133 Hearst, William Randolph, 47, 49, 245 and opponents of documentary, 129 Hecht, Ben, 84, 151, 306n53 realism, 136–7 Heffernan, Harold, 58 “star system” critiqued by, 135–6 Hello Sweetheart, 147 on U.S. films’ superiority, 138–9 Hemingway, Ernest, 19 Griffith, D. W., 17–18, 135, 151, 242, Henri Langlois, 340n31 286–7 Henri-Lévy, Bernard, 286 Gross, (Rep.) H. R., 114 Henry V, 192 Guback, Thomas, 2, 311nn46,48 Her Man, 32 Guinness, Alec, 192–4 Herron, Frederick, 31, 32, 36, 37, 60, Guinon, Albert, 242 108–9 Gunga Din, 145 Hibbeen, John Grier, 45 High Commission in Germany (HICOG), Haiti, 108 98–107, 110–14 Hakim, Robert, 238 disputes with Hollywood, 105–7 Halévy, Daniel, 231 Hitchcock, Alfred, 148 Hall, John Norman, 229 Hitler, Adolf, 81, 164, 192, 264

370 Index

Hitler’s Children, 195 Informational Media Guaranty Program, Hoare, Samuel, 127 114 Hoffman, Paul, 275 Institut des Hautes Études Cinématogra- Hogan, Dorothy E., 192 phiques (IDHEC), 243, 263 Hogan, Michael, 275 International Reform Bureau, 21 Hogben, Lancelot, 129, 313n27 Iran, 97 Home of the Brave, 300n121 Iron Curtain, 267, 300n121 Homme du Niger, L’, 229 Islam, 97, 308n10 Honduras, 108 isolationists, 75–82, 127, 189 Hooper, Charles, 48 It Ain’t No Sin, 49 Hoover, Herbert, 6, 26, 64–5 It Can’t Happen Here, 53 Hoover, J. Edgar, 131, 222 Italy, 4, 36–7, 60, 70, 75, 81, 266 Hopkins, Harry, 73, 103, 224 Scarface controversy, 36–9 Hot for Paris, 40, 71, 228 see also Mussolini, Benito Hot Ice, 314n41 Hot Rod Girl, 223 J’accuse, 229 House Committee on Un-American Jackson, Julian, 254 Activities, see HUAC Jacobs, Lea, 295n57 House on 92nd Street, The, 185 Jamin, Léon, 256 Housing Problems, 134 Japan, 29, 44 How Lord Kitchener Was Betrayed, 143–4 bans Confessions of a Nazi Spy, 75 Howard, Leslie, 152 critique of “infantile capitalism,” 284–5 HUAC (House Un-American Activities offended by Madame Butterfly, 96 Committee), onslaught vs. film samurai capitalism, 286 industry, 82, 85–8 Jarratt, (Cmdr.) A. W., 77, 187 Huebsch, B. W., 52 Jarrico, Paul, 87 Huettig, Mae D., 241 Jarvie, Ian, 2, 293n26, 302n17, 303n20, Hugenberg, Alfred, 127, 310n35 319n5, 324n8 Hughes, Charles Evans, 29, 70, 71 Jarville, Robert, 261–2, 263 Hughes, Howard, 36–8, 41 Je suis partout, 236–9, 255 Hull, Cordell, 91, 165, 167 Jeancolas, Jean-Pierre, 233 Hulley, B. M., 285 Jeanne, René, 250 Hunchback of Notre Dame, The, 78 Jeanson, Henri, 250 Hungary, 147–8 Jennings, Humphrey, 128, 132–3 Hurricane, The, 228–9 Jeunes Ouvriers Catholiques, 173 Huxley, Julian, 131, 278 Jew Süss, 177 Jews, 35, 44, 57; see also anti-Semitism I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang, “Jim le Harponneur” (film critic), 234 294n39 Jim le Harponneur (i.e., The Sea Beast), I Married a Communist, 300n121 245 I Was a Teenage Frankenstein, 223 Jobs, Steve, 204 Ideal Husband, An, 160 Johnson, Albert, 219 I’m No Angel, 39 Johnston, Eric A., 58, 106, 111, 280 Image, L’ (aka Das Bildnis), 317n30 conflict with Britain, 186, 188–9, 191–8, Imperial Economic Conference, 126 200, 202–3 imperialism, 10–11, 18, 28, 225, 226–7 as Hays’s replacement at MPPDA helm, independent film companies, 190, 268; see 89–90 also Society of Independent Motion as Republican presidential candidate, Picture Producers likelihood of, 307n71 India, 10, 28, 144 vision for postwar America, 90, 275 industrial film production, 7–9; see also Johnston Office, see Production Code artisans Administration

