SWEEG Scientists’ Annual Report 1997/98
SWEEG SCIENTISTS’ ANNUAL REPORT 1997-8
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MANAGEMENT SUMMARY This Annual Report presents a résumé of work undertaken at the Centre for Energy and the Environment during the past twelve months. The publications list at the end of the report serves to indicate our earlier work. The projects described in the report are summarised below.
Sound Transmission Between Dwellings Neighbourhood noise is an environmental pollutant which can have a serious impact on residents’ contentment. Following a literature survey, a report was produced providing guidance on designing buildings that minimise sound transmission between dwellings. The importance of high-mass or multi-layered constructions was noted, along with the need to reflect sound back towards the source.
REVERB—Reverberation Time Software Development Continuing development of the Centre’s reverberation time software has added the ability to automatically calculate reverberation times for a range of different numbers of occupants. This is of particular relevance when studying multipurpose school halls.
Acoustic Study of Torbay Council Meeting Rooms Reverberation time tests were conducted in two rooms which were known to have poor acoustic qualities. Both had longer than optimal reverberation times. Guidance was given as to how the acoustics of the spaces could be improved.
Improving the Design of High Performance Buildings The addition of an optimisation routine to the Centre’s thermal building model has produced a tool which is able to identify a range of highly energy efficient buildings, which meet certain prescribed criteria. The power of this tool is likely to be of considerable value in the future.
The Dynamics of Ventilation The Centre’s thermal model has also benefited from a development allowing the ventilation rate to be changed in response to elevated internal temperatures. This has greatly improved our ability to model building behaviour as regards summertime overheating.
Modelling of Underfloor Heating Systems Underfloor heating is commonly employed in new school buildings. A finite element model has been constructed to allow the behaviour of such systems to be studied. The efficacy of different control strategies for such systems is now being examined using the model.
Modelling of a Fire Service Training Facility Jersey Fire Service have a new training facility, in the form of a “heat room”. On commissioning, it was found that the required temperatures could not be obtained. Site measurements and subsequent computer modelling confirmed the inadequacy of the heating plant. The use of a different form of heating may be studied in the near future.
Evaluation of an Auxiliary Boiler Control Device A “fuel saving” boiler controller was field- tested, in order to evaluate its claimed weather compensation feature. No evidence was found to support the claim.
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Energy and Food The Centre’s work in this area has attracted a great deal of attention world- wide. The study showed that the energy used to produce and retail food far exceeds its calorific value, and that there is great potential to change one’s diet so as to lessen its environmental impact.
Lighting Sticker Campaign Following work showing that the energy penalty implicit in the frequent switching of fluorescent lights is insignificant, a sticker campaign was launched to explode the myth that lights in classrooms should be left on all day.
Rainwater Collection Systems The effectiveness of the rainwater collection system installed at a new school in Cornwall was studied. The work highlighted the importance of roof slope and orientation in dictating the amount of rain collected.
Hippo Water Saving Devices The effectiveness of the cistern volume reduction vessels supplied by South West Water was tested in two primary schools. Significant reductions in water consumption were noted, implying a possible total annual saving of 100 000 m3 of water in schools across the SWEEG region.
Design of Natural Ventilation Systems The Centre’s Computational Fluid Dynamics modelling capabilities have been used extensively in the design of such a system. The building in question is a church which is to be converted into a theatre. Natural ventilation systems rely on the buoyancy of warm air to induce upward movement of air through a space. The siting of air inlets and outlets to give optimum airflow was investigated.
Development of a Sustainable Building Strategy “Sustainable development” has become a popular phrase, and the Centre has been working to develop a procedure to be applied to the design and refurbishment of buildings. A tangible product of this process has been the development of a building concepts database. This tool proposes coherent sustainable building concepts, along with a justification of why they are sustainable solutions. It is hoped that the optimisation work mentioned above will be able to provide much of the information required to complete the database.
Cornwall County Council Waste Scenario Modelling Various scenarios were modelled in order to identify the likely life of existing disposal facilities. Differing levels of uptake of materials recycling schemes and the availability of incineration facilities were considered, as well as optimistic and pessimistic assumptions about the volume of waste arisings.
Waste Local Plan A technical document has been produced, which provides information on the composition and tonnage of waste produced in Devon, predictions for the future, and details of existing disposal facilities. This document will be of use when considering the development of new facilities.
SWEEG Seminar 1998—Electricity in my Back Yard The biennial seminar will examine the economic and environmental issues regarding small-scale “embedded generators”. Eight expert speakers will provide a diverse coverage of this most interesting and relevant topic.
Revenues from Sales of Electricity from Embedded Generators The successful use of renewable energy sources depends on their economic competitiveness, as well as their technical
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feasibility. An economic comparison of the different arrangements available for the sale of electricity from embedded generators is being evaluated.
