FAO Fisheries Circular No.133 FIRI/C133 (Distribution restricted)

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF INTERSPECIFIC

HYBRIDIZATION OF

Compiled by

James R. Dangel College of Fisheries University of Washington

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, September 1973 PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

This bibliography is an attempt by the author to include all known literature, pub- lished and unpublished, on hybridization in Salmonidae. The whitefishes and graylings are considered by the author as separate families and are not included. The author would appreciate being informed of any references to salmonoid hybrids known to the reader that are not included in this bibliography, as well as corrections or additions to the annotations, so that tuey may be included in future revisions or addenda.

Articles not obtained for review are included but not annotated unless referred to in other sources. When abstracts or summaries pertaining to hybridization were included in papers, they have been transcribed in quotation marks verbatim, as are certain passages of text when applicable. Unless otherwise cited, the abstracts were written by the author.

WI/E2219 FAO Fisheries Circular (FAO .Circ.)

A vehicle for distribution of short or ephemeral notes, lists, etc., including provisional versions of documents to be issued later in other series. 1

Ackermann, K. (1898) 001 Alm, G. (1959) 006 Abh.Ber.Ver.Naturkd.Kassel, 43:4-11 Rep.Inst.Freshwat.Res.Drottningholm, Thierbastarde. Zusammenstellung der T40):5-145 bisherigen Beobachtungen Uber Bastardirung Connection between maturity, size and im Thierreiche nebst Litteraturnachweisen. age in 2. Theil: Die Wirbelthiere (Fische) salar and S. trutta hybrids and fontinalis and S. elpinue Alabaster, J.S., and F.J. Durbin (1965) 002 hybrids used in the study. Rep.Salmon Res.Trust Irel., (1964):38-9 Blood groups in salmon, and their hybrids Alm, G. (1961) 007 Rep.Inst.Freshwet.Res.Drottningholm, Serological research work on the blood (42):5-83 groups of salmon, trout and their Die Ergebuisse der FischauseRtze in den hybrids suggest regional differences in KRlarne-Seen (with English summary) the blood groups of Atlantic salmon and S. trutta, trout and also provide circumstantial Planting of S. Baler X S. and S. alpinus evidence for the inheritance of blood alpinus X S. trutta, groups in the hybrids. fontinalis hybrids in near KRIarne in productivity studies.

Ali, M.A. (1964) 003 oos Can.J.Zool., 42(6):1158-60 American Fish Farmer (1970) Retina of the albino (Salvelinus Am.Fish Farmer, 1(5):27 fontinalis X S. namaycush) Russians breed salmon on Sakhalin. In World aquaculture news Examination of the retina of albino splake with photomicrographs. Specimens, Brief mention of of Siberian „. and humpback ,./ from the Eastern Townships Hatchery of the ( keta) (5 hat: not Quebec Department of Game, Fisheries, and Aorbuscha). The hybrid fish the Tourism. only the weight and taste of Siberian salmon but the quick growth of the humpback salmon. Allan, W. (1953) 004 North.Sportsman, 18(12):23 Will there be a splake too? Andreeva, M.A. (1953) parbn.Khoz., (11) According to Martin (1960), "General Experiments in the hybridization of popular account of recent history and Pacific salmon potential as a game fish." According to Smirnov (1969), Andreeva considers Oncorhynchus nerka X 0. kets hybrids in Ushkovsky Lake natural. Alm, G. (1955) 005 Rez.Inst.Freshwat.Res.Drottningholm, Smirnov believes them to be artificial (36):13-56 hybrids. Artificial hybridization between different species of the salmon family Andreeva, M.A. (1954) 010 A quite complete study of hybridizing Tr.Soveschakhtiol.Kom.kkad.Nauk SSSR, Salmo Baler, S. trutta, Salvelinus 4:704 elpinus, and S. Fontinalis. An excellent Fish-cultural and fish protective measures review of previous literature. Alm found for the maintenance and propagation of that the S. alpinus, X S. fontinalis galmonoid fishes in Kamchaik&waters. hybrid of greatervalue than the other Issued. also as Transi.ber.rian.Kes.Board hybrids. :Can., (420)(1962) 2

At the hatchery experiments were carried Bailey, M., et al. (1970) 015 out on the cross-breeding of different Spec.Publ.Amjish.Soc., (6):17 p. species of salmon. The purpose of the A list of common and scientific names of experiments were to obtain hybrids which fishes from the United States and Canada would be hardier than the sockeye and would inherit the age at maturity and body Hybrids between (Salvelinus size of chums and the excellent flavour, fontinalis) and (Salvelinus quality and the fecundity of the sockeye. ;;;;;;;;F) are known as splake. In 1948, for the first time, viable fry were obtained from crossing sockeye females and chum males. Baird, S. (1873) 016 Ann.Rec.Sci., 1873-75:442 Hybrids of salmon and trout Arakie, D.H. (1969) 011 Brooklyn, N.Y., 6 p. According to Dean (1962), misc. and Arakie's fishery blue book unimportant. Smirnov in 1953 developed and described a hybrid between the Chum and pink salmons Bakkala, G. (1970) 017 of the Pacific Ocean. He noted that FAO Fish.Synon t, (41):89 p. these hybrids showed a shorter period of Synopsis of biOlogioal data on the chum incubation, a more complete hatch, and salmon, Oncorhynchas keta (Walbaum) 1792 faster growth in length and weight of Issued also as Ciro.U.S.Fish.Wildl.Serv., the fry. The splake, a hybrid resulting from the cross of the eastern brook trout (315):89 p. (Salvelinus fontinalis), and the lake Brief review of most hybridization of chum. tisair(šinelinus namayoush), was des- cribed by Buss and Wright in 1959. Baldwin, M.S. (1965) 018 Sytval 12(3):6-9 Arens, C. (1894) 012 My rid trout Allg.Fisch.-Ztg., 19: 346-7 A fair account of splake in Canada with Ueber den Laohsbastard data on appearance, habits, and plantings According to Doan (1962), infertile in Ontario. Salmo trutta (fario) X S. salar at HUningen, Alsace. Bean, T.H. (1889) 019 For.Stream, 33:321 Arens, C. (1893) 013 Crossing of salmon and trout AllgAPisch.-Ztg” 18:148-9 Bastarde zwischenForelle und Bachsaibling Bean, T.H. (188y9a) 020 According to Dean (1962), Salmo trutta Bull.U.S.Fish Comm., 7(1887):216 (fario) X Salvelinus alpinG7(eOMITrius). A hybrid between the lake trout and brook trout Atz, W. (1971) 014 Description of hybrids of Salvelinus New York, American Museum of Natural namaycush and. S. fontinalis from Corry History, 512 p. Station, Pennsylvania Fish Commission. Dean bibliography of fishes 1968 Lists hybrids. 3

Bean, (1889b) 021 T.H. I suspect that mykiss and gairdnerii, if TransamXish.Soc., 18:12-20 crossed, would prove to be fully fertile Hybrids in Salmonidae and might properly be considered only sub- Reviews an account in The American Angler species. of a supposed cross between Salmo geirdneri X Salvelinus fontinaliser77Fish of unknown origin from Wytheville, Virginia. Behnke, R.J. (1968) 028 Morphometrio and meristic data on hybrid. Mitt.Hamb.Zool.Musanst.„ 66:1-15 A more complete report of Bean (1889a) is A new subgenus and species of trout, Salmo presented on hybrids of S. namaycush and (Platysalmo) platycephalus, from south- S. fontinalis. central Turkey, with comments on the classification of the subfamily Salmonidae Cuvier freely hybridizes Bean, T.H. (1889o) 022 with Salmo trutta producing hybrid swarms. For.Stream, 31:520 -- (Nhmann, 197)7 Lake and brook trout hybrid Natural hybrids of Brachymystax lenok and According to Dean (1962), Salvelinus Rucho taimen from the Amur River system fontinalis X S. namayoush at Corry Station In ChiTir(n, Huan, and Than, 1959). Pennsylvania.

Behnke, R.J. (1969) 029 Bean, T.H. (1889d) 023-Proc.West.Assoc.Game Fish Comm., 48:533-5 For.Stream, 32:401 Mimeo reprint7 Saibling and hybrid Rare and endangered species: the native of western North America According to Dean (1962), Salmo trutta (fario) X Salvelinus Introductions of into hybrid received at U.S. National Museum interior waters where only the cut- from . throat trout is native, and subsequent hybridization between the two, has been a major factor in the decline of popu- Bean, T.H. (1890) 024 lations of native interior cutthroat For.Stream, 35:377 trout. A supposed hybrid trout

According to Dean (1962), Salvelinus Behnke, R.J. (1970) 030 fontinalis X S. namayoush, hybrid at Corry Trans.AmXish.Soc., 99(1):237-48 Station, Pennsylvania. Phe application of cytogenetic and bio- chemical systematics to phylogenetic problems in the family Salmonidae Bean, T.H. (1910) 025 For.Stream, 35:429 When rainbow trout are introduced into Is the golden trout a hybrid? populations in interior waters where rainbow trout is not native, hybrid swarms are the typical result. Bean, T.H. (1910a) 026 For.Stream, 35:353 A new hybrid trout Behnke, R.J. (1970a) 031 Rep.Colo.Coop.Fish.Unit.Colo.State Univ. According to Dean (1962), Salvelinus 12 p. (Unpubl.MS) fontinalis X S. alpinus aureolus at Rare and endangered species report: new Sunapee Lake hatchery with fertile information on , Salmo GILAE hybrid. ' ' Hybridization with introduced rainbow trout is the major reason for the almost Behnke, R.J. (1966) 027 complete elimination of pure populations of Copeia, 1966 (2):346-8 S. silae. Hybrids may be recognized by the Relationships of the far eastern trout, intermediacy of several characters such as Salmo mykiss Walbaum spotting pattern, number of scales, verte- brae and pyloric oaeca and some morphometric comparisons. 4

Reciprocal crosses of Salmo trutta and Beret, A.H., and G.R. Spangler (1970) 035 Salvelinus alpinus are described from J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 27(6):1017-32 Norway. Population dynamics of F splake (Salvelinus It is suggested that Green (1881) possibly fontinalis X S. namayoush) in Lake Huron, made a mistake in his crosses of S. - font inalis with Oncorhynchus tsh-ZWYtscha Planted Fl splake tended to remain in and Salmo godrineri. Behrike's examination the general vicinity of the planting sites. of specimens sent by Green to the Smith- They fed upon smelt and alewives, which are sonian Institution resulted in no presently abundant in Lake Huron. The difference between the two crosses. hybrids grew more rapidly at ages I through VIII than native and planted lake trout and contributed to a commercial fishery within years of planting. A Behnke, R.J., Ting Pong Koh and P.R. 032 2 Needham (1962) considerable number of splake survived to maturity in the presence of an intensive Copeial 1962(2):400-7 commercial fishery and a lamprey population Status of the landlocked salmonid fishes of Formosa with a review of Oncorhynchus that was unaffected by chemical control. mason (Brevoort) We believe that these attributes of splake will be preserved and enhanced in a stock Russians have been experimenting with of hybrids selected through several genera- Oncorhynchus keta X O. Aorbuscha hybrids. tions for early maturity.