Index 371

Jordaan, L. J., 68 labor unions, 105, 196, 203, 261 Josephson, Matthew, 281, 339n19 Hays on corporatism and, 27 Jour se leve, Le, 254 see also Confédération Générale du Joy, Jason S., 32–3, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 57 Travail; National Association of Juarez, 78 Theatrical and Kine Employees juvenile delinquency, 24, 36, 45–6, 48, 68, Labouchere, Henry, 277 222–3 Labour Party (U.K.), 132, 141, 177–8, 206, 280; see also Cripps, Stafford; Foot, Kaghan, Theodore, 107 Michael; MacDonald, Ramsay; Wilson, Karnebeek, H. A. van, 67–8 Harold Kaye, Danny, 85 Ladeuze, (Msgr.) Paulin, 218 Katholieke Film Liga, 218 Ladri di biciclette, see Bicycle Thief, The Kazan, Elia, 84 Laemmle, Carl, 24 Kearney, Neville, 119, 142 Lamarr, Hedy, 216 Kefauver committee, 222–3; see also Lang, Fritz, 234 juvenile delinquency Lang, Jack, 228, 286 Kennan, George, 276 Lapham, Lewis, 148 Kennedy, Joseph P., 73, 149, 303n20 Lardner, Ring, 84 Kermesse heroïque, La, 212 Laswell, Harold, 133 Key Largo, 98–9 Latin America, 18, 28–9, 31, 32, 70, 92, Keynes, John Maynard, 120, 160, 177, 200 96, 227, 265 Keyser, Les and Barbara, 219 Laughton, Charles, 146, 152, 277 Kid, The, 44 Lawless Riders, 31 Kimmins, Anthony, 160 Lawson, John James, 167 Kind Hearts and Coronets, 178, 194 League of Nations Kinematograph Renters Society, 277 Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, Kinematographische Reformvereinigung 71; see also Luchaire, Julien (aka Kino Reform Movement), 30 Conference on the Abolition of Import King, Mackenzie, 130 and Export Prohibitions and Restric- Klagemann, Eberhard, 104 tions (Geneva), 108–9, 165 Klein, Julius, 64, 109, 301n4 Lean, David, 194 Knights of Columbus, 42 Leblanc, Maurice, 242 Knute Rockne – All American, 58 Lee, Ivy L., 45 Koestler, Arthur, 237 Leenhardt, Roger, 249, 254, 333n65 Konopnicki, Guy, 286 Léger, Fernand, 246 Kontingent system, see quotas Legg, Stuart, 127 Korda, Alexander, 7, 8, 77, 80, 121, 168, Legion of Decency, 4, 11, 43–62, 174, 213, 202, 203, 204, 205–6, 207 215, 216 boom-and-bust cycle, 154–60 Lehrman, Henry, 21 global ﬁlm industry, building of, 147–8 Lejeune, Caroline A., 126, 131, 137 and Hollywood: humiliated by, 149–50; Leland, Waldo, 279 triumphant return, 151–2 Leo-ﬁlms, 214, 215 national themes, 152–3 Leonard, Richard G., 106–7 Private Life of Henry VIII, making of, Léotard, François, 228 145–6 lesbianism, 41, 45 Renoir comparison, 253 Lever, E. H., 203 as U.K. patriot, 148–9 Lewis, Eleanor, 194 Korda, Michael, 149–50 Lewis, Sinclair, 53 Kotschnig, Walter, 279 Liberty, 59, 185–6 Kulick, Karol, 159 Life, 172 Kundera, Milan, 278 Ligue Catholique du Film / Katholieke Film Kyrou, Ado, 232 Liga, 218