Energy in Devon The Centre has met increasing difficulty when trying to obtain local energy consumption statistics. A spreadsheet model has been formulated to allow rational disaggregation of national statistics, and calculation of associated greenhouse gas emissions. Estimates of Devon’s consumption during this decade showed a slow growth trend in energy consumption, but a slight fall in greenhouse gas emissions.
Reducing Electricity Consumption in Offices and Schools Computers and their peripherals are often left running throughout the day, or even continually. The energy consumed by such devices were measured, and found to average 73 W per computer and screen. Potential savings of £20 000 were estimated to be achievable, if good housekeeping measures were implemented in Cornwall County Council’s offices and schools.
Agenda 21 Activities CEE involvement in Devon’s Local Agenda 21 activities has concentrated on transport, contributions being made to the consultation process for Devon’s Transport Policy and Programme document.
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SWEEG SCIENTISTS’ ANNUAL REPORT 1997-8 ABOUT SWEEG The South West Energy and Environment Group (SWEEG) exists to promote the efficient use of all forms of energy, and to examine environmental issues surrounding the consumption of energy and water and the creation of noise and waste. Although SWEEG's effort is concentrated in the South West, much of the group's work is of broader interest. SWEEG publications make the group's work available to the outside world.
SWEEG is a consortium of the County Councils of Devon and Cornwall, the States of Jersey, Torbay Council and Exeter University (who are full funding members). Exeter City Council and Devon and Cornwall Police Authority are associate members.
SWEEG employs a team of scientists located in the Centre for Energy and the Environment at Exeter University. The team undertakes a wide range of research on energy and environmental topics, including the following:- Energy in Buildings Transport Advice on energy efficient design Modelling of emissions from road networks Monitoring of internal temperatures and energy use Modelling of emissions from regional scenarios Energy targets for domestic and non-domestic buildings Road traffic noise surveys and predictions Ventilation measurements using a tracer gas technique Combined Heat and Power feasibility assessment Noise and Vibration On-site monitoring and assessment of plant performance Noise monitoring in relation to wind energy generation sites Assessment of energy conservation options and Noise and vibration source investigations and diagnosis equipment Environmental noise studies and subjective perception of Non-invasive sub-metering of electricity supplies nuisance Building acoustics measurement and analysis Recycling Advice on recycling and waste management policy Computer Modelling Aggregate recycling in road construction and repair Mathematical modelling of environmental systems Recycling options for paper Development of software tools Recycling options for glass Other Areas Water Environmental impact assessments Reducing water usage in buildings Renewable energy feasibility studies Monitoring water usage in buildings Audits of regional energy use and greenhouse gas emissions Use of rainwater in buildings
The team have particular expertise in computer-based mathematical modelling, electronic data logging, system analysis and acoustics. They undertake contract research for outside bodies as well as working for SWEEG.
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PREFACE Local Government reorganisation has made this a year of change for SWEEG. We are delighted to welcome Torbay Council as a full member, to join the existing full members (Cornwall County Council, Devon County Council and the States of Jersey) and associate members (Devon and Cornwall Police Authority and Exeter City Council).
This transition has coincided with a change in the Directorship of CEE. Adrian Wyatt, having fulfilled the rôle admirably and effectively for fifteen years, has resigned in order to concentrate on research. His enthusiasm and leadership have been valued immeasurably by both the SWEEG membership and the SWEEG scientists. I hope that, as his successor, I can emulate his significant contribution.
Notwithstanding these changes, the SWEEG scientists have been active on a diverse range of energy and environmentally related projects of relevance to SWEEG Local Authority members. Many of these issues have stemmed from directives and consultation documents flowing from the UK government and the European Community.
Energy conservation, global warming and environmental pollution remain appropriate broad headings for the topics that dominate the national agenda. Steps towards the evolution of an integrated transport policy and proposals that 20% of the UK's electricity demand could be met by renewable sources by 2010 represent government activity in these areas. The latter proposal sharpens the relevance of the SWEEG seminar in September, which will focus on the issues surrounding embedded electricity generation.
It is these macro policy issues which set the agenda, but the achievement of defined goals hinges on effective implementation at the regional and local level. The cumulative body of work produced by SWEEG over the past twenty years has resulted in a knowledge base which proves itself invaluable in many areas. The design of energy efficient buildings which fulfil the aspirations of Sustainable Development continues to be a topic of particular interest. This knowledge base is continually being refined and extended. The effort invested in gaining an understanding of the issues surrounding waste management has paid off; the Centre is now equipped to assist Local Authority officers in responding to government pressures in this area. As a consequence of the enlightened support of the governing bodies of its constituent members, SWEEG is uniquely placed to make a significant contribution on energy and environmental issues.
Finally, the technical information of the kind produced by the CEE and other similar organisations can only be effectively used if there is the collective political will driven by the support of an informed public.
