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Autoecology of the Marble Trout Salmo Marmoratus in the Province of Verbano

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Autoecology of the Marble Trout Salmo Marmoratus in the Province of Verbano Autoecology of the marble trout Salmo marmoratus in the Province of Verbano Cusio Ossola Codice Azione A.2. Collection of abiotic, hydromorphological and biological Titolo information necessary to plan concrete actions Codice Subazione - Titolo - Tipo di elaborato Deliverable Stato di avanzamento Final Version Data 14.02.2020 Autori CNR – Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi Responsabile dell’azione CNR – Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi Collection of abiotic, hydromorphological and biological information A B C D E F necessary to plan concrete actions LIFE Nature and Biodiversityproject LIFE15 NAT/IT/000823 Project title: Conservation and management of freshwater fauna of EU interest within the ecological corridors of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Project acronym: IdroLIFE Name of the Member State: IT - Italy Start date: 15-11-2016 End date: 14-11-2020 Coordinating beneficiary CNR - Institute of Ecosystem Study (abbrev. CNR-ISE) Associated beneficiaries Provincia del Verbano-Cusio-Ossola (PROVCO) Ente Parco Nazionale della Val Grande (PNGV) G.R.A.I.A. srl - Gestione e Ricerca Ambientale Ittica Acque (GRAIA) Action A.2. Collection of abiotic, hydromorphological and biological information Action Title necessary to plan concrete actions Subaction - Subaction Title - Title of the product Autoecology of the marble trout in the Province of Verbano Cusio Ossola. Type of product Deliverable Progress Final version Date 14.02.2020 Authors CNR – Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi Beneficiary responsible for CNR – Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi implementation Expected end date 15.06.2018 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2 STUDY SITES .......................................................................................................................................... 8 3 METHODS .............................................................................................................................................. 13 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................. 14 5 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 22 6 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 24 LIFE15 NAT/IT/000823 – “Action A.2. collection of abiotic, Pagina 3 di 28 hydromorphological and biological information necessary to plan concrete actions ” 3 1 INTRODUCTION The present paper has the aim to describe the ecology of Marble trout (S. marmoratus) in the Verbano-Cusio-Ossola province (VCO). In the following sections, after a brief species description, a framing about the species ecology in VCO waters has been shown. This has been possible by using all the 2017 data from IdroLIFE activities, integrating with previous data from surveys, anglers catches and visual census. Distribution Marble trout, Salmo marmoratus (Cuvier, 1817), is an endemic salmonid, with of particular conservation interest, that inhabits a very restricted geographical area belonging to the Adriatic Basin from Po river (only northern tributaries) to Slovenian drainages of Soča and Rižana rivers (Bianco 1987; Sommani 1961; Forneris et al. 1990; Schoffmann 1994; Povz 1995). Morphological traits First descriptions of the species (Gridelli, 1936; Pomini, 1937) highlighted the main differences with the “stream trout”, the brown trout (Salmo trutta). Compared to this last one, marble trout has a typical marbled pattern on its back and flanks and distinguishes itself for a big head (22-25% of the Standard length) and for the absence of ocellated red spots and parr marks on its body (adult specimens). It owns cycloid scales of small size, four teeth on the head of the vomer and vomer stem is provided with 8 to 15 teeth, aligned but with the tips oriented right and left alternately. Fins are well developed and caudal fin is homocercal, with back edge straight or slightly sunken (Gandolfi et al. 1991; Delling et al. 2000; Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007). Ecology Besides the morphological aspects marble trout also differs from other ecological peculiarities; in addition to the size (marble trout can reach 15-20 kg and exceed 1 meter length) this species prefers the middle-low portion of cold water rivers (foothill area) overlapping its distribution with other reofil species such as grayling (Thymallus sp.), insubrian barbel (Barbus caninus) and bullhead LIFE15 NAT/IT/000823 – “Action A.2. collection of abiotic, Pagina 4 di 28 hydromorphological and biological information necessary to plan concrete