372 Index

Ligue des Femmes Françaises, 214 Maier, Charles S., 338n1 Ligue patriotique des Françaises, 214 Malraux, André, 228, 252, 271 Lindbergh, Charles A., 75 Maltby, Richard, 295n57, 301n123 Lindenburg, Paul, 169 Maltese Falcon, The, 98 Lippmann, Walter, 10, 125, 133, 189 Man of Aran, 137 Literary Digest, 43, 44 Manchester Guardian, 182, 198 Little Caesar, 36, 38 Mankiewicz, Herman, 151 Litvinov, Maxim, 216 Manvell, Roger, 130 Lives of a Bengal Lancer, 230, 309n20 Marchand, (Col.) Jean-Baptiste, 226 Lockhart, Robert Bruce, 158 Margueritte, Paul, 242 Lockwood, Margaret, 182, 198 Marie-Antoinette, 254 Lodge, (Sen.) Henry Cabot, Jr., 82 Marius, 150, 250 London Film Society, 130 Marseillaise, La, 252–3 London Films, 146, 149, 156; see also Marshall, George, 196, 270, 276 Korda, Alexander Marshall Plan, 114, 116, 190–1, 196, 201, Long, Boaz, 97–8 275–6 Lord, (Father) Daniel, 34, 42, 50, 59, Martell, E. D., 172–3 301n130 Martino, Giacomo de, 36 Lorwin, Val, 212 Mary of Teck (Queen to George V), 182 Los Angeles Times, 276 Mason, James, 182 Lost Boundaries, 300n121 Matin, Le, 239 Louis XVI, 254 Matthews, Elbert G., 96–7 Love Finds Andy Hardy, 59 Maurras, Charles, 77, 236 Lovett, Robert, 190 Maxwell, John, 178 Lowell, A. Lawrence, 45 May, Lary, 289n5, 300n115, 307n71, Luce, Clare Booth, 223 323n81 Luce, Henry, 282 Mayer, J. P., 180–1, 183, 282 Luchaire, Julien, 2 Mayer, Louis B., 19, 77–8, 86–7, 88, 173 Lukács, György, 278 Meerson, Lazare, 250 Luke, Lord (George Johnston), 169 Men in Her Life, The, 100 Lunders, (Father) Leo, 219–25 Mencken, H. L., 133 Mercier, (Cardinal) Désiré Joseph, 214 Mac Orlan, Pierre, 246 message pictures, 300n121 McArdle, Terence, 173 messenger boys; see Daniels, Josephus McCloy, John, 7, 103, 107, 113 Methodism, 170–3 MacCoy, Marion, 40 and Roman Catholicism, debate over Macdonald, Dwight, 281 film, 175 MacDonald, Ramsay, 143, 177–8 Methodist Times, 172, 173 McDonald, Richard H., 103 Mexico, 27–8, 31, 60, 70, 78, 265 McDonald’s, 284, 287 MGM (Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer), 7, 77, McDowell, (Rep.) John, 86 86–7; see also specific film; Mayer, McFarland, (Sen.) Ernest W., 76, 79 Louis B. Mack, Russell, 77 Michelet, Jules, 211 McKellar, (Sen.) Kenneth Milder, Max, 185 McKenna, Joseph, 52 Mildred Pierce, 58 McLaughlin, (Father) John, 71–2, 302– Miliband, Ralph, 6 3n18 Mill, J. S., 298n102 McLuhan, Marshall, 277 Miller, Raymond, 64–5 McNicholas, (Bishop) John T., 49, 55 Millet, Raymond, 235 McNulty, (Bishop) Francis Milliken, Carl E., 40, 71, 266 Madame Butterfly, 96 Mine Own Executioner, 202 Madonna of the Seven Moons, 183 Mises, Ludwig von, 87