Behrens, G. (1885) 033 Bonham, K., and A.R. Seymour (1949) 036 Biol.Zentralbl., 1885-86, 5:639-40 Copeia, 1949 (2):69 Die Hybridisation von Salmoniden 'Hybrid of chinook and silver salmon from Puget Sound According to Dean (1962), notice of Day's work. Morphometric and meristic data for a natural hybrid of Oncorhynchus kisutch and 0. tshawytscha. Also report of Bellesmes, J. de 034 natural cross-mating observed by Mr. La piscioulture en franca. p. 168 Elmer Quistorff, Superintendent of the A.:wording to Phillips (1923) quoting Washington State Department of Fisheries Issaquah Salmon Hatchery. Richmond (1919), "In , Dr. Joussell de Bellesmes, Director of Fish-culture in Paris states (La Pisciculture en France, p. 168) that he obtained a successful Bouck, G.R., and R.C. Ball (1968) 037 cross at the Trooadero Aquarium in Paris J.Fish.Res.Board Can.„ 25(7):1323-31 Comparative patterns of on 3rd February, 1890, getting eight hull,- electrophoretic dred ova which survived and developed lactate dehydrogenase in three species satisfactorily, the majority of the of trout hybrids resembling rainbow trout in out- The total number of LIE isozymes in ward appearance. Two of them lived in tissue extracts of brook-brown trout (F1) the aquarium till 1897, and grew to a good hybrids were difficult to assess but size, reaching a length of 85 cm, when in showed essentially the same number of LIE that year they spawned and died. It is isozyme systems as did the parent types. curious that Dr. de Bellesmes has found a The outstanding difference in the hybrid similar delay in arrival at sexual maturity specimens was that the total number of in the cross, which is easily made, between isozymes rose markedly within a given the American brook-char and the brown system. trout, the hybrid from which in this country Also, a given isozyme system occupied has usually been regarded as sterile." essentially the same space but it con- Phillips and Richmond were concerned with tained so many isozymes that the total hybrids of Salmo trutta and S.sairdneri. number could not be counted accurately. At least 27 were counted in the extracts of one hybrid specimen but only 25 were counted in the other specimens. These numbers must be viewed as representing minimum counts. 5

Brown, B.E. (1961) 038 Budd, J.C. (1957) 042 Trans.Am.Fish.Soc., 90(3):328-9 Canafish Cult., 20:25-8 Behavior of splake and brook trout Introduction of the hybrid between the fingerlings eastern brook trout and lake trout into the Great Lakes In these observations domesticated trout behaved exactly as in previous tests Marked yearling hybrids between eastern carried out by Vincent (1960). Splake, brook trout and common lake trout were however, showed a contrasting behavior in planted in South Bay in northern Lake all trials attempted. In this respect Huron in the spring of 1954. Growth was they resembled the wild brook trout rapid and after one year in the lake the observed by Vincent in having a well- hybrids averaged 13.9 inches in fork developed hiding reaction, a tendency to length. A number of the fish were tagged seek depths, and negative phototropism. and subsequent recapture data recorded. The latter trait is characteristic of young Seven tams were returned from distances lake trout reared in New York hatcheries. up to 100 miles. Two of the tagged fish It is concluded that the responses of this had entered streams while the other five domesticated stook of brook trout relative were taken by commercial gear. Ripe male to these traits were not transferred to hybrids were taken in South Bay during the F hybrid. late October and early November. 1

Brown, C.J.D. (1966) 039 Budd, J.C. (1959) 043 Cooeia, 1966(3):600-1 Trans.Northeast.Wildl.Conf., 10:115-6 Natural hybrids of Salmo trutta X The use of the hybrid between eastern Salvelinus fontinalis brook trout and lake trout in fishery management Morphometric and meristio data for three natural "" trout from Montana. According to Carlander (1969), concerns splake. Fertile hybrids found among the fish tested were splake (lake trout X brook trout) and the backcross progeny of Burkhard W.T. (1961) 044 splake X brook trout. Limited fertility t Q.Hep.Colo.Coop.Fish.Res.Unit, (7):41-52 was found in one 'tiger' trout male Life history of the splake trout (brown trout female X brook trout male) - Lake and in nine yearling males originating Farvin from crosses of rainbow trout females X brook trout males. These fertile Burkhard W.T. (1962) individuals have been baokorossed to the t 045 parental species with limited results to Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, date. 91 p. (Unpubl.MS) A study of the splake trout in Parvin Lake, Colorado. Brown, E.E. (1970) 040 The present study has followed Leik's Prog.Fish-Cult., 32(1):8 (MS, 1960) and has expanded on his Hybrid vigor reported material and included two new age groups Description of "rainbows" produced at not previously available for study. With and year-old fish, the Eagle Mountain Trout Farm in Georgia the inclusion of 3- 4- the important aspects of splake trout by crossing females with Salmo trutta S. maturation and reproduction were included. pairdneri males.

Burrard, 046 C. G. (1944) Bruyant, (1910) 041 Nov. issue Ann.Stn.Limnol.Besse 2:125-33 Game Gun Anglers Mon., t The hybridization of trout. Hybrides de truite et Womble-chevalier According to Dean (1962), Salmo trutta (fario) X Salvelinus elpiUG7sEirrn France. 6

Buss, K. (1956) 047 Camp, R.R. (1953) 051 Pa.Angler, 25(5):2-7 New York Times The splake December 1953 A popular account of published data on According to Martin (1960), "General splake and discussion of work at the comments on hybrid trout. Critical of Benner Springs Research Station. hybrid and principle of hybridization."

Buss, K., and J. Miller (1967) 048 Canada, Minister of Game and 052 Tech.Fap.Bur.Sport Fish.Wildl., (14):1-30 Fisheries, Province of Quebec Interspecific hybridization of Esocids: (1947) hatching success, pattern development, General report of the Minister of Game and fertility of some F1 hybrids and. Fisheries for year ended March 31, Very brief mention of hybridization in 1946 Salmonidae. According to Martin (1960), "700 hybrid fingerling's- (splake) planted in 1944 from Baldwin Mills Hatchery." Buss, K., and J.E. Wright, Jr. (1956) 049 Prog.Fish-Cult., 18(4):149-58 Results of species hybridization within Carl, G.C., W.A. Clemens and C.C. 053 the family Salmonidae Lindsey (1959) Handb.B.C.Frov.Mus., (5):70 p. A preliminary but comprehensive report The fresh-water fishes of British of hybridization of Salmo salar sebago, Columbia S. trutta, S. ,psirdneri, Salvelinus oamayoush, and S. fontinalis. See Buss Cutthroat and rainbow which occur and Wright (195S). naturally together do not often hybri- dize and are probably kept apart by differences in behaviour rather than Buss, K., and J.E. Wright, Jr. (1958) 050 by physical inability to cross. On Trans.AmXish.Soc., 87:172-81 the other hand, in areas which origi- Appearance and fertility of trout hybrids nally contained only one of the species, the artificial introduction of the other Mature hybrids among brook trout often results in extensive hybridization Salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout and the production of offspring combining Salmo trutta r ow trout (Salmo l characters of both parents. Such hybrids sairdneri and lake trout (Salvelinus were at one time produced deliberately samayoush) involving reciprocal crosses, and planted in certain waters in the Cram- badkcrosses and three-way crosses were brook area. These trout were referred to utilized to test fertility and to present as 'Cranbrook trout'. photographic records of external charac- teristics. Fertile hybrids found among the fish Carlander, K.D. (1969) 054 tested were splake (lake trout X brook Ames, Iowa, Iowa State Univ.Press, trout) and the babkcross progeny of vol.1:752 splake X brook trout. Limited fertility p. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology was found in one 'tiger' trout male (brown trout female X brook trout male) Lists trout hybrids. and in nine yearling males originating from crosses of rainbow trout females X brook trout males. These fertile indivi- Chamberlain, P.M. (1907) 055 duals have been backcrossed to the Rso.U.S.Bur.Fish.Doc., (627):10-1 parental species with limited results to Hybridization. In Some observations date. on salmon and trout in Alaska

Discusses the question of natural hybrids of trout and of salmon, and mention of the latter in commercial catches. 7

Christie, W.J. (1960) 056 Cope, O.B. (1956) 060 Canaish Cult., 26:15-21 • Proc.Utah Load., 32:89-93 Variation in vertebral count in F2 hybrids The future of the cutthroat-in Utah of Salvelinus fontinalis X S. namaycush According to Coriander (1969), S. gairdneri The wide range of vertebral number in X S. clarki hybridization is a factor this sample and perhaps also the range in threatening cutthroats in Utah. size, appear to be good evidence of normal pairing of aromosomes and subse- quent segregation in the F2 generation. ... Crettiez, J. (1906) 061 We can therefore tentatively conclude C.R.Assoc.Fr.Av.Sci. 35(119):498-506 that the splake is a true hybrid, from Sur la culture de l'ombre-chevalier recently evolved parent species, and ( L.) du Leman h 1 selection for desirable characters to 1 4tablissement de pisciculture de Thonon. produce a new form is theoretically Retie et by-brides de ce salmonide. possible. Issued also as Bull.Suisse Ache Pisoio., 8(4-7):26-9 o Christie, W.J. (1970) 057 A cording to Dean (1962), Salm mairdneri ir X Salvelinus carwde and Salmo Res.Inf.Pap.Ont.Dep.Lands For., (370):14 P. — - A review of the Japanese salmons truttaT7117fe .0 X lpinirs/runbla) in Oncorhylachus mason and O. Rhodurus with France. particular reference to theirpotential for introduction into Ontario waters Crossman, E.J. and K. Buss (1966) 062 Oshima (1957) demonstrated in hybridi- Copeial 1966(2):357-9 sation experiments that the red spots of Artificial hybrid between kokanee 0. rhodurus are genotypic, and recessive ,Oncorhynchus nerka) and brook trout to the 9, masou coloration. Salvelinus fontinalis) The two S. fontinalis female X O. nerka Clemens, W.A. (1953) 058 male individuals described were theonly Trans.R.Soc.Can. 1 1 survivors of two attempts to produce (3),47(5): - 3 hybrids from and brook, brown, On some FUNDAMENtal problems in the kokanee and rainbow trout (reciprocal crosses). biology of Pacific salmon That the separation of the species (of Oncorhynchus) may have been of compara- Cuerrier, J.P. (1954) 063 tively recent date is indicated by the For.Outdoors (May): 17-8 fact that cross-breeding is possible, The splake: this trout is a great fighter! as shown by the cross-fertilization experiments carried out by Foerster Review of Stenton (1950 and 1952). F2 splake planted in Agnes Lake, Banff (1935). National Park (Alberta) in 1953

Collins, J.W. (1892) 059 Day, F. (1882) 064 Rep.U.S.Fish.Comm., (1888):3-269 Proc.Zool.Soc.Lond., 1882:751-3 Report on fisheries of the Pacific Coast On hybrids between salmon and trout of the United States Early report of hybrids of Salmo salary An unreliable report of a hybrid (not S. trutta, Salvelinus fontinalis, and classified) from the Columbia River is S. alpinus. included in a list of the names of 12 salmon. This matter is referred to in order to remove a quite common error. 8

Day, F. (1882a) 065 Day, F. (1888) 073 J.Linn.Soc.Lond.(Zool.), 17:13-9 Proc.Zool.Soc.Lond., 3 On variations in form and hybridism in Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a Salmo fontinalis. specimen of the Spanish loach (Cobitis toenia) and of some hybrid Salmonidae

Day, F. (1884) Proc.Zool.Soc.Lond., 1884:17-40, 066 Day, F. (1890) 074 376-80, 581-93 Fish.Proc.Cotteswold Nat .Field Club, On raoes and hybrids among the • 9:334-73 Salmonidae. Part 1-3 Notes on hybridization Issued also ass Am.Nat., 1811158-60 with additional Continuation of Day (1882) Dean, B. (1962) 075 crosses and backcrosses. New York, Russell and Russell Inc. 3 vols. Reprint of Vol.1,1916, Vol.2,1916, Vol.3,1923 Day, F. (1884a) 067 A bibliography of fishes Nature Loud., 30:488 Salmon breeding Brief abstracts on many old references

Duff, D.C.B. (1933) 076 Day, F. (1885) 068 Trans.Amaish.Soc., 62:249-55 Nature Loud., 31:599-600 Furunculosis on the Pacific coast Hybridization among Salmonidae An outbreak of the epizootic in British Columbia was noted among three year old hybrids of Oncorhynchus nerka and 9, keta. Day, F. (1885a) 069 Proc.Zool.Soc.Lond., 1885:241-3 On races and hybrids among the Salmonidae Duff, D.C.B. and B.J. Stewart (1933) 077 Part 4. Contrib.Can.Biolaish., 8:103-22 Additional data on Day (1884 Studies on furunculosii of fish in British Columbia According to Foerster (1968) there was Day, F. (1885b) 070 one instance of furunculosis reported Trans.Linn.Soc.Lond.(Zool.), 2(15):447-68 for British Columbia, at the Smith On the breeding of salmon from parents Falls hatchery rearing ponds, Cultus which have never descended to the sea Lake, where Foerster's (1935) artifi- Mention of Day's earlier papers. cially produced Oncorhynchus hybrids were being retained to maturity.

Day, F. (1886) 071 Rep.BrAssoc.Adv.Sci., 55:1059-63 Duke, E. (1970) 078 On the hybridisation of Salmonidae at Contribution to 6th Annual meeting, Howietoun Freshwater Research Group, Dublin Summary of Day's earlier reports. Review of earlier hybridization without refer- Dunbar, C.E. (1969) 079 ences. Natl.Cancer Inst.Monogr.31:167-71 Lymphosarooms of possible thymic origin in salmonid fishes Day, F. (1887) 072 London, Williams and Norte, 298 p. Because of the cytologic similarities British and Irish Salmonidae between the tumors in brook trout and in and because such tumors have Review and discussion of Day's earlier splake, not been reported in lake trout, it seems reports. likely that a predisposition of splake to develop thymic lymphoma is genetically transmitted from the brook trout. 9

Dvinin, P.A. (1953) 080 In two Algonquin Park lakes thermal Rzbn.Khoz., 5 stratification varied considerably in Experiments in the artincial feeding o depth and constitution in the different young salmon and their hybrids years, but the thermal position of the splake (Salvelinus namaycush •V X S. According to Smirnov (1969), hybrids of fontinalis ooremained similar. Oncorhynchus =sou and O. gorbuscha.