Trevor Preist October 1998
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CONTENTS Acoustics ...... 13 Improving the Design of High Performance Buildings...... 15 The Dynamics of Ventilation ...... 16 Modelling of Underfloor Heating Systems ...... 16 Modelling of a Fire Service Training Facility...... 17 Evaluation of an Auxiliary Boiler Control Device...... 19 Energy and Food...... 19 Environmental Campaign 1997—“Urban Myth”...... 20 Rainwater Collection Systems...... 20 Hippo Water Saving Devices ...... 23 Heat Pump Monitoring ...... 24 Design of Natural Ventilation Systems ...... 24 Development of a Sustainable Building Strategy...... 26 Waste Scenario Modelling for Cornwall...... 28 Devon County Council’s Waste Local Plan...... 30 1998 Biennial SWEEG Seminar...... 31 “Electricity in my Back Yard”...... 31 Revenues from Sales of Electricity from Embedded Generators ...... 32 Energy in Devon...... 33 Reducing Electricity Consumption in Offices and Schools ...... 34 AGENDA 21 Activities...... 34 Publications ...... 35
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ACOUSTICS There have been three particularly interesting acoustics projects this year. One was an experimental investigation into the acoustic properties of two rooms in Torbay; the Centre’s real- time frequency analyser played a pivotal role in this work. Additionally, a briefing paper was written on the problems of sound transmission between flats, and the Centre’s reverberation time calculator—REVERB—has been further developed.
Approximately one in three of the people interviewed in a national noise perception survey said that environmental noise spoiled their home life to some extent. Much of the most annoying noise was attributable to neighbours. This source of noise is often found to be most problematic in dwellings that share common walls, floors or ceilings and is particularly prevalent in flats. With this in mind a literature survey was carried out to gather knowledge on the structural issues and how building design can be improved to help alleviate sound transmission between dwellings. The Centre now has a body of material on this topic for anyone needing advice in the area.
The most important acoustic principle to help avoid such problems is to design spaces so that they reflect as much sound as possible back into the space, rather than trying to provide surfaces to absorb it. Another important consideration is the rôle of flanking transmission, where sound is channeled through complex routes within the structure.
There are two basic approaches to providing a high level of insulation in walls and floors: use either high mass elements, or multiple layer constructions. Both have a rôle to play, and depend crucially on good workmanship to be successful. (For more information see Briefing Paper 49: Sound Transmission Between Dwellings)
Schematic of concrete screed floating on concrete base [BRE Digest 334: Sound Insulation of Separating Walls and Floors, Part2: Floors].
REVERB—the Centre’s reverberation time calculator for the built environment—has undergone continual development since its first release. This year various new features have been added, including the ability to model multi-purpose spaces, such as school halls, where the number of occupants can vary greatly throughout the day. (For more details see Software Document 15: REVERB: A Reverberation Time Calculator for Educational Buildings)
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The new output screen from REVERB, showing reverberation times with different numbers of occupants.
Reverberation time analyses have not been confined to school premises. Two public meeting rooms used by Torbay Council were analysed for acoustic suitability. These spaces contained interesting architectural features, such as ornate surfaces and, in one case, a domed ceiling. The reverberation times of both spaces exceeded the optima for clarity of speech. In addition, one of the rooms suffered from a localised echo. The rooms were modelled using the principles on which REVERB is based, and agreement was obtained with measured reverberation times. The effects of various design changes were then evaluated by means of further modelling. It was important that the solution was in keeping with the architectural splendour of the rooms. A coloured acoustic plaster was recommended for use in the room with the domed ceiling; this would reduced the reverberation time sufficiently, and Torquay Council Chamber, one of the rooms studied. eliminate echoes created by the shape of the ceiling. The problems in the second room were traced to a poorly designed sound amplification system and the layout of meetings held within the long and thin space. The effects of dividing the room by means of mobile screens was modelled and predicted to be effective. Guidance was also given as to how the sound amplification system could be improved. (For more details see Internal Document 113: Acoustic Study of Oldway Ballroom and the Council Chamber at Torquay Town Hall)
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IMPROVING THE DESIGN OF HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS For many years, the building thermal simulation model EXCALIBUR has been at the centre of SWEEG’s analyses of building design and performance. EXCALIBUR has many good points and a few bad ones, but on the whole both its utility and adaptability have continually surprised those members of CEE who have used the program. A major new adaptation to the program has been embarked upon that will allow EXCALIBUR to be used to automatically produce a series of highly performing building designs, each meeting the design brief. The architect may then select the final design from those output. An additional benefit of the system, which is called EX-GA, is that it can be used in general studies of the performance of various design types and styles. This will expand the Centre’s knowledge of precisely how buildings perform.
In essence EX-GA is EXCALIBUR expanded by the inclusion of an optimisation routine. The optimiser designs a series of buildings; EXCALIBUR reports their performance and the optimiser responds to this information by designing higher performing buildings. This sequence—design, evaluate, design—is repeated until some criterion is met. This optimisation process was known a priori to be very difficult and therefore required the use of a very special optimisation process.