Index 373

Mission to Moscow, 82–3, 84, 92 and State Dept.: calls for renewed sup- Missionary Societies, 173 port, 90–5, 108–10; cooperation with, Moana: A Romance of the South Seas, 63, 65–71; re Germany, 108–10 315n56 U.K. quotas weakened, 165 Moine, Le, 233 see also Hays, Will H.; Johnston, Eric Moley, Raymond, 27, 46, 73 A.; Production Code Administration Monde, Le, 268, 286 Motion Picture Research Council (MPRC), Monster on the Campus, 223 10, 40, 44–7, 71 Montagu, Igor, 130, 244 Moussinac, Léon, 241, 244–6, 247, 248, Montaigne, Michel de, 287 252 Month, The, 174 Moyne, Lord (Walter Edward Guinness), Morienval, Jean, 234, 248 166 Morlion, (Father) Félix, 215, 216 Moyne committee, 128–9, 139, 146–7, Morning Post, 152, 166 166, 277 Morning Telegraph, 51 Mr. Blabbermouth, 98 Morrison, Herbert, 132 Mrs. Miniver, 77 Motion Picture Association of America Muckermann, (Father) Richard, 215 (MPAA), 3, 106, 115 Muette de Portici, La, 222 postwar row with Britain, 186–208 Mumford, Lewis, 183 and State Dept., re Germany, 105–7, Mundelein, (Cardinal) George, 50 110–16 Muni, Paul, 38 see also HUAC Munroe, Frederick C., 293n19 Motion Picture Export Association of Murat, Ulyses Petit de, 96 America (MPEAA), 3, 115 Murders in the Rue Morgue, 39 postwar dispute with France, 266–71 Mussolini, Benito, 37, 38, 81, 163–4 Motion Picture Herald, 145 Mutual Film v. Ohio, 52 Motion Picture Patent Company (MPPC, aka “the Film Trust”), 23–4 Nanook of the North, 134 Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Natan, Bérnard, 232–3, 330n19–20 of America (MPPDA), 3, 17, 106 Nation, The, 51–2 Belgium threatened by, 223, 225 National Association of the Motion Picture Breen given heightened power, 50, 53 Industry (NAMPI), 24–5, 27 British desires for a film czar, 166 National Association of Theatrical and Kine Catholics and: uprising, 40–3; views Employees (NATKE), 196, 199 sought, 34–5 national character and Commerce Dept., cooperation with, in French cinema, 250–4 64–5, 72, 73 in Korda’s films, 152–3 corporatist mission, 20, 26–7 National Council on Freedom from Censor- domestic and international regulation, ship (U.S.), 52 30–4 National Council on Public Morals (U.K.), domestic opponents, 71–3 30 foreign-policy disputes, early, 27–9 National Film Board (Canada), 130 and gangster cycle, 36–9, 42 National Film Finance Corporation (U.K.), isolationist uprising thwarted, 75–82 203–4 Legion uprising, Hays and, 56–62 National Planning Association (U.S.), 275 media hostility to film industry, 47 Neagle, Anna, 60 vs. Moyne commitee, 166–7 Neely–Pettengill Bill (vs. block booking), 61 “pre-Code” of, 33 Negroponte, Nicholas, 287 Protestant and Jewish support for Nell Gwyn, 60, 146 Catholic action, 43–4 Netherlands, 67–9, 93, 214 scandal and moral attacks, response to, New York Board of Regents, 49 20–5 New York Times, 49, 323n84