Fehlmann, W. (1926) 086 Dymond, J.R. (1932) 081 Jahresberaant.Schaffhausen, 1926:1-112 Bull.Fish.Res.Board Can., 32:35 p. Die Ursachen des Ruckganges der The trout and other same fishes of Lachsfisoherei im Hochrhein British Columbia • Alm (1955) reports that in the Rhine as Fertile hybrids were produced at the early as the latter half of the 19th Cranbrook hatchery (British Columbia) century hybridization between S. salar 7 from Seim° sairdneri and S. clarki. and S. trutta was regularly ciiried out P2 fry were raised in 1927 and 1928. in connection with salmon hatching. This often occurred because male salmon were not available in sufficient quantities, Eipper, A.W. (1955) 082 but also for the purpose of combining Typewritten job completion report, certain good qualities in the parents Dingell-Johnson Project F-4-R-3. which was, however, not successful. Investigation of farm fish ponds and During the years 1918-1922 Fehlmann bait ponds in New York State (1926) carried out new experiments and (Unpubl.MS) reared the hybrids in ponds to an age of According to Buss and Wright (196), 3 years. The majority were then sexually hybrids of Salvelinus namayoush V X mature and attempts were made to obtain and S. S. an F2 generation. Mortality before the forrtinalisð f'ontinalis X Sailmo - gft,irdneri co . fry stage was however 100%.

Eipper, A.W. (1964) 083 Fish Commission of Oregon (1970) 087 Mem.Agricaftp.Stn.Cornell Univ., Ann.Rep.Fish.Comm.Ore.Fish Cult.Div. (388j67 p. Hatchery Biol.Sec., 1970:3-4 Growth, mortality rates, and standing 'Cooperative studies (MS) and improvements of crops of trout in New York farm ponds —In Development hatchery techniques for Pacific salmon According to Carlander (1969), Salmo and steelhead trout. geirdneri X S. trutta failed to survive to fry stage atCornell and Benner Results of preliminary studies on Springs Hatcheries. Salvelinus fontinalia hybrid salmon indicate that crosses X S. jairdneri failed at Cornell but one between ohinook males and pink or chum batch showed 0.6% survival at Benner females produce viable fry which adapt Springs. Also tiger and splake. quickly to full-strength sea water. Early indications from this would suggest that hybrid salmon exhibit Fabrious, E. (1953) 084 good growth in sea water during early Repanstareshwat.Res.Drottningholm, juvenile stages. (34):14-48 Aquarium observations on the spawning behaviour of the char Fisheries Research Board of Canada.( 1967) 088 Revaish.Res:BOArd Can., 1965-66:94 - f Sockeye and pink salmon hybrids Ferguson, R.G. (1958) 085 Brief mention of the crosses J.Fishjes.Board Can., 15(4):607-24 The preferred temperature of fish and their midsummer distribution in temperate lakes and streams -10 -

Fisheries Research Board of Canada(1969) 089 Foerster, R.E. (1955) 096 Revaish.Res.Board Can., (1965-66):5 Bull.Int.North Pam.Fish.Comm., Salmon hybrids (1):1-56 Brief mention of pink and sockeye, sockeye The Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus) of the Canadian Pacific coast, with and chum hybrids. particular reference to their occurrence in or near fresh water Fitzinger, L.J.F.J. (1875) 090 Brief mention of Foerster (1935). Sitzungher.Akad.Wiss.Wien(Math.-Nat.), 70(1):394-400 Foerster, R.E. (1968) 097 Bericht liber die an den obertsterreichischen Bull.Fish.Res.Board Can., (162):422 p. Seen und in den dortigen Anstalten fUr The sockeye salmon, Onoorhynchus nerka kurstliche Fischzucht gewonnenen Erfahrungen Russian beeftglich der Bastardformen der Salmonen Review of Foerster (1935), hybridization, and possibilities of selective crossbreeding of salmon.

Fitzinger, L.J.F.J. (1875a) 091 1 Zool.Gart., Frankf.A.M., 16:156-7 Fowler, H.W. ( 944) 098 Sind Fischbastarde fruchtbar? (Abstr.) Bienn.Rep.Pa.Board Fish.Comm., 1941-2:55-63 The salmon-like fishes of Pennsylvania Fitzinger, L.J.F.J. (1876) 092 According to Brown, C.J.D. (1966), Fowler Sitzungber.Akadaiss.Wien(math.-Nat.), describes 2 dwarf brown trout which Brown 72(1):235-40 recognizes as hybrids. Bericht Uber die an den Seen des Salz- kammergutes, Salzburge und Berchtes- gadens gepflogenen Nachforschungen tber Fraas, C.N. (1854) 099 die Natur des Silberlachses (Salmo MUnohen, 2nd ed. schiffermUlleri Bloch) Die kanstliche Fischerseugung nu& den Erfahrungen der kanstliohe Fisohzucht- Anstalt der General-Comite des Flick, W.A. and D.A. Webster (1964) 093 Landwirthschaftliche Vereins von Bayern. Trans.Am.Fish.Soc., 93(1):58-69 (Abstracted in Dean, 1962) Comparative first year survival and Hybrid of Salmo trutta (fario) X Lota production in wild and domestic strains marmorata. of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis Some splake backorossed to female brook Fry, F.E.J. and M.B. Gibson 100 trout used in study. J.Hered., 44(2):56-7 Lethal temperature experiments with speckled trout X lake trout hybrids Foerster, R.B. (1930) 094 Prog.Rep.Pac.Biol.Stn.Nanaimo, (6): 6-8 ?Oita, T. (1926) 101 The hybridization of salmon 8 88 Dobutsugaku Zasshi, 3 (4 ):39-51 First report of hybridization at Cultus Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res. Lake. See Foerster (1935). Board Can., (1062) On the characteristics of hybrids (FI) among Japanese salmon and trout Foerster, R.E. (1935 09.! Trans.R.Soc.Can.1 (5):21 Rectiprocal crosses between Oncorhynohus Inter-species cross-breeding of Pacific keta, O. masou, and O. Aprbuscha. The salmon hybrid of O. mason female X O. keta male was the only cross not described The first comprehensive study on all five and discussed fully beyond the fry stage. species of North American Oncorhynohus. Reciprocal crosses made and some back- crosses and F2 hybrids. Literature review. Garside, E.T. and F.E.J. Fry (1959) 102 Gilmour, W.M. (1950) 106 Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton. Can.J.Zool., 37(4) A possible relationship between yolk size 59 P. and differentiation in trout embryos A study of the Lower Bow River trout with special reference to According to Martin (1960), reciprocal (Unpubl. MS) crosses of Salvelinus namaycush and S. fontinalis yolk sac size limited myaere Neither the native Salmo clarki nor the number counts introduced S. gairdneri seem to be pre- sent in the BowRiver as a true species. This leads to the supposition that the Gaylord, H.R. (1910) 103 Bow River trout is a hybrid between the J.Am.Med.Assoc., 54(3):227 rainbow and the cutthroat. An epidemic of carcinoma of the thyroid gland among fish Goldberg, E. (1966) 107 Science, N.Y. 151(3714)0091-3 Gaylord and Marsh (1912) record that t Lactate dehydrogenase in trout: "Another observation of importance is hybridization in vivo and in vitro the discovery that lots of fish are immune. This is particularly shown in Speckled trout and lake trout contain hybrid fish, in which one lot of hybrid five forms of lactate dehydrogenase, salmon 1 year old were reduced from but a different electrophoretic distri- 1,043 in April to 44 sound fish remaining bution of isozymes characterizes each in August, whereas another lot of yearling species. The hybrid splake, which is hybrid salmon, although badly exposed by produced artificially by fertilizing lake being placed in ponds into which the water trout eggs with speckled trout sperm, con- from infected ponds rant remained free tains nine isozymes. This complement of from the disease throughout." isozymes in vivo could be produced in vitro by recombination of subunits from tissues of the parent species. In the Gaylord, H.R. and M.C. Marsh (1912) 104 splake trout, this complement is the Bull.U.S.Bur.Fish., 32:363-524 result of heterozygosity at the gene Carcinoma of the thyroid in the salmonoid locus responsible for synthesis of LDH-5. fishes Extracts of trout eyes contain at least two additional forms of LDH which could Hybrids of Salvelinus fontinalis female not be demonstrated in other tissues. X Salmo salareebago and S. fontinalis female X S. aureolus (31pinarran--- - reported Sard37;Mre and exhibit Goldberg, E., J.P. Cuerrier and 108 some immunity to tumor formation. J.C. Ward (1967) Hybrids of Oncorhynchus kisutohq-X 0. 7 - -- Nat.Can., 94:297-304 gorbusoha on 0. ki sut chir. 1 B7 Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes, vertebrae t schamyt ache Jr, 0. nerkai? X O. gorbusoha err, and caeca numbers in an isolated, inter- and 0. gorbuscha? X 0. nerks7e9were not hardy breeding population of splake trout and were highly susceptible to tumour formation. Distribution of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes genotypes has been studied with an isolated population of splake Gibson, R. (1929) 105 trout. Rep.Commer.Fish.Prov.B.C., 1928:50-2 LDH genes have been shown to be evolutively The spawning-beds of the Skeena River stable. However, this genetic equilibrium does not seem to apply to the total gene An unusual incident was noticed by Mr. pool since determination of pyloric caeca Hearne - a female pink spawning with a and vertebrae numbers does not show such a male sockeye. This female chased the stability. males of its own species away in order to with the sockeye. At the time there was no scarcity of male pinks or female sockeye. - 12 -

Goldberg, E., J.P. Cuerrier and 109 Grimm, O.A. (1881) 115 J.C.Ward (1969) Tr.Imp.Petrograd.Obehoh.Estestvoispyt., Biochem.Genet., 2:335-50 12(f) Lactate dehydrogenase ontogeny, paternal A note concerning the cross-breeding gene activation, and tetramer assembly of fish in embryos of brook trout, lake trout, and their hybrids Gould, W.R. (1966) 116 Measurement of lactate dehydrogenaae in Copeia, (3):599 -600 reciprocal hybrids of trout during develop- Cutthroat trout (Salmo olarkii Richardson) ment revealed that amaternal effect was X golden trout (Salmo aquabonita Jordan) involved in the regulation of enzyme levels hybrids until resorption of the yolk sac was com- plete. Colour, meristio, and morphometric data Malate debydrogenase specific activities presented on S. aquabonita*X S. clarkite. were the same in these embryos and larvae. Activation of the paternal A gene in reciprocal hybrids occurred at a relatively Haaok, H. (1880) 117 late stage with the LDH subunit specific Oesterr.Fisoh.-Ztg., 1880:59 to the retina appearing after hatching. Die Fortpflansungsfthigkeit der Bastards

Green, S. (1879) 110 Haack, H. (1894) 118 For.Stream, 13:885 Allg.Fisch.-Ztg., 19:280-1 Hybrid trout Laohsbastarde auf der Schweiserischen Fisoherei-Aasstellung in ZUrioh

Green, S. (1880) 111 For.Stream, 15:366 Basake, J.W. (1893) 119 Fertile hybrids Allg.Fisoh.-Ztg., 18(14):210 Bastardirung der Forelle dureh den Baohsaibling. Green, S. (1880) 112 (1962), Salmo trutta Chio.Field, 14:284 According to Dean Hybrid trout (fario) X Salvelinus alpinUF(salvelinas)-.