The optimisation routine used is a genetic algorithm (GA). Such algorithms have 500000 certain characteristics that make them highly suitable for performing the task in 400000 hand. In particular, they are good at searching for highly performing solutions Typical energy use 300000 within large complex search spaces which contain numerous possible solutions to the Energy use (kWh) 200000 problem. GAs are based by analogy on the ideas embodied within natural selection and genetics. Their most 100000 characteristic and novel features are the 0 500 1000 1500 Building design (1 is the first design, there are 1781 designs in all) use of a population of solutions and representation of solutions in the form of a Plot showing evolution of energy use as optimisation pseudo-DNA coding. It is this population progresses. of building designs, rather than a single design, which is forced to evolve over time to produce ever better buildings.
The work is at an early stage, however it is clear from the results so far that the thermal performance of buildings is a very complex subject and we still have much to learn. (For more information see Software Document 17: The Design of High Performance Buildings with the aid of EX- GA.)
Artist’s impression of two buildings created by EX-GA, both having the same low annual energy use.
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THE DYNAMICS OF VENTILATION One of the most obvious reactions of building occupants to overheating is to open windows. During the heating season this can have unfortunate effects on the energy efficiency of the building, but is an understandable reaction nevertheless. During the summer however, it is a practice to be encouraged, as it allows natural ventilation to react dynamically to the internal temperature without the use of additional controls.
Unfortunately, the Centre’s building thermal model, EXCALIBUR, allows only a fixed ventilation level during occupancy—thus the consequences of opening windows could not be studied. Because of buoyancy effects, the ventilation loss from a building changes as the temperature difference between the internal and external air temperature changes—even if more windows are not opened. To get around this limitation, the Centre has usually carried out overheating studies by modelling the situation at a series of constant ventilation rates and estimated the true response of the building from this. Although such an approach is likely to provide an approximate answer, much of the dynamics of the situation will be lost and the hourly temperature profiles will be incorrect. One of this year’s extensions to EXCALIBUR has been the inclusion of a internal temp 20 28 external temp module that increases the ventilation ventilation rate in response to elevated internal 24 16 temperatures. This serves as a Air changes per hour per changes Air rudimentary simulation of windows 20 12 being opened. This leads to a highly 16 complex and more realistic ventilation 8 Temp. °C Temp. profile (see figure), which in turn 12 4 moderates the temperature profile. 8
0 It is hoped that this extension to 4 EXCALIBUR will, along with the 0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 Centre’s computational fluid dynamics Time (hours) software, allow us to meet the growing Plot of internal and external temperatures and ventilation interest in naturally ventilated spaces. rate over a week in May. The daytime ventilation rate is (For more information see Internal Document increased in response to internal overheating. 123: Allowing for a Variable Ventilation Rate in EXCALIBUR)
MODELLING OF UNDERFLOOR HEATING SYSTEMS A significant addition to the capabilities of EXCALIBUR has been the incorporation of an underfloor heating module. A recent move towards underfloor heating in school buildings produced a need for such a model. In anticipation of the development of a software-based simulation tool, the underfloor heating system in a Cornish primary school was instrumented during its construction. A number of temperature sensors were embedded into the concrete floor slab; the internal air temperature was also recorded. These data have been used to validate the new model.
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Initially, a simple “lumped parameter” model was constructed, but tests indicated the need to model the distribution of temperatures through a cross-section of the floor to allow the model to respond to real pipe temperatures. The model uses a finite element approach; a cross-section of the floor is divided into a grid of cells, each of which possesses thermal mass. Heat flow between the cells is modelled on a timestep of a few seconds, and the temperature progression of each cell is calculated.
The model has been successfully validated using the field data, and is available both as a modified version of EXCALIBUR and as a stand-alone model. Both versions incorporate a graphical front-end (shown in the figure), which aids visualisation of how the slab is behaving. Whilst modifying EXCALIBUR for use with the model, the opportunity was taken to make some other improvements, including the ability to run Front-end of the underfloor heating model, showing the simulations with a timestep of less temperature profile within a section of the floor slab. than an hour.
Various different control strategies for underfloor heating systems are currently under evaluation, to ascertain which are favourable in terms of occupied temperatures and energy use. (For more details see Software Document 18: Programs for Modelling Underfloor Heating Systems and Internal Document 124: Modelling of Underfloor Heating Systems Using a Finite Element Approach)
MODELLING OF A FIRE SERVICE TRAINING FACILITY To allow firemen to train in hot conditions, Jersey Fire Service has a heat room. A gas-fired radiant heater, of the type often suspended from the ceiling in large factories, was fitted to supply heat to a small concrete-walled room. However, on commissioning the facility, it was found that the internal temperature did not exceed 80°C, even after several hours. Far higher temperatures (of up to 250°C at ceiling height and 80°C at floor level) were required.
