Retrospective Study of Lyme Borreliosis
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Retrospective Study of Lyme Borreliosis Serologies in France: Evolution between 2007 and 2011 Loïc Chartier, Sabine Trombert-Paolantoni, Sylvie Gonzalo, Elisabeth Ferquel, Valérie Choumet To cite this version: Loïc Chartier, Sabine Trombert-Paolantoni, Sylvie Gonzalo, Elisabeth Ferquel, Valérie Choumet. Ret- rospective Study of Lyme Borreliosis Serologies in France: Evolution between 2007 and 2011. JSM Tropical Medicine and Research, JSciMed Central, 2017, 2 (1), pp.1013. pasteur-01576244 HAL Id: pasteur-01576244 https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01576244 Submitted on 22 Aug 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Central JSM Tropical Medicine and Research Bringing Excellence in Open Access Short Communication *Corresponding author Valérie Choumet, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, Retrospective Study of Lyme France, Tel: 33145688630; Email: Submitted: 22 December 2016 Borreliosis Serologies in France: Accepted: 17 January 2017 Published: 19 January 2017 Copyright Evolution between 2007 and © 2017 Choumet et al. 2011 OPEN ACCESS Keywords Loïc Chartier1, Sabine Trombert-Paolantoni2, Sylvie Gonzalo3, • Lyme borreliosis Elisabeth Ferquel4, and Valérie Choumet4* • Epidemiology • France 1 Unit of Research and Expertise Epidemiology of Emergent Diseases, Institut Pasteur, • Ixodes ricinus France 2Cerba Laboratory, Cergy-Pontoise, France 3CHU de Saint-Etienne, Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, France 4Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, France Abstract Lyme borreliosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Borrelia, transmitted to humans by the bite of infected hard ticks of the genus Ixodes. National surveillance data are very scarce across Europe. Contribution of biology proves essential for diagnosis in the late manifestations. Our aim was to investigate the retrospectively frequency of Lyme positive serologies obtained from two French laboratories, their geographical distribution and their evolution over time. Sera tested were those received at CERBA between January 2007 and December 2011 and Biomnis between 2010 and 2011. IgG and IgM serum isotypes were detected by EIA. Antibodies specificity was analysed by western blot. Between 2010 and 2011, 83 528 patient samples were analyzed and 5 800 patients had positive serology for Lyme disease in France. The standardized rate of positive Lyme serologies (PLS) observed in our study was 4.63 cases per 100,000 person-year in 2010-2011. The regions localized at the center, the East and the North-East of France had a high incidence of PLS whatever the year. These areas have a dense forest cover. They represent a favorable habitat for ticks as well as for human outdoor activities. Prevention should be strengthened in these regions particularly in the elderly population. Percentage of positive patients over year was correlated with the annual temperatures, suggesting that climate change may impact Lyme incidence. A strong increase of the incidence was observed between 2010 and 2011 in six regions requiring an enhanced monitoring in the future. ABBREVIATIONS PLS: Positive Lyme Serology; NLS: Negative Lyme Serology veryand Europescarce across[4]. In Europecontrast [5]. to theVariations United haveStates, been where reported Lyme INTRODUCTION borreliosis is a notifiable disease, national surveillance data are Lyme borreliosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria whereacross theEuropean highest countries incidence with is currently less than reported. 5 cases Variationper 100,000 has belonging to the genus . This genus includes several Borrelia alsopeople been in Ireland observed to 300-350 within countriescases per 100,000at the regional people inlevel. Austria, For pathogenic species: sensu stricto, Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia example, in France, the incidence varies greatly depending on afzelii, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia bavariensis and Borrelia spielmanii; Borrelia valaisiana and Borrelia lusitaniae were also detected in human skin samples [1,2]. the region, with variation in regional incidence from 0/100,000 Borrelia is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected hard in the Mediterranean coastal areas and 86/100,000 in the Alsace ticks belonging to a few species of the genus Ixodes. In Europe, north-eastern region [6]. The global average being of 9.4 cases Ixodes ricinus is the main