O'Rourke (1968) 120 Green, S. (1881) 113 Haan, P.J. and F.J. Trans.Amaish Cult.Assoo., Nature Loud., 217(5123):65-7 10:5-9 hasmoglobins of salmon- Hybridising fishes Protein and trout hybrids Fertile hybrids of Salvelinus fontinalis Hybrids of Salmo salar and S. trutta 4! X S. Namayoush (Lake Ontario salmon - trota)orproduced compared billTarophoresii for eye lens, 1$2 generation as well as muscle and serum proteins, and hasmo- back crosses with both parents. with both parents. Only female hybrids with eggs too large to globins pass through vent produced from S. fontinalis* X Oncorhynchus tell:teas Hasn, P.J. and F.J. O'Rourke (1969) 121 (California salmon)ef4 No eggs hatched Proc.R.Ir.Aoad., when fertilised with S. fontinalis milt. 68(B4):67-75 - studies of Also mentions Comparative electrophoretio without raRrri=oss of soluble eye-lens proteins of some Irish S. fontinalis and Salmo gairdneri Tbalifornia mountiIn7out . freshwater fishes Species identified in Bean (18890. Haan, P.J. and F.J. O'Rourke (1969a) 122 68(B7):101-8 Orieg, J.A. (1906) 114 Proo.R.Ir.Aoad., Jager ?taker Foren.Tidskr., 67 Comparative electrophoretio studies of Karusformet Arret the water soluble muscle proteins of some Irish freshwater fishes A000rding to Dean (1962), misc. and unimportant. 13

Hagen, W. (1959) 123 Hartman, G.F. (1956) 129 Circ.U.S.Fish Wildl.Serv., (58) Thesis, University of British Columbia Public fish culture in the United States, A taxonomic study of cutthroat trout 1958. A statistics summary Salmo clarki olarki Richardson, rainbow Tables of distribution of splake from trout Salmo pirdneri Richardson and hatcheries in Michigan, Minnesota, New reciprocal hybrids Hampshire, New York, and Wyoming. (Unpubl.MS) Fish bearing some of the distinguishing features of each specie suggested hybridi- Hallock, C. (1873) 124 sation. Salmo olarki and S. gairdneri For.Stream, 1:22 were reoiprooally hybridized with no less The introduction of hybrid fish in viability. According to Dean (1962), misc. and unimportant. Haraguri l M. (1936) 130 Suisan Kenkyushi, 31(5):251-8. Hansen, D.W. (1952) 125 Hybridization of trout Thesis, Ia. State College Library 55 p. Issued also as Trand•Ser.Fish.Res.Board Life history studies of the trout of Can., (1167)(1968) Pathfinder Reservoir, Wyoming Reciprocal hybridisation of Salvelinus (Unpubl.MS) pulviusl S. fontinalis, and Onoorhynohus According to Carlander (1959), Salmo =sou. Fl of S. 12111121 and S. fontinalis olarki X S. pirdneri. 7a7Grossed to S. fontinalis. VS7Sigras of S. pulvius and O. masou did not mature. The-Oi hybrids oflff. fontinalis and O. Hardy, E. (1961) 126 masou were maturing at the time of writing Salmon Trout Mag., (163):132-8 (ing). New salmon in Europe and research leading to the introduction of Pacific Oncorhynchus Honking, H. (1929) 131 Rapp.P.-v.R6un.Cons.Perm.Int.Explor.Mer, Harris, G. (1969) 127 61:1-99 Trout salmon Meg., 1969(86):31,33,35 Untersuchungen an Salmoniden mit Hybrids - success or failure? besonderer BerUcksichtigung der Art- und Rassenfragen. Tail 1. Review of hybrids Salmonidae) in general and the "sunbeam" see Knowles, 1969) and the "ten-ton" trout in particular. Ranking, H. (1931) 132 The sunbeam is a backoross of Salmo gairdneri Rapp.P.-v.Rfan.Cons.Perm.Int.Explor.Mer, 41 X S. trutta etc, S. trutta" - 73:i-122 The fen-ton trout is reported hybrid of S. Untersuchungen an Salmoni den mit gairdneri and Onoorhynchus tschawytscha besonderer BerUcksichtigung der Art- und with exceptional hybrid vigor. ( Rassenfragen. Teil 2. Times November 28, 1968). Alm (1955) reports that hybridisation between S. solar and S. trutta was duringthe 20th Harrison, A.C. (1961) 128 regularly" carried out Pisoator, 50:85-93 century in the Baltic River Persante. VINFTilout (Salmo trutta female X Salvelinus faxmarrime) Hikita, T. and Y. Yokohira (1964) 133 According to Carlander (1969), 55 hybrid Soi.Rep. Fish Hatchery, 18:57-65 trout in South Africa. Biological study on hybrids of the salmonoid fishes. A note of Fl hybrids between chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink salmon (Onoorhynohus gorbuscha) Issued also as TranslSer.Fish.Res.Board Can., (1064)(1968) - 14 -

Observations on reciprocal hybridization Salvelinus - which action does not of O. keta and O. gorbuscha fry. Adults lessen the difference between the not returned at timeof writing report. species. See Simon and Noble (1968) for a review.

Hunter, J.G. (1949) 137 Hitzeroth, H., et al. (1968) 134 Progr.Rep.Pac.Coast.Stn., (81):91-2 Biochem.Genet., 1(7:287-300 Occurrence of hybrid salmon in the Asynchronous activation of parental British Columbia commercial fishery alleles at the tissue-specific gene loci morphometrio data on observed on hybrid trout during early Meristic and development natural hybrids of Oncorhynchus gorbusoha and O. keta.

Hofer, B. (1909) 135 Inaba, D. (1953) 138 Halle am S, Verlag SchlUter & Mass. 558 p. J.Tokyo Univ.Fish., 39(2):215-21 Die SUsswasserfische von Mittel-Europa On the breeding and hybridization among the salmonoid fishes Alm (1955) reports that Hofer says only hybridization between Salmo salar females and S. trutta males is possible 7nd not 139 the opposite cross. flUbrigens lassen Irving, R.B. (1953) Stat.Agrioultural College, Bich Forelleneier von Lachsmilch Uberhaupt Thesis, Utah (MS) nicht befruchten." 101 p. Ecology of the cutthroat trout, Salmo olarki Richardson in Henry's Lake, Hubbs, C.L. (1955) 136 Idaho Syst.Zool.,, 4(1)0-20 According to Carlander (1969), 2. olarki Hybridization between fish species in X R. gairdneri. nature Among the trout we find occasional inter- 140 generic hybrids in nature as well as in Ismaoh, J. (1971) culture. Most of these are between the Seattle Post-Intell., 1971, April 22:7 native brook trout and the introduced Salmon farm under experiment in sound brown trout. In the West the cutthroat Reference to hybrids for hardiness and and rainbow trouts, both belonging to the superior eating quality. See Mahnken, genus Salmo, live side by side with little Novotny, and Joyner (1970). or no crossing in many coastal streams but in the interior, where the cutthroat alone was native, the introduction of rainbows Jones, J.W. ( 1947) 141 has repeatedly led to very extensive Proc.Zool.Soc.Lond., 117(4):708-15 hybridization, and frequently to the Salmon and trout hybrids elimination of the cutthroat, through a combination of hybridization and superior Description of hybrids of S. salar backeross competition. The rainbow and golden trouts and S. trutta GM, including a hybridize similarly. In the hatcheries of June with a male S. salar, obtained to many crosses have been produced between good from experiments from January 1934 species of chars, trouts, and salmons. Some January 1938 at Fordingbridge by H.J. of these produce fertile offspring, and by Skinner (1938) for Sir Ernest Wills. mating one hybrid with one of another cross, four species of the Pacific salmons have 142 been combined in one individual (among the Jones, J.W. (1959) New York, Harper & Brothers, 192 p. poeciliids we have thus combined as many as five species and twelve subspecies or The salmon races). One combination, between the brook Review of Jones (1947) and Alm (1955)• trout and the lake trout, is being propa- gated in Canada with promise of use in fish management. The parental species were formerly classed as distinct genera, but in the current lumping spree both are put in - 15 - Jordan, D.S. (1906) 143 Kendall, w.C. (1921) 149 Science N.Y., 23(585):434 Trans.Am.Fish.Soc., 50:187-99 Hybridization of Pacific salmon What are rainbow trout and steelhead trout? A report of J.A. Richardson crossing all of the North American species of Intraspecific hybridization of Salmo Oncorhynchus. He found the O. gairdneri. Reference to Day's work. gorbuschag X O. nerkaehybrid superior.

Kimura, S. (1961) 150 Jubb, R.A. (1961) 144 Bull.Biogeogr.Soc.Jap., 22(5):69-73 Bulawayo, Stuart Manning (PVT.) Ltd., A new salmonid fish, Oncorhynchus 151 p. iwame sp. nov., obtained Kyushu, An illustrated guide to the freshwater Japan fishes of the Zambezi River, Lake Kariba, Pungwe, Sabi, Lundi and Limpopo Rivers Klein, W.D. (1966) 151 Progr.Fish-Cult., 28(3)046-51 Kamyshnaia, M.S. (1961) 145 The summer movement of hybrid and Nauchn.Dokl.Vyssh.Shk.(Biol.Nauki), brook trout into an inlet stream - 4:29 33 Hybrid trout (Salvelinus fontinalis On the biology of the hybrid between chum - - - X S. namaycush) 7an STOOk trout and pink salmon: Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), (Salveiinus fontinalis) were recovered Infras. autumnalis Berg X O. gorbuscha in a trap in the inlet of Parvin Lake Family Salmonid- (Walbau.m .y during the summer of 1962. Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res.Board Can., (403)(1962) Hybrids of Oncorhynchus ketaTX O. Klein, W.D. (i9o() 152 gorbuschacnn Sakhalin hatcheries having Progr.Fish-Cult., 29(3)040-9 fast growth, early maturity, and excellent Evaluation of a pulsating direct-current edible qualities. shocking device for obtaining trout from a lake for population estimates. Splake (Salvelinus namayoush*X S. M.S. (1963) Kamyshnaia, 146 fontinafr7;771Tnumerous in PaTvin Rybn.Khoz., (4) Lake, Colorado. Hybrids of chum-pink salmon in the rivers of the North Kner, R. (1d65) 153 Varh.Zool.-Bot.Ver.Wien, 15:199-202 Kato, T. (1966) 147 Ueber Salmoniden-Bastarde Bull.Freshwat.Fish.Res.Lab., - 16:59 65 Issued also as Z.Gesamte Naturwiss., Studies on the techniques of salmon- and 27:453-4(Abstr.) trout culturing. 3. Growth and survival rate of Salvelinus pluviusi Salvelinus According to Dean (1962), Salmo trutta fontinalis and the hybrid, Salvelinus (fario and including Trutta lacu7sT7ri) pluviusf X Salvelinus fontinalis ter X Salvelinus alpinusTs=elinus in (In Japanese, English swaarnr y Blraa near Gmunden, . According to Suzuki and Kato (1966), F hybrids, both male and female, were fertile.1 Knoch, J. (1884) 154 Korresp.-Bl.Naturforsch., Riga, 27:1-13 Kawashima, K. and R. Suzuki (1968) 148 Die kunstliche Zucht der Lachse, Bull.Freshwat.Fish.Res.Lab., 18(1):49-59 Laohsforellen, keorellen und der Lepidological study in Some Japanese Bastarde derselben, sowie ihre salmons Verglanzung und Acclimatisation in (In Japanese, English summary) den FlUssen Welikaja Pskowa und in Hybridization of an unknown Oncorhynchus dem Pleskaaer See. sp. with O. rhodarus and O. masou to show that the unknown species was actually 0. rhodarus. - 16 -

Koshida, H. (1926) 158 According to Dean (1962), Salmo trutta Suisan Kenkyushi, 35(7)080-3. (fario) X Salvelinus alpiniTT(sMN7drius). Ecology and hybridization of Masu. 1 Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res. Board Cam., (1165)(1968) Knowles, A. (1969) 155 Colour data on fertile hybrids of Trout Salmon Wag" 1969(86):30, 32-3 Onoorhynchus mason X Salmo moorosionse How I bred the 'Sunbeam'

An account of the Fishery Officer for the Koshida, (1926a) Durleigh H. 159 West Somerset Water Board at 35(8):201-3 Reservoir hatchery's fast growing hybrid Suisan Kenkyushi, backoross of Salmo gairdneri X S. trutta Ecology and hybridization of Masu. 2 to S. irutta, named the "sunbeam". Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res. (1166)(1968) The P2generation of the sunbeam was 90% Board Can., fertilized. Crosses of Salmo gairdn.rifX Salmo - llX Also reported in the Angling Times May 22, moorostomaSa S. 5airdneri 1969. Salvelinus fontinaliseall died before reaching completegermination.