374 Index

News Chronicle, 185, 198 Parsons, (Father) Wilfrid, 35, 41–2 newspapers Parti Communiste Français, 252, 267–9; German, vs. Hollywood, 66–7 see also Moussinac, Léon; Sadoul, U.S., support for Legion of Decency, 47–9 Georges; Thorez, Maurice see also specific newspaper Partisan Review, 95 Newton, Lord (Thomas Wodehouse Legh), Pascal, Blaise, 181 122–3, 141, 231 Pascal, Gabriel, 60 Nicaragua, 31, 108 Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 278 Nicolson, Harold, 129 Pathé, 32, 226, 227 Night Mail, 128, 134 Pathé, Charles, 227, 228 Ninotchka, 279 Pathé–Natan, 233, 256, 258 Noë, Yvan, 231 Paul, Elliot, 19, 53–4 Noll, (Bishop) John, 50 Pélerin de l’enfer, Le, 219, 327n24 Norman, Montagu, 169–70, 320n7 Pelley, William Dudley, 48–9 North, Clarence J., 64–5, 108 Peltier, Jean Gabriel, 253 North Sea, 134 Pépé le Moko, 272 North Star, The, 84 Perry, Armstrong, 46–7 Norton, Richard (Lord Grantley), 146 Perry, George, 198 Norway, 67, 93 Persleiding, 215 Nosferatu, 8 Peru, 31, 64, 265 Nosworthy, R. L., 144 Pett and Pott, 134 Nudist Land, 223–4 Phantom of the Opera, 122 Nun’s Story, The, 219 Phelps, G. Allison, 77 Nurse Edith Cavell, 149 Philadelphia Federation of Churches, 49 Nye, (Sen.) Gerald, 75, 76, 82 Picard, (Msgr.) Louis, 216 Pickford, Mary, 151 Objective Burma, 182–6 Pierre-Quint, Léon, 246 O’Brien, Tom, 196 Pilgert, Henry, 113 Odeon Theatres, 161, 176–7, 204 Pimpernel Smith, 152–3 Office Catholique International du Cinéma Pinewood Studios, 175 [less often, du Cinématographe] Pinky, 300n121 (OCIC), 54–5, 213–22, 247 Pius XI, 4, 11, 35, 54–5, 213, 214, 215, Office of War Information (OWI), 82 219–20 Oliver Twist, 192–4 Pius XII (Cardinal Pacelli), 213–14, 278 Olivier, Laurence, 205 Pointe-Courte, La, 271 O’Mahoney, (Sen.) Joseph C., 82 Poirier, Léon, 248 optimism, in U.S. film, 19 Poland, 96, 308n6 Ostrer, Isidore, 157, 177 Politique, 247 Ostrer, Mark, 169 Pomaret, Charles, 1 Ostrer, Pamela, 177 Populaire, Le, 267 Ouellette, Edward, 29 Popular Front, 232, 236, 252–4, 260–3 Outlaw, The, 182 Portal, Lord Wyndham, 169–70 Overlanders, The, 140 Possessed, 296n63, 300n114 Overseas Trade, (U.K.) Dept. of, 6, 66 Potamkin, Harry Alan, 136, 241 Ox-Bow Incident, The, 195 Potemkin, 101, 135 Poulantzas, Nicos, 6, 290n8 Pacelli, (Cardinal) Eugenio, see Pius XII Powdermaker, Hortense, 31, 300n121 Pagnol, Marcel, 247, 250 Powell, Michael, 194, 204 Palache Report, 187 Pressburger, Arnold, 237 Panama, 31 Pressburger, Emeric, 194 Paramount, 7, 9, 101–3, 150–1; see also Prévert, Jacques, 250 specific film Priestley, J. B., 143