vector of the disease. This tick does Recentper 100,000 data basedpeople on in thea prospective clinical and work biological in 1999-2000 observations by 875 of ageneral network practitioners of French participatinggeneral practitioners in the “Sentinel” report annetwork incidence [7]. species, however, it is found predominantly on birds, mammals andnot harboreven reptileshost specificity [3]. In andnature, feeds small on more mammals, than 240 especially different regions [8]. Local incidence of Lyme disease is directly correlated rodents are with birds, among the most important reservoir withof 42 the cases density per of100,000 tick-vector people, populations with differences [9]. according to species of Borrelia burgdorferi providing both hosting and Lyme borreliosis is a multi-system disorder affecting a wide prolonged survival of the pathogen. range of tissues including skin, nervous system, joints, heart, and Lyme disease predominates in temperate climates and is the most common vector-borne infection in North America symptom is the characteristic skin lesion: erythema migrans less frequently other organs [10]. The most common presenting Cite this article: Chartier L, Trombert-Paolantoni S, Gonzalo S, Ferquel E, Choumet V (2017) Retrospective Study of Lyme Borreliosis Serologies in France: Evolution between 2007 and 2011. JSM Trop Med Res 2(1): 1013. Choumet et al. (2017) Email: Central Bringing Excellence in Open Access (EM) that usually appears within 3-30 days after the infectious Enzygnost Lyme kits (Siemens, Germany) using micro titration tick bite. plates coated with B. afzelii Pko strain antigens and in addition, for IgG, the recombinant VlsE protein. Dilution buffer contains an However, neurological manifestations and arthritis start ultrasound sonicated antigen of Treponema phagedenis in order within weeks or months after the initial infection or skin lesion. to limit interference with T. pallidum. IgG and IgM CSF isotypes The clinical manifestations of neuroborreliosis observed in were detected with the Vidas kit (bioMérieux, France). Antibodies Europe are due to the geographic spread of B. garinii [10,11]. Arthritis is a late manifestation targeting large joints. It is The strips included separated proteins of a B. afzelii strain plus mostly reported in North America dominated by B. burgdorferi thespecificity recombinant was analysed VlsE protein. by using Thresholds the Euroimmun in IgG and western in IgM blot. by sensu stricto species. Cardiac involvement has been reported EIA were, respectively, of 7.0 U/ml and of 0.7 U/ml. Results were during both the acute phase and the chronic stage, but is rare (<5%). Symptoms are improved with appropriate Lyme disease U/ml for IgG and between 0.7 and 1.3 U/ml for IgM. Serology treatment [10]. wasinterpreted interpreted at a weak, as positive non-significant if IgG was level, greater between than 14.0 7.0 andU/ml 14.0 or Early Lyme disease is best diagnosed by recognizing an EM IgM was greater 1.3 U/ml. Weak positives were not included as lesion, which is present in 70-90% of cases. Serology is often positive Lyme serology. Western blot interpretation is described negative early in the disease course as it may take 4-6 weeks in Table (3). This test was fully automated: depositing, reading by after contamination for IgM antibodies to Borrelia to appear camera, score calculation and interpretation.An Internal Quality and 6-9 weeks after contamination for IgG to be present [5,10]. Control, made from a pool of positive serology sera, was used in each assay by EIA and in each assay by western blot. External Lyme disease presenting with evidence of disseminated disease, Quality Controls were performed with the College of American suchSerological as arthritis, testing carditis is used or toneurological confirm a involvementclinician’s suspicion [5]. of Pathologists trials sent twice a year. From 2010 to 2011, another external quality control test was also performed. It was If the contribution of biology is low stage in early provided by the French organization “Prospective Biology” with manifestations of the disease, it proves essential for diagnosis in 3 shipments per year. Screening serology and western blot for antibodies to Borrelia were accredited according to EN 15189 NF. disappointing results of culture and molecular diagnosis, explain insteadthe late manifestations.why serology is The used difficulty in the diagnosisof implementation of Lyme anddisease the Biomnis in current practice. The aim of our study was to investigate the retrospectively