Kobayashi, H. (1963) 156 Ceologia, 28(4):365-75 Some cytological observations on fertili- Krykhtin, M.L. (1962) 160 zation in the cross between the dog-salmon Izv.Tikhookean.Nauchno-Issled.Inst. and the pink-salmon Morsk.Rybn.Khoz.Okeanogr., (From Sport 87237) 48 - Fish.Abstr., No. Data on the stream period of life of The process of fertilization and the masu salmon course of early cleavages in the cross between the dog-salmon (Oncorhynohus keta) and the pink-salmon (Onoorhynchus gorbusoha) Kruse, T.E. (1959) 161 and in its reciprocal cross were found to prooeed in normal manner. No di- and poly- 59(149):307-63 spermio condition in insemination was found. Grayling of Grebe Lake, Yellowstone The behaviour of the chromosomes during National Park, Wyoming early cleavage of the hybrid egg showed 1907 Salmo 1912 nothing unusual. There was no lag or In jairdneri and in S. olarki were planted in Grebe Lake. elimination of any chromosomes. There was Since that time the two salmonid no evidence to indicate that the spermatozoa species have hybridized to such an acted as a parthenogentio agent. extent that by 1952 no fish were found which were definitely pure strains of cutthroat or rainbow trout, but with a Kobayashi, H. (1964) 157 Soi.Rep.Hokkaido Fish Hatchery, 18:67-71 red slash on each side of the hyoid membrane. Hyoid teeth, a cutthroat biologioal study of hybrids of the salmonid characteristic, were present in all fishes. Cytological observation specimens examined. Body forms range of fertilization in the cross between chum from the typical elliptical shape of and pink salmon the cutthroat to the blunt, stocky, Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res.Board high-shoulder outline of the rainbow. Can., (1050)(1968) The results of the cytological study on the fertilization in reciprocal crosses Kuznetsov, I.I. (1928) 162 of Onoorhynohus keta and O. gorbusoha Izv.Tikhookean.NauchnoPromysl•Stn., coincided with those of normal O. keta. 2(3):109 Some observations on the spawning of the Amur and Kamchatka salmons. (In Russian) - 17 -

It is worthwhile to note that the external Leopold, A. (1918) 166 species characteristics of certain fish Trans.Am.Fish.Soc., 47:101-2 sometimes were shown so indistinctly that Mixing trout in western waters experienced Japanese sorters made mistakes determining species and threw a chum in Discussion of planted trout hybridizing with the sockeye and vice versa. In such with each other and native trout. oases the determination of the species was Mentions fishermen's reports of rainbow made by us by the colour of the meat, and a native black-spotted trout (species which gave a sharp contrast from one unknown to author) oross. species to another. The crossing of the characteristics of the fish (which has 167 effect, one must suppose, in some degree Leuokart, F.R. (1882) or other, also on their fecundity), is Arch.Naturges., 48(2):309 -15 probably the result of the chum and the Hybridism in fishes sockeye spawning in the same place, giving a crossbreed. At any rate, the experience 168 of crossbreeding on the Amur pink and Leuokart, P.R. (1882a) summer chum points out the possibility of Berlin, 9 p. obtaining hybrids also between the chum Ueber Bastardfisohe and the sockeye or with the ooho. According to Dean (1962), a review of Overbeck (1880). Leik, T.R. (1959) 163 Job oompletion reports in Q.Rep.Colo.Coop. Lewis, R.C. ( 1944) 169 Fieh.Res.Unit, (5) Calif.Fish Game, 30(2):95-7 Selective breeding of rainbow trout According to Martin (1960), "Eoology and at Rot life history, downstream migration studies, Creek Hatchery. and creel census of hybrid trout in Parvin p. 71 Needham and Gard, 1959 L., Colorado." (Splake)

Leikt T• H• (1960) 164 MacCrimmon, H.R. and J.S. Campbell(1969)170 Thesis, Colorado State University, tort J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 26(7):1699 -725 Collins, 98 p. World distribution of brook trout, Immature splake trout in a lentio environ- Salvelinus fontinalis ment (u 31 11 Liebmann and Reiohenbach-Klinke state 441 • S) that, in some waters (in West ), An initial 2-year study dealing with brook trout cross with brown trout morphological characteristics, growth (Salmo trutta L.) and give rise to the and food habits, distribution, environ- sterile hybrid-(Tigerfisch). (Personal mental 'requirements, and harvest of the oommunication, Liebmann, H., and H. hybrid between Salvelinus namaycush X Reiohenbach-Klinke. 1967. Bayerische S. fontinalisd617776747mtomtqX an Biologische Versuchsanstalt MUnchen, undefined hybrideW(could be Oncorhynchus 8 Manchen 22, Federal Republic of masoucK S. moorostomaein Koshida, 1926a). Germany). In Poland the high vulnerability of Lieder, U. (1956) 16,5 brook trout to angling pressure and 8 natural hybridizing with brown trout zaisch•I 4(7/8):5 9 -94 Chromosomenstudien an Knoohen fisohen. limits its numbers. (Personal communi- 4. Cie Chromosomenverhaltnisse bei der cation, Sakowioz, Stanislaw. 1967. Regenbogen-und Bachforelle und ihren Instytut Rybaotwa Srodladowego Olsztyn- Bastarden Kortowo, Poland). The chromosome relationship between Salmo In South Africa "male brook trout are now kept at the Jonkershoek Hatohery isirdneri and S. trutta and their hybrids SvardiOn solely for crossing with the brown support 113157. trout (S. trutta) to produce the '' Ty117274- (Personal communication, Smith, D.P. 1967. Department of Nature Conservation, Stellenbosoh, South Africa.) - 18 - MacCrimmon, H.R., B.L. Gots and J.S. 171 Martin, N.V. and N.S. Baldwin (1960) 176 Campbell (1971) J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 17(4):541-51 J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 28(3):452-6 Observations on the life history of the World distribution of brook trout, hybrid between eastern brook trout and Salvelinus fontinalis: further lake trout in Algonquin Park, Ontario observations In most features investigated, the Both brook trout and tiger trout (brown hybrid trout has a greater affinity to X brook hybrid) have been stocked in the brook trout than to the lake trout. Rhodesian waters. In angling, depth distribution, food, maturity, fecundity, and time and dura- tion of spawning the hybrid trout is MacCrimmon, H.R., T.L. Marshall and 172 closer to the brook trout than the lake B.L. Gots (1970) trout. Length-weight relationship, and J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 27(4):811-8 place of successful spawning, are more World distribution of brown trout, similar to the lake trout. The hybrids Salmo trutta: further observations grow faster than either parent, and school more strongly. Their spawning Brown trout is now naturalized in the behaviour shows characteristics of each mountain waters of the Oriental and parent. Real ranges, and hybridization with the rainbow trout occurs (Terrazas, personal communication). Martin, N.V. and D.C. Scott (1959) 177 Progr.Fish-Cult., 21(4)083-4 Use of Tricaine methanesulfonate (M.S. MacPhee, C. (1966) 173 95(4):381-7 222) in the transport of live fish Trans.Am.Fish.Soc., without water Influence of differential angling mortality and stream gradient on fish Movement of Salvelinus namaycush X abundance in a trout-sculpin biotope S. fontinalis hybrids by air in Ontario. At the end of a summer period, Svardson (1949) found that a hatchery trough environment favoured the survival of Massaro, E.J. and C.L. Markert (1968) 178 alpine chars over char X trout hybrids 168(2):223-38 and these hybrids survived better than Isozyme patterns of salmonid fishes: brown trout when all three fish were evidence for lactate dehydrogenase mixed together. polypeptides From these observations, it has been Mahnken, C.V.W., A.J. Novotny and 174 concluded that salmonids are tetra- T. Joyner (1970) ploids. In our view, it seems most Am.Fish Farmer, 2(1):12-5, 27 likely that they arose through allotetra- Salmon mariculture potential assessed ploidization of a primitive hybrid ancestor. Hybrid of Oncorhynchus tschawytscha X O. gorbuscha used in experimental ifloating pens in Puget Sound.. Mather, F. (1876) 179 For.Stream, 6:69 Hybrid Salmonidae Martin, N.V. (1960) 175 Res.Inf.Pap.Ont.Dep.Lands For.(Fish.), According to Dean (1962), misc. and (7):12 p. unimportant. Annotated bibliography of the eastern brook trout X lake trout hybrid (Salvelinus fontinalis X Salvelinus McCauley, R.W. and J.S. Tait (1970) 180 nia,Y=5an Ash — J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 27(10):1729-33 Preferred temperature of yearling lake Bibliography of splake through 1960. trout, Salvelinis namayoush The lake trout, like Oncorhynchus keta and brook X lake trout hybrid (Pearson, MS, 1952), belongs to type 5 of Zahn's classification characteristic of species having a moderate degree of stenothermality. - 19

1 60 MoPhail, J.D. (1961) 181 Miller, R.R. ( 9 ) 185 J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 18(5):793-...816 Univ.Calif.Publ.Zool., (67)024 p. A systematic study of the Salvelinus Review of rainbow trout in Mexico alpinus complex in North America and California with notes on the cutthroat series by Peal R. Needham The validity of doubtfhl species pairs and Richard Gard can be established if they occur sympa- trically without mass hybridization. Review of Needham and Gard (1959). Occasional hybridization may occur, but Suggests that introduced trout may as long as the hybrids are rare the have hybridized with native stooks species can be considered valid. In in Mexico. The native trout of the Karl* and Fraser Lakes S. malma and Gila River basin in New Mexico and S. alpinus occur sympatiroally. The Arizona are reduced through hybridi- evidence indicates that within these zation and introgression of characters. lakes hybridization between S. malma and S. alpinus rarely, if ever, occurs. From the data presented, S. alpinus Miller, R.R. and J.R. Alcorn (1943) 186 and S. malma are considered as discrete Trans.Am.Fish.Soc., 73:173-93 species, each subject to geographic The introduced fishes of Nevada with variation, which occur sympatrically in a history of their introduction certain areas of Alaska with little or no hybridization. Milne, D.J. (1948) 187 Thesis, McGill University Department Miller, R.B. (1949) 182 of Zoology, Montreal, 101 p. (Unpubl.MS) Alberta, Department of Lands and Forests, The growth, morphology and relationship 139 p. of the species of Pacific salmon and Preliminary biological surveys of Alberta the steelhead trout watersheds, 1947-1949 Review of Foerster (1935). According to Carlander (1969), Salmo clarki X S. gairdneri. Morrison, W.J. (1970) 188 Trans.Am.Fish.Soc., 99(1)093-206 Miller, R.B. (1957) 183 Non-random segregation of two lactate J.Fish.Res.Board can" 14(6):797-806 dehydrogenase subunit loci in trout Have the genetic patterns of fishes have Two of the five lactate dehydro- been altered by introductions or by genase (LDH) subunit loci known to selective fishing? exist :nt:al:on(isad::::essw:re obtained Changes in some salmonids may be assigned in heterozygous condition in the hybrid to introgressive hybridization, particular- — — ly where rainbow and cutthroat trout have Walbaum) X brooktrrut rS. fontinalis been put together on the eastern slopes. Mitchill) and linkage tests were per- In many cases, however, exotics have formed. apparently failed to contribute to the gene pool of the resident population, and most hybrids, when they occur have been of low Morrison, N.J. and J.E. Wright (1966) 189 . fertility. Limited review of other works. J.Elp.Zool., 163:259-70 Genetic analysis of three lactate dehydrogenase isogyme systems in trout: Miller, R.R. (1950) 184 evidence for linkage of genes coding Occas.Pap.Mus.Zool.Mich.Univ., subunits A and B (529):42 p. Various crosses and baokorosses Notes on the cutthroat and rainbow involving S. fontinalis and Salvelinus trouts with the description of a new namayoushlemonstrate that subunits A species from the Gila River, New Mexico and B are each coded by different auto- somal genes (LA and LB). — 20 —

Comparison of patterns of S. fontinalis Natural hybrids of Salmo gairdneri with and S. trutta and their hybrid seems to S. aquabonita and S. olarki. indicate that two additional subunits are involved in a third series of five isogymes found in the skeletal muscle Needham, P.R. and R. Gard (1964) 196 of each speoies examined." Copeia, 1964(1)069-73 A new trout from Central Mexico: Salmo ohrysogaster, the Mulch, E.E. and W.C. Gamble (1954) 190 PUb.Ariz.Game Fish Dep., 19 p., Salmo ohrysogaster believed derived by hybridization of a primitive S. Game fishes of Arizona gairdneri with a primitive S. olarki. The Arizona native trout, Salmo (Miller) "is native to the headwaters of the Gila River watershed and has Nelson, J.S. (1965) 197 hybridized with the rainbow trout. J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 22(3):721-53 The fish is now (1954) restricted to Effects of fish introductions and the upper headwaters of Eagle Creek in hydroelectric development on fishes Greenlee Country in its pure strain, and in the Kananaskis River system, is probably also present in hybrid form Alberta in the Black and White Rivers and the steams of Mount Baldy." Reference to Gilmour (MS 1950) and stocking of Salmo olarki X S. Buirdneri hybrids. Ball, G.H. (1930) 191 London, Seeley Servioes & Co. Life of the Nelson, J.S. (1968) 198 J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 25(2):409-14 According to Jones (1959), Nall suggests Distribution and nomenclature of that hybridization in nature may take North American kokanee, Onoorhynchus place in small streams. nerka