The Fire Research and Development Group, who advise fire brigades on technical issues, classify exposure Standard exposure conditions, defined by temperature and thermal radiation conditions in terms of air [Home Office Fire Research and Development Group, Measurements of the temperature and radiant Firefighting Environment].
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heat flux (see figure on previous page). The fire service expected different exposure conditions to be obtained in different parts of the room. The CEE were asked to advise on the heat input required to make the room serviceable.
Measurements of both radiant heat flux and air temperature were made in the room over a 2¼- hour period after switch on. In order to measure air temperature whilst excluding the radiant heat component, a temperature sensor was placed inside a vacuum flask, through which an airflow was induced.
Meanwhile, a model had been constructed to predict the radiant heat flux incident at any point in a space, given the position and output of the radiant panel heater. The Centre's thermal model, EXCALIBUR, was employed to model internal air temperatures. Both models were successfully validated with respect to the field data. Temperature progression
500 with time was predicted for
450 a number of different heater outputs; the effects 400 of ventilation rate and 350 30 ) 50 70 external temperature were 300 90 110 also considered. During 250 130 150 170 the investigations it was 200 190 200 found that an undersized Temperature (°C 150 gas supply valve had been 100 fitted, which would reduce 50 gas supplied to the heater 0 024681012 by about one-third, to Time (Hours) 37 kW. It was hypothesised that this Graph of temperature progression with time, for different heater outputs (legend denotes heater output in kW). would reduce the heater output by a similar amount (this assumption resulted in agreement between the modelled and measured internal temperatures). It was found that a panel output of 150 kW would be required to attain the desired temperatures.
The effect of lining the room with insulation was shown to be quite effective, but would have proved impracticable. Similarly, the available wall area would preclude the required heater output to be obtained by adding extra units similar to the existing heater. The heater manufacturers have suggested that a non-recirculating blown-air heater be used. This would not increase the radiant heat flux (which would exceed the 1 kW m-2 limit of routine exposure conditions only very close to the panel). It is planned to use the Centre's Computational Fluid Dynamics modelling capabilities to model the temperature profile within the room with such a heater installed. (For more details see Internal Document 119: Rouge Bouillon Fire Station. Modelling of Breathing Apparatus Training Facility)
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EVALUATION OF AN AUXILIARY BOILER CONTROL DEVICE Local Authorities are frequently approached by the salesmen of gadgets that are claimed to aid the efficient operation of heating systems. The Centre has evaluated several such devices in the past. The latest device was an auxiliary boiler control, which was claimed to perform as an optimum start controller, a load compensator, a weather compensator, and also to provide anti- cycling and back-end protection.
Cornwall County Council were particularly interested in the claimed weather compensation feature, especially as the device did not require the installation of a temperature sensor external to the building. Indeed, only the flow temperature of water from the boiler is monitored by the device. If the claims were true, a External Temperature (°C) Internal Temperature (°C) weather compensation facility could be 64 added to existing installations at very 62 low cost.
60 The device was installed on a boiler
58 serving a small industrial unit. Internal, external and pipe flow 56 temperatures were monitored for a Flow Temperature (°C) Temperature Flow 54 period of just over a month during November and December. A 52 comparison of flow temperature and 0 5 10 15 20 External and Internal Temperatures (°C) external air temperature did not reveal Scatter plot showing the absence of negative correlation the negative correlation that would between heating system flow temperature and internal or have been indicative of weather external air temperature. compensation. There was also no evidence of load compensation, which should have manifested itself as a negative correlation between flow temperature and internal air temperature. The only discernible trend was for the initial boiler firing at the start of the day to be delayed by a few minutes dependant upon the temperature to which the building interior had fallen overnight. (For more details see Internal Document 114: The Feasibility of Using the MICROMISER Boiler Economy Device as a Weather Compensator)
ENERGY AND FOOD The Centre’s work on estimating the amount of energy used to produce and retail food has continued this year. The results of the work (which imply that many times more energy is used in such activities than is contained in the food itself) have attracted much attention world-wide. Reports have appeared in over two hundred newspapers, publications such as New Scientist, and journals dedicated to various aspects of the food industry.
The provision of food within a developed country requires the expenditure of large amounts of energy. This energy is used within the agricultural, transportation and retail sectors. Much of this will be energy derived from fossil fuels, implying a potential environmental impact. By using food consumption data from 2 197 individuals, an estimate was made of the shape of the
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distribution of embodied energies for typical UK diets. The mean of this distribution was found to be surprisingly large, as was the width, indicating the potential for significant reductions in fossil-fuel-related greenhouse gas emissions by simple changes in diet.
If the average embodied energy of a diet can be reduced then it is axiomatic that fossil-fuel- related greenhouse gas production will also fall. It is important that any such reduction does not impact negatively on the nutritional value of the diet. (For more information see The Embodied Energy of Food: the Role of Diet, Energy Policy, 26(6), pp.455-459, 1998)
ENVIRONMENTAL CAMPAIGN 1997—“URBAN MYTH” Whilst lecturing to school staff on how to encourage a good house-keeping approach to energy conservation, it was discovered that many staff erroneously believed that fluorescent lighting should not be extinguished during the day. Their belief was founded on the idea that large amounts of energy would be consumed if such lights were frequently turned on and off.