Index 375

Prince and the Pauper, The, 145, 153 Rebatet, Lucien (aka François Vinneuil), Princess and the Plumber, The, 150 235–7, 255 Prisonnière de Changhai, La, 144 Red Danube, The, 300n121 Private Life of Don Juan, The, 153, 155 Red Menace, 300n121 Private Life of Henry VIII, The, 146, 154, regional fragmentation, 285–6 158, 176 Reinhardt, Wolfgang, 78 making of, 145–6 Reith, Lord (John C. W.), of Stonehaven, 1, Private Life of the Gannets, The, 136, 206 140 Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex, The, Religious Film Society, 173, 174–5 157 Rembrandt, 154 Production Code Administration (PCA), 3, Renoir, Jean, 220, 238, 250–1, 253–5, 263, 39, 50–1, 53, 55, 58–9, 98–9; see also 272, 333n70 Breen, Joseph I.; Shurlock, Geoffrey Reserved for Ladies, 146 Protestants, 35, 43, 57; see also Methodism; Retreats for Boys, 174 WASPs Reymond, (Canon) Joseph, 214, 247, 282, Prudential, 154, 170, 203 339n22 Public Enemy, The, 38–9 Reynolds News, 185 public relations, 131–4 Rice, Elmer, 52 “pure entertainment,” ideology of, 19, 78, Riesman, David, 284 277 Riot in Juvenile Prison, 223 Purple Rose of Cairo, 329n5 Rise of Catherine the Great, The, 153 Pygmalion, 60 RKO, 31, 205 Robinson, Edward G., 82–3, 85, 98–9 Quai des brumes, 254 Roc, Patricia, 182 Quigley, Martin, 19, 34, 41–2, 50, 56–9, Rockwell, Norman, 281 148 Roemer, Alfred V., 111 Quota Act, see Cinematograph Films Act Rogers, Saul, 22 quota quickies, 146–7 Rommel, (Field Marshal) Erwin, 113–14 quotas, film, 4, 65–6, 121, 164–5, 258, Room at the Top, 171 262–3, 268–70 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 78, 82–3, 224, 238 Rorty, James, 52 Ramsaye, Terry, 22, 53 Ross, Edward A., 45 Rand, Ayn, 58, 85–7, 195 Ross, Kristin, 8 Rank, J. Arthur, 6, 7, 8, 92, 121, 157, 160, Rosten, Leo, 96 167, 215 Rotha, Paul, 121, 123–4, 126, 128, 130, Black Narcissus controversy, 194 131, 134 business model, 204–8 on moguls as gangsters, 138 children’s films, 179–81, 282–3 on rise of public relations, 132 commercialism threatens morals, 182–3 Rothschild, Robert de, 235 early involvement in film industry, 168–9 Roux, Xavier, 242 following in father’s footsteps, 199, 206 Rowe-Dutton, Ernest, 188 and Labour regime, tensions, 203–4 Rowson, Simon, 187, 277 Methodist background, 170–3, 175 Royer, L. C., 239 monopolist charges, 175–9 Rundall, F. B. A., 189 and MPAA, 186–7, 191–3 Russell, Bertrand, 96 Oliver Twist controversy, 192–4 Rank, Joseph (father of J. Arthur), 172, Sacrament of Baptism, 174 199, 320n10 Sacrament of Holy Matrimony, 174 Rappe, Virginia, 21 Sadoul, Georges, 233, 246, 256–7, 268–9, Rawnsley, David, 204 330n20 realism, 136–7, 206, 325n14 Sail Ho, 98 vs. escapism, 315n48 Salt of the Earth, 87

376 Index

Samuel, Arthur Michael, 124 Sologne, Madeleine, 269 Samuel, Herbert, 30 Somervell, Rupert, 201 Sapène, Jean, 245 Song of Bernadette, The, 101 Satan’s Sister,120 Song of Ceylon, 127–8, 134, 136 Saunders, Thomas, 3 Song of Russia, 84, 86–7 Sauve qui peut (la vie), 273 Sorel, Georges, 256 Sayre, Francis B., 109 Sorensen, Reginald William, 164 Scarface, 36–9, 41, 60 Sorlin, Pierre, 2 Scarlet Pimpernel, 152 S.O.S. Sahara, 229 Scarlet Street, 183 Souday, Paul, 242 Schach, Max, 154, 159 Soupault, Philippe, 246 Schenck, Joseph, 41 South Wales News, 138 Schlesinger, Arthur, 57, 299n111 Soviet Union, 92, 135; see also Mission to Schrire, David, 131, 134 Moscow; Silk Stockings; Song of Russia Sea Beast, The, 245 Spaak, Charles, 250 Sea Hawk, The, 78 Spain, 31, 59, 68, 70, 78, 266 Sears, Gradwell, 157 Spare Time, 132 Sée, Edmond, 229, 262 Sperling, Milton, 80, 81 Seldes, Gilbert, 7 Stalin, Joseph, 2 Selznick, David O., 84, 306n53 Stam, Robert, 273 Selznick, Lewis J., 22 Stanley, Oliver, 161, 162, 165 Seneca, 181 Stark, Rodney, 291n18 Sergeant York, 79 state, the Seventh Veil, The, 202 film-trade policy, 4–6 Shaw, George Bernard, 60 relations with industry, 110, 114–16, 183 Sheen, (Msgr.) Fulton J., 214 theories of power and state autonomy, Shepherd, W. S., 183 6–7, 290n8 Sheppard, E. W., 185 U.S. Catholic suspicion of, 61 Sherwood, Robert E., 37–8 see also corporatism Short, K. R. M., 2 State, (U.S.) Dept. of, 3, 4, 17, 20, 63, 65– Short, William, 45–7 6, 70, 88, 121, 224 Show Boat, 96 autonomy from MPAA, 7, 107–16 Shurlock, Geoffrey, 59, 300n119 destabilizing effects of film feared, 95–8 Signoret, Simone, 269 and France, film fight, 266–71 Silk Stockings, 279–80 German occupation policy, 98–107, 110– Silverstone, Murray, 112 14 Singing Nun, The, 219 and postwar aims of film industry, 91–4 Sixty Glorious Years, 149 U.S.–U.K. film dispute, 200–1, 203 Ski in the Valley of the Saints, 314n41 State Fair, 59 Skouras, Spyros, 113–14 Stavisky, Alexandre, 231–2, 233 Smith, Harold L., 228, 230, 269–70 Steenberghe-Engeringh, P. A. F., 214 Smith, Sydney, 1 Steiner, George, 298n102 Smith, Theodore, 104 Stevenson, Frederick Boyd, 22 Smith, Tom, 164 Stimson, Henry, 81 Snowden, Philip, 141, 168 Stoll, Sir Oswald, 123 Social Democratic Workers’ Party (Nether- Storm in a Teacup, 158 lands), 67–8 Storm over Asia, 144 Socialist Cinema Center (Belgium), 221 Strabolgi, Lord (Joseph Montague Socialist Party (Belgium), 221–2 Kenworthy), 161, 167 Society of Independent Motion Picture Stranger, The, 83–4 Producers (SIMPP), 106, 111, 270 Strauss, Jesse Isidor, 230 Soeur Vaseline, 329n16 Street, Sarah, 3, 198, 325n15 Soir, Le, 221 Stroheim, Eric von, 138, 251