Neave, F. (1958) 192 Neresheimer, E. (1937) 199 Trans.R.Soo.Can., (3), 52 (5):25-39 Handb.Binnenfisch.Mittel—Eur., The origin and speoiation of Oncorhynchus 3(5):219-370 Most of the speoies of 9noorhynchus show Die Lachsartigen (Salmonidae) a high degree of interfertility. New York (State), Commissioners of 200 Needham, P.R. (1938) i„ Fisheries of the State of New York Progr.Fish—Cult., 37:1-10, 43 Notes on the introduction of Mexican Rep.Comm.Fish.State N.Y., (11):7-10 trout Eleventh report of the dommissioners of Fisheries of the State of New York p. 71 Needham and Gard, 1959 According to Martin (1960), splake raised at Caledonia Hatohery, by 1991 Needham, P.R. and R.J. Behnke (1962) 194 had a small brood stook and plantings Progr.Fish-Cult., 24(4):156-8 made but never followed up. The origin of hatchery rainbow trout Introgression of Salmo olarki genes Nikoliukin, N.I. ( 1964) into S. gairdneri. Isv.Vses.Naachno—Issled.Instaforsk. Rybn.Khoz.Okeanogr., 55 The hybridization of fish and its Needham, P.R. and R. Gard (1959) 195 significance in acolimatizatiora Univ.Calif.Publ.Zool., 67(1)024 p. Rainbow trout in Mexioo and California According to Smirnov (1969), Nikoliukin with notes on the cutthroat series believes salmon hybrids in general are rare. - 21 - Nyman, O.L. (1965) 202 freshwater salmons found in the waters Rep.Swed.Salmon Res.Inst., 1965(13):1-11 of Japan Variation of proteins in hybrids and parental species of fishes Reciprocal crosses, backorosses, and F2 hybrids of Onoorhynchus masou and Eleotrophoresis protein patterns were O. rhodorus. At the time, the cross summations of the parental species, with performed extensively and great numbers few exceptions, in the hybrid brbding of F1 liberated into the streams. (Salvelinus alpinus and S. fontinalis). In splake S. namaicush 7 S. fontinalis) the pattern; were not distinguishable from Si. fontinalis. Oshima, M. (1957) 209 Nire Shobo (Nire Book Company), Tokyo Sakura-masu to Biwa-masu. (Onoorhynchus masou and Nyman, O.L. (1966) 203 Oncorhynchus rhodurus) Rep.Swed.Salmon Res.Inst., 1966(3):1-6 Geographic variation in Atlantic salmon Oshima, M. (1957a) 210 All the diverging electrophoretic protein 79 p. (in Japanese) bands in the parental species were summed Studies on the dimorphic salmons up in the F hybrids of Salmo Baler and S. Oncorhynohus rhodurus Jordan & McGregor, trutta. 1 found in Japan and adjacent territories According to Christie (1970), "Oshima (1957) demonstrated in hybridization Nyman, O.L. (1967) 204 experiments that the red spots of O. Rep.Inst.Freshwat.Res.Drottningholm, rhodurus are genotypic, and recessive (47):5-38 to the O. masou coloration." Protein variation in Salmonidae

Oshima, M. (1959) 211 Nyman, O.L. (1970) 205 DObutsugaku Zasshi, (Zoological Magazine) Trans.Am.Fish.Soc., 99(1):229-36 68(7):259-62. Electrophoretio analysis of hybrids Occurrence of the natural hybrid between between salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Oncorhynchus masou and Oncorhynchus trout (Salmo trutta rhodurus in the upper streams of Tenryu Analysis of hybrids of Piggins (1965). River. Istued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res. Board Can., (1098)(1968) 1 Namann, W. ( 964) 206 .Description of. naturally produced Schweiz.Z.Hydrol., 26(1)002-46 hybrids between Oncorhynchus masou Formenkreise der italienischen, and -O. rhodurus- is given with a new jugoslawisohen and adriatisphen Forellen, name, Onoorhynohus hybridus sp.nov. zugleioh em n Beitrag aber den Wert einiger meristischen Merkmale far Art und Rasseanalysen Oshima, M. (1969) 212 Behnke (1968) discusses Salmo marmoratus Dobutsugaku Zasshi, 68(7) Cuvier hybridizing with S. trutta. On the F1 of Amago and Tamame of Sanpo up stream of Tenryu River Terao and Rayashinaka (1961) Ohno, S. et al. (1969) 207 Chromosomes nday, 2:139-47 Diploidtetraploid relationship in Overbeck, G. (1880) 213 olupeoid and salmonoid fish Dtsch.Fisoh.-Ztg., 67 In view of the drive toward the fusion Sind Bastardfisohe fruohtbar oder Of homologues demonstrated by these steril? tetraploid salmonoid fish, the linkage Issued also as Oesterr.Fisch.-Ztg., 1:36 of two gene loci which arose as a result According to Dean (1962), Salmo salar of duplication by tetraploidy is expected. X S. trutta (fario) at Winkelsmuhle Daseldorf. - Oshima, M. (1934) 208 Proc.Pao.Sci.Congr., 5(1933):3751-73 Life-history and distribution of the - 22 -

Paast, G. (1955) 214 Summary of calculated growth data Sports Illus., July 11:36-9 on Montana fishes, 1948-61. Canada creates a great new trout. According to Carlander (1969), Salmo According to Martin (1960), report of clarki X S. gairdneri. splake. Phillipps, W.J. (1923) 220 Pavlov, I.S. (1959) 215 Salmon Trout Mag., 31:100-3 Rytn.Khoz., 35(6):23-4 Hybridism of Salmo irideus and Salmo Experiments on the hybridization of fario in Australasia Pacific salmon Issued also as N.Z.J.Soi.Peohnol., 5(2) Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res.Board (263) (1960) Can., Reviews hybrids of Salto Beirdneri Meristic and morphological data on and S. trutta and traces the results Oncorhynchus keta X 0. gorbuscha, oir7 of experiments in hybridization of hybrid, which returned intwo years same in Australasia. with an average weight in excess of 0. keta. OM. Piggins, D.J. (1965) 221 Atl.Salmon J., Fall issue:3-5 Pearson, E. (1952) 216 Salmon and sea trout hybrids Rep.Ont.Fish.Res.Lab., Univ.Toronto, trutta oe 24 p. (UnpUbl.MS) Hybrids of Salmo salarTX S. proved to dhow hybrid vigour for The behaviour of a sample of hybrid trout Backerosses (Salvelinus fontinalis X Cristivomer their first two years. of both sexes to both species have Jingiinan) in a vertical temperature been successful. gradient.

Piggins, (1965a) 222 Pegington, C.J. and H. Rees (1967) 217 D.J. Rep.Salmon Res.Trust, Irel., Chromosome., Berl., 21(4):475-7 1964:27-37 Chromosome size in salmon and trout Salmon and sea trout hybrids Measurements of a specific chromosome, F.1 S. of the salmon salar) hybrids of salmon and sea trout cSalimo complement (almost 5 and of another, S o the trout (Salmo years old at the end of I 1964) reached an average length of trutta) coMplement in nuclei of parent speoies 17.3" and were stripped for the third and of the hybrid dhow that the F.2 difference in size is maintained in time. hybrids resulting from 'hybrid nuclei. earlier stripping* were reared in ponds and released into a land-locked lake where their average size as 1+ Pith was 10", with some specimens of Pennsylvania, State Commissioners of 218 12" Pennsylvania, (1890-1901) over in length. Annual reports of State Commissioners of Pennsylvania for years 1887-1901 Piggins, D.J. (1966) 223 According to Martin (1960), "Distri- Rep.Salmon Res.Trust, Irel., bution lists for Corry Pennsylvania 1965:7-9 Hatchery. Total of 485,900 hybrids Salmon X sea trout hybrids stocked in Pennsylvania streams ' inter-specific hybridization between 1892 and 1900. Mostly fry, Further work was commenced in 1965, when some 1 year and 2 year olds." crosses of male and female grilse with male and female sea trout were attended J.C. ( 1 by normal results for fertilization and Peters, 964) 219 F.2 Montana Fish and Game Department, early incubation. Two years old Department of Fisheries, 76 p.(Mimeo) hybrids numbering 700 were allowed to go 1965. A total of D-J. Job Completion Rep. F=23-R4 to sea in April 10 forms (jobs I-II). 18 migratory and non-migratory were recaptured during 1965. The - 23 -

migratory forms reselbled sea trout Rasoh, H.H. (1867) 223 finnook and one was caught some 40 miles 1Forhaidenskapsselskap.Kristiania, from this fishery. Limited rod-fishing 1866(1867):326-7 for land-locked hybrids in Ballinlough Resultatet af nogle af ham anstillede resulted in a total catch of over 600 bastarderingsforsk mellem forskjellige filth averaging 3/4-lb. in weight at arter af irretartede fiske two years of age, with occasional According to Dean (1962), misc. and specimens of up to 1Y2 lbs. unimportant.

Piggins, D.J. (1967) 224 Raveret-Mattel and Bartet (1883) 229 Rep.Salmon Res.Trust, Irel., Bull.U.S.Fish Comm., 3:207-208 1966:29-32 'Reproduction of California salmon in Further studies on the specific charac- the aquarium of Trooadero teristics of brown trout and salmon-sea Issued also as C.R.Rebd.Seances Acad.Sci., trout hybrids Paris 96(12):796=T There was approximately 54 survival to Oncorhynohus tshawtscha eggs milted under-yearlings of salmon X sea trout with unspecified trout because of lack hybrids obtained by fertilizing grilse of ripe male salmon - the experiment ova with milt from sea trout in 1965. did not succeed. The complementary cross using sea trout ova and milt from grilse was a failure. Some 480, 2+ hybrid smolts were allowed Rees, H. (1967) 230 to go to sea in 1966, of which 18 have Chromosome, Berl., 21(4):472-4 been recaptured resembling sea trout The chromosomes of Salmo Baler finnock, as in 1965. Rod-fishing for land-looked hybrids continued in 1966 A new chromosome number of 2nm58 y2 given for S. Baler and 2nm69 for when the fish averaged 1 lbs. in weight - at 3+ years of age. S. Baler X s. trutta hybrids.

Pigging, D.J. (1971) 225 Regier, H.A. (1966) 231 Salmon Research Trust Ireland Prosr.Fish,-Cult., 28(1):3-17 Salmon X sea trout hybrids (1960-1970) A perspective on research on the dynamics of fish populations in A quite complete review of hybridization the Great Lakes work in Ireland. Development of a deep-swimming strain of splake to avoid lamprey predation. Plaza, N.L. Faster de ( 1949) 226 Publ.Migo.Minist.Agrio.Ganad., (319) F.G. (1919) 232 Hybridization between Salmo iridea Richmond, Salmon Trout Mag., 20:63 73 (Gibb.) and Salvelinus fontinalis (Jord.) - Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res. About rainbow trout Board Can., (13) Phillipps (1923) reports that on page 72, ' "Personally I have met with no instances Description of hybrid between Salvelinus of brown trout and rainbow trout crossing. fontinalis female and Salmo My attempts to cross them have always male. Mention of S. trutta and S. Baler failed. I know water where the spawning- se:ago, S. fontingris and S. trutta time of the latest brown trout overlaps by rids:. that of the earliest rainbows; but I have never seen in this water any fish which looked like a hybrid, nor have I seen the Parbott, C.A., Jr. (1951) 227 two kinds on the reeds together." Trans.Am.Fish.Soc., 80:251-9 Growth rate of trout in relation to elevation and temperature Lengths of Salmo sairdneri, X S.clarki hybrids. - 24 -

Roberts, F.L. (1967) 233 Rounsefell, G.A. (1962) 238 Progr.Fish-Cult., 29(2):75-83 Chromosome cytology of the Osteichthyes 62(209): 235-70 Relationships among North American In experimental studies of hybridiza- Salmonidae tion, chromosome studies can be used to confirm that actual hybridization, A quite complete discussion and review rather than gynogenesis (that is, induc- of hybridization in Salmonidae. tion of cleavage by sperm without contri- bution of paternal chromosomes), has occurred. Further, chromosome analysis Rurh, C.E. (1952) 239 makes possible the proof of hybridization Iowa State J.Sci., 27(3):55-77 in the embryo or sac-fry, and also Fish population of a mining pit lake, supplements nicely any morphological data Marion County, Iowa that might be obtained from adult specimens. Runnstrom, S. (1950) 240 Repanst.Freshwat.Res.Drottningholm, Roberts, F.L. (1970) 234 31:5-18 Trans.Am.Fish.Soc., 99(1):105-11 ---Direelloris-repor*-for the year 1949 Atlantic salmon (Salmo Baler) chromo- somes and speciation - Alt-early review -of-eiperiments of Alm (1955). Brief mention of Salmo Baler and S. trutta, Oncorhynchus keta and O. gorbuscha hybrids. Sanders, B.G. (1964) 241 In Taxonomic biochemistry and serology, " edited by C.A. Leone, New York, Ronald Roosevelt, R.B. (1880) 235 Press Co., pp.673-9 Sci.Am., 42:263 Electrophoretic studies of serum pro- Hybrid fish teins of 3 trout species and the resulting hybrids within the Family Salmonidae Roosevelt, R.B. (1880a) 236 Trans.Am.Fish Cult.Assoc., (9):8-13 ,A comparative study of the blood serum Hybrids, of brown trout (Salmo trutta), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), rainbow Brief description of a hybrid of trout (Salmo, aird;;;77-;17 resulting Salvelinus namayoushgX S. fontinalise hybrid specimens tiger trout and brown- Hybrid of S. fontinaliefX Oncorhynchus bow trout) were analyzed electroPhoreti- tehawytschae(California salmon) cally for protein components, and the produced only females with eggs too percentage of proteins in each fraction large to pass through vent. Artifi- was determined. cially fertilized eggs with S. fontinalis milt failed to produce fry. Reciprocal crosses of S. fontinalis Sano, S. and H. Eguohi (1936) 242 and Salmo gairdneri (California moun- Suisan Fukajyo Pukunei She), Showa 11 tain trout (impregnated about 80% of nen:13. the eggs used. Interspeoifio hybridization among Also records crossing S. nernayoushV sa1monid fishes with an unspecified whitefisaand S. Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res. fontinaliegwith an unspecified fresh- Board Can., (1164)(1yea) water herringo! Results not recorded Hybrids of Oncorhynchus keta, O. nerka, and no hybrids discussed. O. masou, Salmo gairdneri, and Salvelinus Species identified in Bean (1889b). fontinalis.