The Centre measured this extra energy and demonstrated that it was negligible—as was the importance of increased tube failures. After this confirmation, all that remained was the need to disseminate this knowledge back to the school staff. This was achieved by the production and distribution of a sticker designed to shatter the Urban Myth that such lights should be left on during the day. Fifty thousand stickers were produced and distributed the schools in the SWEEG region. The launch was covered by Lighting campaign sticker. radio, television and the local press. (For more information, see Internal Document 95: Fluorescent Lighting: Switching—an Economic and Environmental Analysis)
RAINWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS Although water costs for schools are significant, the economic benefits of incorporating water conservation systems such as rainwater collection are uncertain, particularly for existing buildings. In new schools, such systems can be incorporated at the design stage to maximise the effectiveness of the design and minimise costs. Furthermore, these costs are more readily absorbed into general expenditure on the building. The incorporation of rainwater collection
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schemes at some primary schools in Cornwall has provided an opportunity to evaluate their operational performance with a view to optimising the design of future schemes.
The particular system being monitored is at Trevithic County Primary School, Camborne. The rainwater collection system is depicted in the figure.
Arrangement of the rainwater collection system at Trevithic County Primary School.
Rain is collected from only part of the school’s total roof area. The collected water is stored in an underground tank and then pumped to small high level tanks via an ultra-violet disinfection system. These tanks then feed the school’s toilet cisterns and the hot water system. During dry periods, the underground storage tank is topped up by mains water to preserve a minimum working water level.
Monitoring involved taking daily readings of water consumption, as measured by the school mains water meter and a separate meter monitoring the output from the rainwater collection tank. The readings were compared to daily rainfall data—as measured at the school and by the nearby Camborne MET station.
Although only part of the school roof area was plumbed to collect rainwater, modelling showed it was sufficient to make a significant difference to school mains-water requirements (weather permitting), and that its effect should be easily detectable from the water meter readings. The monitoring was carried out over periods of wet and dry weather. The underground rainwater storage tank held a water capacity of a few days supply. Therefore, its capacity was only occasionally exceeded by the collected rainwater and, importantly for monitoring, mains-water top-up was frequent. The effectiveness of the rainwater collection system was determined from
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measurements of mains-water supply during periods of rainfall of varying magnitude. Total water consumption has been assumed to be reasonably stable.
The results from the monitoring at Trevithic School are illustrated in the graphs. The first graph confirms that periods of low water consumption corresponded with period of high rainfall, as would be expected with a rainwater collection system. The second graph shows that during periods of high rainfall, the storage tank meter recorded unreasonably high levels of consumption. The conclusions of 12 50 the monitoring exercise were that: 10 40 8
30 ) • During the
6 mm 20 ( monitoring period, Consumption (cubic metres) (cubic 4 Daily Mains Water the proportion of 2 10 Measured Daily Rainfall Trevithic School’s 0 0 total water demand
1 6 1 6 1 6 1 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 36 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 76 8 displaced by the School Days collected rainwater Daily Mains Supply was significant at Rainfall Data from Environment Agency about 40% (60% of Comparison of mains water consumption and measured rainfall in the area. toilet flushwater and hot water system 60 50 (HWS) demand). This amounted to 50 40 40 approximately 30 3 30 180 m of water over 20 (mm) the 82 school days 20 (cubic metres) and was achieved 10 10 Rainfall Daily Measured
Daily Storage Tank Supply during a period when 0 0 rainfall was 20% 1 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 73 79 below the region’s School Days long-term average. Daily Storage Tank Supply Rainfall Data from Environment Agency • This success is Comparison of supply from storage tank and measured rainfall in the area. 20% greater than that predicted using a computer simulation of the system. It is also a greater quantity of rain than actually fell during that period on the roof area from which rainwater was being collected (550 m2)! A number of reasons for this apparent anomaly have been considered. The most likely cause is that the roof slope and the prevailing wind direction on rainy days increased the potential for the roof to collect rainwater.
• The coincidence of high rainfall levels and high quantities of rainwater storage tank supply suggests a plumbing error. The excess storage tank water appears to overflow via the meter, thereby giving a false reading of consumption during days of high rainfall.
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The computer model used in this analysis was originally used in the design of the system (to determine the optimal storage tank size). The apparent deficiency of the model (underestimation of system effectiveness) can be addressed, but not easily. It requires the input not only of daily rainfall data, but also the angle and direction of driving rainfall relative to the roof orientation and slope. However, the model would still be relevant where a roof to be used for rain collection is not significantly biased towards the collection of rain from a particular direction. The study has demonstrated that where a sloping roof is designed for rainwater collection, the prevailing wind direction should be considered.