Index 377

Studio Relations Committee, 32–3, 39 Toni, 250 Sun Valley Serenade, 100 Tony the Greaser, 28 Sunday, Billy, 21 Torres-Bodet, Jaime, 279 Supervielle, Jean, 265 Tout va très bien madame la marquise, 285 Sykes, (Col.) A. E., 184 “trade follows the film,” 3, 64–5, 66, 94, Syndicat Français et de la Fédération 108 Française des Directeurs de Théatres Treasury, (U.K.) Dept. of, 187–8, 190–1, Cinématographiques, 259 196; see also Eady, Wilfrid Treasury, (U.S.) Dept. of, 109–10, 200 Tabori, Paul, 160, Tribune, 182–3 Tagliche Rundschau, 66 Trotti, Lamar, 37 talking film Truffaut, François, 254 British dislike of, 141 Truman, Harry S., 81, 191 documentary movement, 128, 313n26 Turin, Victor, 135, 136, 137 French intellectual resistance, 246–7 Turkey, 44 and hopes for silent film, 7 Turksib, 136, 137 Tallents, Stephen, 124–7, 133, 136 Turn of the Tide, 168–9, 178 Tallents, Tommie, 132 Twentieth Century–Fox, 112–13, 185; see Tarzan, 44, 221, 229 also specific film Taschereau–Kellock Royal Commission, Twombly, Clifford Gray, 72 130 taxation, 186–7, 259–60; see also Entertain- UFA, 7, 215 ments Tax Underground, 79 Taylor, Robert, 86 UNESCO, 131, 180, 222, 278–9 Taylor, William Desmond, 21 Union Internationales des Ligues Féminines Taylor, (Lt. Col.) William H., 184 Catholiques, 214 Teen-age Crime Wave, 222 Union Pacific, 101 television, 1, 2, 180, 278; see also BBC United Artists, 151, 158, 324–5n12 Temps, Le, 230 United States Thalberg, Irving G., 33, 36, 59 culture industry, rise of, 1–10, 13, 17–18 That Hamilton Woman, 304n33 films, reasons for global preeminence of, Theatre Owners of North and South 18–20, 281–7 Carolina, 292n9 religion, prominence of, 11–12 Thérèse Raquin, 220 see also State, (U.S.) Dept. of Things to Come, 154 U.S. Senate, Special Committee Investigating Third Man, The, 154 the National Defense Program, 81–2 This Is the Army, 82 Universal Films, 121–2, 169, 191, 205 Thompson, Dorothy, 76–7 Thompson, Kristin 2, 290n12 Vaillant-Couturier, Paul, 252 Thomsen, Hans, 75 Valenti, Jack, 115 Thorez, Maurice, 252, 267 Valentine, Ferdinand, 173 Three Caballeros, The, 94–5 Valéry, Paul, 246 Three Musketeers, The, 238 Vandervelde, Émile, 213, 221–2 Time, 82–3 Varda, Agnès, 271–2 Luce as editor, 282 Variety, 189–90, 198 on Rank, 171 Vasey, Ruth, 2, 32 Times of London, 60, 184, 198 Vel d’Hiv roundup, 236 Tobacco Road, 195 Victoria the Great, 149 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 1 Vidal, Gore, 304n33 Three Caballeros, 94–5 Vidocq, 258 “Tin Tin” cartoon, 225 Vie est à nous, La, 252, 255 Today We Live, 134 Vie intellectuelle, La, 247 Tomlinson, Virginia S., 194 Vigilanti Cura, 54–5, 213, 220, 298n103