Roosevelt, R.B. (1884) 237 Proc.Am.Assoc.Adv.Sci., 33:510-5 -

Soheuring, L. (1930) 243 Seguin, L.R. (1957) 248 Bad.Fisch.-Ztg., 7:33 ::::s.Am.Fish.Soc., 86:136-43 Beobachtungen Uber die Erbeltung und Scientific fish culture in Quebec since Aufzuoht von Lachsen und Bastarden zwisohen 'Ache und Baohforelle Artificial hybridization using the Alm (1955) records that this paper was following species: Salvelinus fontinalis, not available in , but referred TRUTALTPAINUADMARL.STSOAINI,.SALMO to in other papers. Scheuring empha- ainr=r118hs: sized that S. Baler female X S. trutta tThe best growth was forI S. fontinalis male gave far better results than its alpinus marstonicif. reciprocal, which had a larger number of malformations and more extensive yolk sae disease. The largest reached Shapovalov, L., W. A. Dill and 249 20 cm. after one year in a pond. A. Cordone (1959) Calif.Fish Game, 45(3):159-80 A revised check list of the freshwater 2 Scott, W.B. (1956) 44 and anadromous fishes of California Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum, 7 p. Wendigo the hybrid trout Planting of. splake (Salvelinus namayoush .? XS. fontinalis of) TITTNTra County. An account of splake (Salvelinus namayous4X S. fontina7174). — Simon, R.C. and R.E. Noble (1968) 250 Trans Am.Fish.Soc., 97(2):109-18 Se, Huan, and Yuan (1959) 245 Hybridization in Oncorhynchas (Salmonidae). Aota BYdrobiol.Sinioa, 2:215-20 1. Viability and inheritance in artificial Lenok and taimen and their natural crosses of chum and pink salmon hybrids in the Hailungian basin Survival and fertility are substantial (In Chinese, Russian summary) in first generation hybrids. Morpholo- According to Behnke (1968), natural gical features in the F1 are either like hybrids of Braohymystax lenok and one parent, unlike either parent, or Huoho taimen (Pallas) from the Amur intermediate. Failure of hybrids to be River system in China. intermediate in some parental attributes is oontrasted to earlier reports. Hybrid fertility is equated to persistence Sequin, L.R. (1954) 246 of parental traits in the phenotype of Quebec, Game and Fisheries Department the Fl. Multiple and additive gene sys- The "Splake In Ephemerides of the tems are assumed to be operative wherein Biological Bureau 1(0:21-2 dominance is suspected in two characteris- tic's. Viability data are provided on Fi, Martin (1960) states, "in 1953 anglers F2, reciprocal, and backcross hybrids. caught 300 Fi and F2 hybrids raised in Morphological descriptions contained Eastern Townships Fish Hatchery." provide some basis for recognizing natural chum-pink hybrids.

Seguin, L.R. (1956) 247 In Booklet of Game and Fisheries Skinner, H.J. (1938) 251 t;partment, Province of Quebec Field, 1938, 30 July Habits and rearing methods of Salmon and trout hybrids QMebeo trout According to Martin (1960), "1944 - Slastenenko, E.P. (1953) 252 700 splake fingerlings planted in Lake Rev.Soo.Mex.His.Nat., 14(1 -4):71 -6 Lyster, Quebec. General description El crecimento en los hibridos de appearance habits, photographs." Salvelinus fontinalis y Salvelinus namayoush. Growth study of the hybrid. - 26 -

Slastenenko, E.P. (1953) 253 Smirnov, A.I. (1953a) 259 Tr.Soveshoh.Vopr.Lososev.Khoz.Dal'nego Rev.Soc.Mex.Hist.Nat., 14 Estudio de hibridos artificiales entre Vostoka, 1953:94-110. Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill y S. Problems of rationalization of the bio- namaycush Walbaum technique of.salmon_breeding on Sakimain_ Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res.Board Can.,- (1110)(1968) Slastenenko, E.P. (1954) 254! Reciprocal hybrids of Onoorhynohus keta J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 11(5):652-9 and , O. gorb a The relative growth of hybrid char and-r-rini7s7aenis, and 0. lata t O. (Salvelinus fontinalis X Cristivomer gorbusohadr. na--amoh77-7 - • Hybrid char from Banff were inter- Smirnov, A.I. (1959) 260 mediate between the two parental Priroda Mosk., 6:98-100 species, lake trout and eastern brook Intergeneric hybridization of Pacific trout, in respect to relative growth l of some characters; in others they salmon Issued,alsp as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res.Board approximated one or other of the parent Can., (251) species. smuts of Salvelinus leuoomaenis X OnoorhynchurillarsTresalt in oyolops- like embryos. Slastenenko, E.P. (1956) 255 Istanbul Univ.Fen Fak Ream, (B), 21(3) Hybridization as a factor of evolution Smirnov, A.I. (1969) 261 Martin (1960) states, "Reference to In Genetioa, selektsiia i ribridizatsiia lib.Akad.Nauk SSSR, Iohthiol.Komm., Slastenenko (1964). Lake trout X 139-59 brook trout hybrids had intermediate Moskva, pp. Hybrids of Pacific salmon of the genus characters and characteristics of one characteristics of their of the parental species." Onoorhynohus, growth and development and prospects of utilization Slastenenko, E.P. (1956) 256 A quite complete review of hybridization Rev.Soc.Mex.Hist.Rat., 17:63-84 of Salmonidae in the USSR. A world list of natural hybrids of fishes Smith, C.E. (1971) 262 J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 28(1)012-3 Smirnov, A.I. (1950) 257 An undifferentiated hematopoietio neo- Rybn.Khoz., (4) plasm with histologic manifestations Following up on chum and pink hybrids of leukemia in a cutthroat trout (ale clarki) Amber (1969) reported lymphosaroomas Smirnov, A.I. (1953) 258 in three brook trout, Salvelinus Dokl.Akad.Nauk SSSR, 91(2):409-12 fontinalis, and two hybrid splake Some characteristics of the inter- (brook trout X lake trout). He specific hybrid between autumn chum suggested that the tumours were most salmon and pink salmon, Onoorhynohus likely of thymic origin.- keta (Weibel* infraspeoies wwia1ia Berg X. gatAuusdal.. Walbaum , family lalmonidae . Smith, E. (1915) 263 Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res. Trans.Pac.Fish.Soc., 1:71-8 Board Can., (95()(W() Salmon hybridization High percentage of fertilization and Reciprocal crosses of Onoorhynohus heterosis of the hybrid. tsohawytscha and O. kisutoh with growth and colour data. - 27 -

Smith, S.H. (1968) 264 The F1 generation of brookinaw was J.Fisih.Res.Board Can., 25(4):667-93 . obtained by crossing a brook trout Species succession and fishery- exploita- female and a lake trout male. The hatching tion in the Great Lakes success was 73 percent, with good survival. Hatching success for 2 lots of the F2 Splake in Ontario. generation averaged 68 percent. Hatching EFUCCASS of a back-cross with a brook trout male was 94.1 percent, and that of a back- Soguri, M. (1936) 265 cross with a brook trout female was 82.2 Suisan Kenkiu-shi, 31:251-8 (in percent. Japanese) A cross between a brookinaw female and a On hybrids among trouts brown trout male yielded a hatching success According to Suzuki and Kato (1966), of 4.8 percent; a cross between a brown "Sogari (1936) who obtained firstly trout female and a brookinaw male yielded the artificial F1 hybrids of a hatch of 32.2 percent. Salvelinus pluviva 1r X Salvelinus The hatching success of a cross between a fontinalisereportedtlat their I lake trout female and a brook trout male females were fertilisable, while males was 38.5 percent. were sterile."

Stanton, J.E. (1950) 271 Soldwedel, R.H. (1968) 266 Gan.Fish Cult., 6:20-2 N.J. Outdoors, 18(1):20 Artificial hybridization of eastern brook Brookbows trout and lake trout According to Atz (1971), natural Data on reoiprocal crosses of Salvelinus reciprocal hybrids of Salvelinus namayoush and S. fontinalis. fontinalis and Salmo gairdneri. Stanton, J.E. (1952) 272 Solman, V.E.F. (1951) 267 Can.Fish Cult., 13:15-21 Trans.North Am.Wildl.Conf., 16:225-33 Additional information on eastern brook The creel census in the National trout X lake trout hybrids Parks of Canada Meristio and morphological data on fertile According to Martin (1960), use of hybrids of Salvelinus namayoush X S. splake in mountain lakes, first plant in 1950. Stenton, J.E. (1953) 273 Solman, V.E.F., J.-P. Cuerrier and 268 North.Sportsman, 8(5)02-3 W.C. Cable Anglers will have a new opponent Trans.North Am.Wildl.Conf., 17:226-34 Martin (1960) states, "Popular account Why have fish hatcheries in Canada's of Stanton's work in Alberta based on national parks? Stanton (1950, 1952)." According to Martin (1960), splake have faster growth and acclimatize better to cold water than brook trout. Stokell, G. ( 1949) 274 The splake spawn in late October on Reo.Canterbury Mus., 5:209-12 gravel bottoms like speckled trout. The numerical characters of five hybrid trout Meristic data on hybrids of Salmo J.D. (1941) 269 gairdneri and S. trutta. pslo, J. Dybwads Forlag, 591 p. Orretboka Strawn, K. (1958) 275 Sowards, C.L. (1959) 270 In Handbook of biological data, 1 P. Progr.Fish-Cult., 21(4)047-50 table Experiments in hybridizing several Optimum and extreme temperatures for species of trout growth and survival: various fishes. - 28 -

According to Oarlander (1969), splake. Neristio and colour oharaoteristios were intermediate of the parental species in natural and artificial hybrids of this Suohetet, A. (1888) 276 cross. Rev.Quest.Sci., 12:188-97 L'hYbridete dens la nature.. Fishes SVIrdson, G. (1945) 282 Rep.Inst.Freshwat.Res.Drottningholm, Suzuki, R. (1965) 277 23:1-151 Jap.J.Ichthyol., 13(1/3):64,8 Chromosome studies on Salmonidaa Hybridization experiments in cyprinid fishes. 8. Two kinds of reciprocal According to Alm (1955), SvIrdson claims crosses, pseudogobio esooinus X that hybrids of S. salar and S. trutta Pseudorasbora parva and Biwia zezera are possible only when the salmon is the X Pseudorasbora parva mother. Alm believes SVardson got the idea from Hofer (1909) without ever Brief reference to early work in attempting any hybridization experiments hybridization of Salmonidae. himself.

Suzuki, R. (1966) 278 SVIrdson, G. (1949) 283 Bull.Jap.Soc.Soi.Fish., 32(d):677-88 Rep.Inst.Freshwat.Res.Drottningholm, Thremmatologioal aspects on the 29:108-11 hybridization in fish Competition between trout and char, (In Japanese) (Salmo trutta ands. alpinus) No translation available at this time, According to MaoPhee (1966), SVardson but referenoe to quite a few reports on "found that a hatchery trough environ- hybridization in English. ment favoured the survival of alpine chars over char X trout hybrids and these hybrids survived better than Suzuki, R. (1968) 279 brown trout when all three fish were Bull.Freshwat.Fish.Res.Lab., Tokyo, mixed together." 18(2)013-55 Hybridization experiments in oyprinid fishes. 11. Survival rate of F1 Tait, J.S. (1970) 284 hybrids with special reference to the J.Fiah.Res.Board Can., 27(1)09-45 closeness of taxonomioal position of A method of selecting trout hybrids combined fishes (Salvelinus fontinalis X S. namayoush) Interordinal cross with spermatozoa of for ability to retain swiibladder gas Salmo gairdneri and eggs of female . A method was developed for selecting Eqglodon hakonensis did not develop hybrid trout for deep-swimming ability, at all. for use in a breeding program to combine in one strain the early-maturing oharac- ter of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Suzuki, R. (1969) 280 with the deep-swimming ability of lake Bull.Freshwat.Fish.Res.Lab., Tokyo, trout (S. namayoush). The method involves 19(1):17-24 testing-hibrids in pressure tanks and Notes on the edematous fry in fish selecting individuals that, like lake hybrids trout, retain most of their swimbladder Very brief mention of hybrids in gas during the test period. For a sample Salmonidae. of F2 hybrids the range of pressures at which the fish floated when anaesthetized was almost entirely between the medians Suzuki, R. and T. Kato (1966) 281 for samples of the two parent species. Ball.Freshwat.Fish.Res.Lab., Tokyo, Successive tests of marked individuals 16T2)183-90 showed good repeatability of floation Hybridization in nature between measurements. The method is oonoluded salmonid fishes, Salvelinus pluviva X to be reliable for large-soale selection Salvelinus fontinalis of fish with ability to retain swiabladder gas. - 29 -

Tanner, H.A. (1959) 285 Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res. Colo.Outdoors, 8(4)02-5 Board Can., (1060)(1968) New Trout for Colorado? Reciprocal crosses produced hybrids Discussion of trout hybrids, relative which compared favourably with their success of various crosses, and use parents in hatching rate and grew of selective breeding to get desirable faster in their first year. characteristics.