The results serve not only to demonstrate a working scheme, but also to provoke some interesting questions and provide insight into the problems of system design. (For more details, see Internal Document 108: Performance Measurements of a Rainwater Collection System)
HIPPO WATER SAVING DEVICES The Centre was offered the opportunity of obtaining a quantity of HIPPO cistern bags, which are claimed to reduce W.C. flushwater consumption. The device is an open-topped plastic bag, which sits on the floor of the cistern, and therefore reduces its effective capacity.
It was decided to field-test the devices in order to estimate the potential water savings for school buildings, and the consequent financial implications. Two primary schools, each with about 200 pupils, were equipped with HIPPOS. Total water consumption for each school was recorded every weekday during the school term, over a period of three months.
A HIPPO bag installed in a cistern. The tests comprised three phases: consumption was measured for a period prior to fitting the devices, then with the HIPPOS in place, and finally after they had been removed. Water consumption at each school was 10 - 15% lower with the devices in place. Extrapolating these savings to all schools within the SWEEG region suggests that over 100 000 m3 of water could be saved per annum, the implied financial saving being in excess of £ ¼ million.
Following negotiations, South West Water have agreed to trial the devices in 40 schools within Devon and Cornwall. Should this exercise prove successful, they plan to extend the supply of Hippos to all schools within these two counties. (For more details see Internal Document 115: Low Cost Water Saving by Reducing W.C. Cistern Volume)
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HEAT PUMP MONITORING Small split-unit heat pumps are frequently employed in office spaces as a convenient and efficient way of meeting both heating and cooling requirements. An external unit houses a heat exchanger, and a wall-mounted internal unit contains a second heat exchanger. The two units are connected by a piping circuit containing refrigerant.
The Centre was asked to carry out on-site monitoring of one such installation in order to ascertain the achievable efficiency of operation, or Coefficient of Performance, of these units.
Monitoring took place over two periods, each of two weeks. The first was during the winter (to examine efficiency in heating mode); the second was during the summer (for performance in cooling mode). The temperatures at the air inlet and outlet of the internal heat exchanger, the external temperature and the electrical load were all recorded as half-hourly averages. The volumetric flow rate of air through the internal unit was determined by means of one-off measurements.
Once complete, analysis of the results will show the efficiency of these ubiquitous units under actual operating conditions. (For more details see Internal Document 118: Preliminary Analysis of Heat Pump Monitoring—Winter Period)
DESIGN OF NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS The large, and currently unused, St James Church in St Helier, Jersey is to be converted for use as a theatre.
The main features of the existing building are to be retained. These include the spacious and airy main auditorium which has an attractive vaulted ceiling supported on six pillars. There is also a deep gallery running around the back and two sides of the room. Overall the auditorium is approximately 13 metres high, 26 metres long and 16 metres wide. The base of the gallery is 3.5 metres above the auditorium floor.
It is desired to provide the new theatre with effective natural ventilation and to provide winter heating with an underfloor system. Although natural ventilation is becoming recognised as a key feature of any low-energy building, its incorporation in the design does present significant difficulties. Should the system fail to perform as required, occupant dissatisfaction will result. Whereas mechanical ventilation systems can be designed to meet any specified performance criteria, it is much more difficult to be certain that a natural ventilation system will perform adequately. Extensive computer modelling has been performed in an attempt to ensure that the heating and ventilation system will be capable of maintaining acceptable comfort conditions in both summer and winter. The basic idea behind the natural ventilation system is that it should rely mainly on the buoyancy-driven movement of warm air upwards through the building. Cool external air will be supplied via an underfloor plenum and grids into the auditorium. Warm, stale air will be exhausted via a high level plenum above the ceiling. Special provision will be made to feed cool air to the back of the gallery seating. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies have indicated that the flow of air will be adequate to maintain comfort on the majority of occasions. However, a simple, low-cost, boost is provided by fitting an extract fan at the exit from the
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ceiling plenum. This will only be activated if the passive system fails to maintain conditions within limits.