actions ” 4 (Cottus gobio). Exceptionally in december 2008 the first ever marble trout (95 cm length) from the sea (Igrane-Croatia) has been recorded (Soldo, 2013). Furthermore, S. marmoratus (compared to brown trout) seems to be more suited (over 60-70 cm length) to an ichthyophagous diet. In fact, in the first years of life S. marmoratus feeds mainly of larvae and adults of aquatic and terrestrial insects and with the increase in size, the diet is progressively oriented towards fish (conspecific included). Reproduction Reproduction takes place from November to January, with water temperatures normally between 6 ° and 8° C. Generally, the reproductive period lasts about a month, even if in some watercourses it takes place only for a few days. Spawning is more intense in the early morning on new moon days. Spawners run upstream in big rivers and their main tributaries to reach spawning sites. Males arrive a few weeks before females. The deposition sites are located in shallow water (60 - 80 cm), with a substrate characterized by pebbles and gravels and with a stream of about 0.4 - 0.5 m / s. The female digs a shallow depression into the substrate and then lays her eggs. After fertilization by the male, the mother covers the brood with nest’s gravel. Parental cares do not exist. Each female lays an average of 1,700 - 2,800 eggs per kg of weight, with a diameter of about 5 - 6 mm and an orange or yellowish color. Embryonic development requires a relatively long period depending on the temperature of the water (about 40 days at 10 ° C). The fry remain buried in the gravel until the yolk sac is reabsorbed. Male specimens reach sexual maturity towards the third year of age, females at the same age or one year later (Zerunian, 2004). LIFE15 NAT/IT/000823 – “Action A.2. collection of abiotic, Pagina 5 di 28 hydromorphological and biological information necessary to plan concrete actions ” 5 Growth Regarding S. marmoratus (Fig. 1) some of growth rates data available in literature are reported in the following table (Tab. 1). Tab. 1 – Age classes and corresponding lenght (mean ± S.D.) for Marble trout. Author River 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ Ielli, 1989 Avisio (Italy) 9-14 15-22 22-30 28-37 32-41 36-42 Vincenzi et al; 2007 Górska (Slovenia) 12.8 ± 2.0 19.2 ± 3.6 23.8 ± 3.9 27.5. ± 4.1 32.3 ± 2.2 36.0 ± 00 Zakojska Vincenzi et al; 2007 11.5 ± 1.5 17.6 ± 2.7 21.1 ± 2.9 24.2 ± 3.1 28.0 ± 3.5 32.9 ± 2.4 (Slovenia) Vincenzi et al; 2007 Gatsnik (Slovenia) 10.7 ± 1.5 16.3 ± 2.2 21.4 ± 2.6 27.0 ± 2.5 - - Sumer et al; 2001 Trebusčica (Slovenia) 13.3 ± 1.0 17.4 ± 1.4 21.8 ± 1.0 28 ± 0.5 - - Status Species’ status at present time is considered critical due to introgression by brown trout strains. Hybrids between the two forms are fertile and actually more abundant in many rivers of the species’ range (Meldgaard et al., 2007). This genetic affinity with S. trutta, moreover, underlines the species 'fragility' and the realistic risk of a complete genetic introgression leading to its disappearance. Lastly, also the human impact represents a heavy factor responsible for the species decline: water withdrawals, reduction of minimum vital flows, overfishing, pollution and alien species introduction (brown trout over all) have contributed to list marble trout in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC and in the Red List (IUCN, 1996). LIFE15 NAT/IT/000823 – “Action A.2. collection of abiotic, Pagina 6 di 28 hydromorphological and biological information necessary to plan concrete actions ” 6 Fig. 1 - Marble trout (Salmo marmoratus), Toce river. LIFE15 NAT/IT/000823 – “Action A.2. collection of abiotic, Pagina 7 di 28 hydromorphological and biological information necessary to plan concrete actions ” 7 2 STUDY SITES In this section Tab. 2 shows sites name and numbers with corresponding altitude, while the map (Fig. 2) shows their geographical position. The figure includes data from the past (Regione Piemonte, 1991 and G.R.A.I.A. s.r.l. samplings, 1995-1999) about Salmo marmoratus distribution in Verbano-Cusio-Ossola (VCO) Province. Fig. 2 - Numbers from 1 to 13 represent IdroLIFE sites; circular spots (red and white) represent past data about marble trout distribution in the VCO Province. LIFE15 NAT/IT/000823 – “Action A.2. collection of abiotic, Pagina 8 di 28 hydromorphological and biological information necessary to plan concrete actions ” 8 Tab. 2 - IdroLIFE sites. (U)=upstream, (D)=downstream. Toce River site (IdroLIFE activities) Site number m.a.s.l. Gravellona Toce 1 211 Migiandone bridge (D) 2 215 Pieve Vergonte 3 232 Vogogna 4 226 Prata Dam (D) 5 227 Prata Dam (U) 6 229 Six Arches bridge (D) 7 239 Six Arches bridge (U) 8 240 Mizzoccola bridge (D) 9 261 Mizzoccola bridge (U) 10 263 Lake
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