378 Index

Vigo, Eugène (aka Miguel Almereyda), 255 Williams, Tom, 167 Vigo, Jean, 240, 246, 255, 272 Williamson, Harold, 230 Villard, Henry S., 70–1, 109 Willkie, Wendell, 77, 78, 79 Vincendeau, Ginette, 334n6, 335n11 Wilson, Sir Arnold, 162–4 Vogel, Rudolf, 105–6 Wilson, Edwin, 229 Wilson, Harold, 191, 194–9, 202–3 Walker, Alexander, 196 Wilson, Orme, 224–5 Wall, Irwin, 339n21 Wilson, Woodrow, 119 Wall Street Journal, 266 Wingate, James, 40 Wallace, (Capt.) David Euan, 161 Winnington, Richard, 87 Wanger, Walter, 37, 59, 125, 324–5n12 Winnington-Ingram, (Bishop of London) war propaganda, 75–82 A. F., 173 War Trade Board, 63 Winsten, Archer, 77 Ward, J. G., 145 Wizard of Oz, 84 Warnaffe, Charles du Bus de, 223, 224 Wolcough, Alexander, 132 Warner Brothers, 75, 78–9, 183, 185; see women also specific film clubs for, in U.S., 30, 40, 51, 61; see also Warner, Harry M., 77, 79, 83, 85–6, 88 Daughters of the American Revolution Warner, Jack, 58, 82–3, 88 corrupted by film, 29, 45–6, 96, 162 Washington Times Herald, 189 French feminism and film, 242–3, 244, WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) 271–2 elite under attack, 88 prominent in Catholic film movement, fear of Jews, 3, 22–3 61, 214 see also Protestants sexism of documentary film movement, Watt, Harry, 128, 131, 134, 140 314n36 Webb–Pomerene Export Trust Act, 115, Wong-Quincey, John (Wang Wen-hsien), 190 217 Welles, Orson, 49, 83–4, 154 Wood, Alan, 8, 168, 169 Wells, H. G., 154, 159 Wood, John, 86 Welt im Film, 112–13, 310–11n43 Wood, Kingsley, 126 Wesley, John, 170–1 Woodle, Bernon T., 28 West Coast Association, 33 Woolf, C. M., 169, 176, 178 West, Mae, 39–40, 49 World Film News, 2, 132, 156, 160, 219 West Tulsa News, 48 Worthington-Evans, Sir Laming, 122 Westminster Catholic Federation, 174 Wright, Basil, 127–8, 159 “Westoxification,” 286 Wurtzel, Sol, 33, 149–50 Wets, Paul, 222 Wyler, William, 77 Wheeler, Burton K., 75–8, 82 White, A. G., 187 Xerox, 204 White Heat, 98 White, Pearl, 241 Young, Owen D., 119 White Shadows in the South Seas, 228 Yule, Lady Annie Henrietta, 168, 173, Whitefield, George, 171 175–6 Whitley, Reg, 185 Whitman, Walt, 125 Zanuck, Darryl F., 59, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, 115 87–8, 103, 105, 151 Wicked Lady, The, 182–3 Zay, Jean, 264 Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 45 zazous, 238–9 Wilcox, Herbert, 60, 135, 145, 146, 205, Zéro de conduite, 255 317n19 Zinnemann, Fred, 219 Wilkinson, James R., 99 Zum Goldenen Anker (German version of Willems, Gilles, 330n19 Marius), 250