Terao, T. et al (1964) 290 Taylor, D.M. (1969) 286 Sci.Rep.Hokkaido Fish Hatchery, Ocean Ind., 4(12):43-9 19:43-63 Japan and the sea Studies on the interspecific salmonid Reference to Ryo Suzuki, "by cross- hybrids between chum salmon Oncorhyn- chus keta (Walbaum) kokanee breeding rainbow trout and salmon, he and salmon nerka has produced mutants that are healthy, O. var. adonis (Jordan et McGregor). 2. salmonid have long lives and are a delight for Transplantations of hybrids Shikotsu Okotampe fish lovers. But like most mutants, to Lake and Lake they cannot reproduce." Salmon not Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res.Board identified. Can., (1061)(1968)

Terao, A. (1935) 287 Terao, T. et al. (1965) 291 Jap.J.Genet. 9(3):183 Sci.Rep.Hokkaido Fish Hatchery, I 20:29-36 Cross between the cod, Gadus macro-. interspecific salmonid cephalus Tilesiusi?and the salmon, Studies on the Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum) ð' hybrids between chum salmon Onoorhyn- ohus keta (Walbaum) and kokanee salmon Description of fry with maternal Oncorhynchus nerka var. adonis (Jordan influence dominant. et McGregor). 3. On some external characteristics and fertility of Fl hybrids Terao, T. and H. Hayashinaka (1961) 288 Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res. Soi.Rep.Hokkaido Fish Hatchery, Board Can., (1073)(1968) 16:51-62 keta On the artificial hybridization among the Reciprocal hybrids of O. and O. nerka -to keta and salmonid fishes. 1. were backcrossed O. F2 Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res.Board were superior to hybrids. Can., (1047)(1968) Reciprooal crosses of Oncorhynchus keta, Terao, T. et al. (1966) 292 O. nerka, and O. masou. The best results Sci.Rep.Hokkaido Fish Hatchery, of fertilization, hatching and growth were 21:13-41 obtained from reciprocal crosses of O. keta Studies on the interspecific salmonid and O. nerka. Good results were also hybrids between ohum salmon, Oncorhyn- obtained from the hybrid between O. keta chus keta (Walbaum) and kokanee salmon, X 0. masoue. Observations on th;ffrowth Oncorhynchus nerka var. adonis (Jordan of-two-year-old hybrids of O. keta4eX O. et McGregor). 4. Morphological compari- nerkativand one-year-old O. 71:434747x O. son of variation in some meristio keta e after lake growth: Meristic and characters of hybrids (FI) and parent morphometric data. species Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res.Board Can., (1074)(1968) Torso, T. et al. (1963) 289 It was found from the present study that Soi.Rep.Hokkaido18 Fish Hatchery, :45-513 each of the reciprocal hybrids displays meristic ' Studies on the interspecific salmonid having the respective proper hybrids between chum salmon, characters irrespective of both age and Oncorhyn- environment. Consequently, it may be -ohus keta (Walbaum) and kokanee salmon, said that these characters of the hybrids WOrhynchus nerka var. adonis (Jordan -- - are being controlled more strongly by et McGregor). 17 Survival and growth from fertilized eggs to fry some hereditary factors rather than by the secondary ones. — 30 —

Terao, T. et al. (1968) 293 Tsuyuki, H. et al. (1965) 297 Sci.Rep.Hokkaido Fish Hatchery, J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 22(1):215-7 23:23-34 The species specificity and constancy Studies on interspecific salmonid of muscle myogen and hemoglobin electro- hybrids between chum salmon, Oncorhyn- pherograms of Oncorhynchus and kokanee salmon, chus keta (Walbaum) Instances of myogen pattern variations adonis (Jordan Oncorhynchus nerka var observed in other species of fish as et McGregor. well as the occasional samples of summary) (In Japanese, English Oncorhynchus have been discussed in relation to natural and artificial hybridization studies (Tsuyuki et al., T. Tokui, (1969) 294 1965). The results of this study to Tamago, Sankana 20(3):3-8 emphasize the usefulness of myogen salmon masou) trans- Masu (Oncorhynchus and hemoglobin patterns for phylo- planted from Hokkaido to Canada genetic purposes. Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res. Board Can., (1504)(1970) Mention of hybrid of the masu salmon Tuunainen, R. (1967) 298 (Oncorhynchus masou) and the Amemasu Fisktidskr.Finl., 1967(1)0-4 (Salvelinus leucomaenis) being released On the relationship of salmon fish in Numasawa Marsh, Fukushima Prefecture. Issued also as Transl.Ser.Fish.Res. Board Can., (1476)(1970) Salmo sairdneri and S. clarki easily Tsuyuki, H. and E. Roberts (1965) 295 - really very close J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 22(3):767-73 hybridized and genet to each other. Zone electrophoretic comparison of muscle gyogens and blood proteins of artificial hybrids of Salmonidae with Van J. (1957) 299 their parental species Oosten, Proc.Assoc.Midwest Game Fish.Comm., Starch—gel zone electropherograms 24:17-22 the muscle myogen and blood hemoglobins Exotics and hybrids in fish management and disc electropherograms of the serum A comprehensive report of general proteins of a number of artificial hybridization. hybrids involving the Salmo, Salvelinus, and Cristivomer genera are compared to their respective parental species. Vincent, R.E. (1960) 300 Trans.Am.Fish.Soc., 89(1):35-52

Tsuyuki, E., E. Roberts and W.E. 296 Some influences of domestication upon Vanst one (1965) three stocks of brook trout (Salvelinus J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 22(1):203-13 fontinalis Mitchill) Comparative zone electropherograms of Be/Across of a male splake to female muscle myogens and blood hemoglobins brook trout used in oonnection with of marine and freshwater vertebrates another project. and their application to biochemical systematics Vladykov, V.D. ( 1 301 The myogen patterns of Anoplopoma 954) 11(6):904,32 fimbria from different areas have a J.Fish.Res.Board Can., Taxonomic characters of the eastern centre pattern including all the zones North American chars and of the other two patterns. This is (Salvelinus parallel to the results shown by Cristivomer) artificially .produced Fi hybrids of the salmonid family (Tsuyuki, unpub- Vladykov, V.D. (1963) 302 lished data) ... extensive natural - 0 hybridization may be taking place Trans.R.Soc.Can., (4)0(3):459 5 4 within A. fimbria as was also found A review of salmonid genera and their in the genus Oncorhynchus in an broad geographical distribution unexpectedly greater frequency than Brief summary of hybrids in Salmonidae. was formerly thought. - 31 -

Vogel, P. (1898) 303 Brief review of LDH in splake. Bautren, E. HUbner, pp.308, 311 • Ausfahrliches Lehrbuoh der Teichwirth- schaft Winge, O. and E. Ditlevsen (1948) 310

Cited by Chamberlain (1907) for a dis- C.R.Lab.Carlsberg(Ser.Physiol.), cussion of hybridization of trout 24(23):317-37 A study on artificial hybrids between salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) Wales, J.H. (1957) 304 Species Bookl.Calif.Fish Game, (6):56 p. Trout' of California Withler, F.C. (1969) 311 Manuscr.Ser.Fish.Res.Board Can., Mention of splake, natural tiger trout, (1014):36 P. and natural hybrids of rainbow and Visit to Hokkaido hatcheries, 1964 golden trout and rainbow and cutthroat. Reference to Sano and Hikita hybrid work.

Washington State Department of 305 Withler, F.C. R.B. (1970) 312 Fisheries (1964) and Morley Rep.Wash.State Dep.Fish., 1964:109-11 J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 27(12):2197-214 Hybrid chum-pink studies Sex-related parental influences on early development of Pacific salmon Onoorhynchus gorbusoha X O. keta hybrids returned to Hood Canal hatchery. Extensive study of reciprocal hybrids of Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha, and O. nerka. Webster, D.A. (1955-1971) 306 . Adirondack League Club fishery manage- Wooding, F.H. (1958) ment reports for 1954-1970 313 London, Collins Press Planting of tiger trout (Selma trutta The anglers' book of Canadian' fishes X Salvelinus fontinalis e=d splake (1960),"a general Salvelinus namsycush4tX S. fontinalise) According to Martin history of splake and angling qualities." including backorosses of splake to S. fontinalis*.in New York. Wright, J.E., Jr. (1955) 314 17(4):172-6 Whitmore, D. and E. Goldberg (1969) 307 Progr.Fish-Cult" Physiol.Chem.Phys., 1969(1):339-47 Chromosome numbers in trout Molecular heterogeneity of alkaline Chromosome relationship to hybridization. phosphatase in trout (Salmo trutta X Tiger trout Salvelinus J.E., (1958) 315 font inalis used. Wright, Jr. and K. Buss Proc.Int.Congr.Genet., 10(2):322 Barriers to artificial hybridization Salmonidae WilimovSky, N.J. and W.O. Freihofer 308 of certain species of the ( 1957) Failings in some hybrids. Speo.Soi.Rep.U.S.Fish.Wildl.Serv., (209) Guide to literature on systematic biology of Pacific salmon Zalsman, P.G. (19 14) 316 43:161-3 Lists eleven authors of reports on Trans.Am.Fish.Soc., hybridization. Experiments in fish culture Crosses of Salvelinus fontinalis, Salmo trutta, Silver or Lake Tahoe - Willisoroft, S.N. and H. Tsuyuki (1970) 309 (rirmO olarki?), S. gairdneri, and J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 27(9):1563-7 Salvelinus namayd;sh. Lactate dehydrogenase systems of rainbow trout - evidenoe for polymorphism in living and additional subunits in gills — 32 —

Zilliox, R.G. (1957) 317 Anon (1962) 324 N.Y.State Conserv., 2(5):26-7 Rep.Ont.Dep.Lands For.Res.Branch New trout for none Sec.(Fish.), (44):61 p. Martin (1960) states, "General notes on Status of fisheries research projects planting in New York. Use in reclaimed for the year 1961 waters. Combined plantings with rainbow According to Regier (1966), J.S. Tait trout." and F.E.J. Fry have worked on a selection programme to obtain a deep— swimming strain of splake. Anon (1872) 318 Ausland, 45:1104 Ein neuer Bastard—Lachs (Salmo) Anon (1966) 325 According to Dean (1962), miscellaneous Mich.Conserv., 35(5):32 and unimportant. Birth of the splake maybe? F2 hybrids of Salvelinus namayoush14X S. fontinalise in The First Annual Anon (1952) 319 Report of Fish Culture by Michigan's North.Sportsman, 7(4):15, 27 Fish Commissioners (1880) According to Martin (1960), "Brief mention of Ontario Department of 326 Lands and ?orests and Canadian Wildlife Anon (1968) Service hybridizing lake trout and Rep.Freshwat.Biol.Assoc., (36)044 P. brook trout." According to Atz (1971), "Natural reciprocal hybrids of Salvelinus fontinalis and Salmo trutta. Anon (1954) 320 North.Sportsman, 9(2):15 Splake hybrids Anon (1969) 327 Martin (1960) states, "General comments Fisherman, 32(26):12 on history and potential of hybrid. Scientists develop hybrid between 'popular account." Siberian and humpback salmon Two photographs of hybrids of Oncor- hynchus keta and O. gorbuscha developed Anon (1957) 321 at the Kalinin fish breeding plant on North.Sportsman, 12(5):32 Sakhalin Island (USSR). "Splake" may be taken this year by angling According to Martin (1960), "Short notes on limits, size, season."

Anon (1961) 322 Wis.Conserv., 140:5 Record splake

Anon (1961) 323 Commer.Fish.Rev., 23(1):17 Sixth species of salmon caught in Alaskan waters Behnke, Koh, and Needham (1962) speculate that the Oncorhynchus mason caught could have been a Russian nybrid of O. keta X O. gorbuscha.