Further CFD studies have been made of the arrangement of inlet and outlet grids in the sub- floor plenum to ensure that adequate airflow is available. The upper figure shows a plan view of air Plan view of air flow within the sub-floor plenum. velocity vectors in this space. 400 occupants 1800-2200 hours 7 days per week The air is guided and constrained 1 air change per hour 100 2 air changes per hour by a series of 3 air changes per hour stub walls shown in olive green, and exits via 50 slots and grids (white) into the space above. occupied hours temp. occupied at 0 Various layouts were tried before a satisfactory 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 flow was temperature obtained. Frequency distribution of temperature resulting from different ventilation rates. In addition, thermal studies were conducted to examine the performance of the underfloor heating system. These revealed that it was necessary to improve the insulation of the building and reduce its thermal response time by adding a layer of insulation to the internal wall surfaces. Whilst this measure enabled the heating system to achieve comfort conditions within an acceptable time, it made overheating in the summer more likely. The behaviour of the building was studied at lower than optimum ventilation rates to examine potential overheating problems during a four hour evening performance in summer. With the insulation in place, the lower figure shows that a ventilation rate of at least three air changes per hour would be required to achieve reasonable comfort conditions. Without the insulation it was discovered that the heat
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absorbing properties of the bare walls enabled temperatures to be maintained with ventilation rates as low as 0.1 air changes per hour. (For further information see Report 79: St. James’ Church, Jersey—Conversion to a Naturally Ventilated Theatre)
DEVELOPMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING STRATEGY At present Sustainable Development, insofar as it applies to energy-consuming systems, remains a distant ideal. But as a guiding principle applied to building projects, it can have a beneficial effect on building performance and environmental impact. Devon County Council have adopted Sustainable Development as a principle of policy under the Corporate Action Programme for Sustainable Development. They therefore wish to develop mechanisms and procedures in their day-to-day activities to encourage and achieve this aim.
The Centre has been working in conjunction with Devon County Council (to the ultimate benefit of all SWEEG members) to produce a practical procedure which may be applied to govern the design of new and refurbished buildings. The overall framework within which the procedure is being developed is that of LE-MAS—an environmental monitoring and auditing system for Local Authorities being promoted by the European Commission. This envisages a management framework comprising the following steps:
• A Policy stating the Authority's overall environmental aims and a commitment to continuous improvement beyond compliance with minimum legislative requirements. • An Evaluation of the environmental effects of the activities being considered. • A Programme of activities to achieve defined objectives. • A Management System which defines responsibilities and procedures for implementing the programme. • Periodic Audits to assess whether the programme is being followed and the management system is adequate. • A Statement of environmental performance designed for the public and made publicly available. • Impartial external Verification of the quality and completeness of the process, leading to formal Validation of the public statement. The strategy being STATEMENT OF PURPOSE developed locally for GENERAL APPROACH buildings comprises TOOLS AND PROCEDURES four separate sections
CASE STUDY LIBRARY as portrayed in the diagram. The Statement of Purpose describes LAND USE ENERGY USE MATERIALS MANAGEMENT IN USE the aim of the procedure and defines the range of environmental COMPUTER DBASE REFERENCE BOOK impacts it is designed to reduce. A General Approach to design is then described Structure of the Sustainable Building Strategy.
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under four main headings which relate to different environmental issues; these are land use, energy use, materials and management in use. Specific Tools and Procedures which assist in achieving the aims under each of these headings will be researched and specified. Finally, a Case Study Library will enable the lessons learned to be applied to new projects.
The main difficulty in forwarding this process is in trying to improve environmental performance when “environment” is a word with so many meanings. To make any progress it has been necessary to set objectives and priorities, many of which remain open to discussion.
Generally, it has been agreed that new buildings should: • make sensitive use of land resources and • generally be sited on pre-used land rather than green field sites • minimise the production of disposable waste • consider the adaptation and extension of existing buildings • be located and orientated on site to minimise environmental impacts • be sited to take maximum advantage of existing infrastructure • minimise energy use in construction and operation and • be designed in accordance with a coherent energy efficiency strategy • use natural rather than mechanical ventilation • avoid the use of air-conditioning • use environmentally benign materials in their construction and • use non-toxic materials selected from an approved list • employ materials of low embodied energy • maximise the use of recycled material • minimise the quantity of virgin materials in their construction • be designed and constructed with a view to re-use of materials upon demolition • be designed to facilitate good management in use and • be carefully and fully commissioned prior to occupancy • incorporate systems and controls which permit and encourage good management • be provided with an operations manual for occupant use
In addition, it is an essential part of the sustainable design procedure that the need for any building should have been fully considered and justified. The impact of a new building on the locality in terms of transport, employment, land use, visual amenity and so on should have been fully considered during this process. It is assumed, therefore, that buildings coming forward to the design stage would have been established as fully justified new work during a pre-design appraisal of need.
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Screen shot of the Building Energy Concepts Database. More specific progress has been made on setting up a design guidance tool to assist in achieving low energy consumption. This takes the form of an interactive Computer Database which the designer can use to develop a coherent energy strategy for the building whilst preserving other important aims for the design. The figure shows an example screen shot of the database.
Information on building design strategies for inclusion in this database is being derived from the project “Improving the Design of High Performance Buildings” described elsewhere in this annual report.
Other aspects of the procedure are being developed in parallel with this work. (For further information see Internal Document 120: Developing a Sustainable Building Strategy (Interim Report))
WASTE SCENARIO MODELLING FOR CORNWALL Waste disposal or management is increasingly subject to legislative change and tightening regulatory control. Waste management development within Europe, together with harmonisation of standards, are key driving forces. This has resulted in a number of new directives covering waste—and more are being developed. A more environmentally informed and concerned public are placing further pressures on the waste disposal industry, increasing the costs and complexity of disposal, and raising controversies. This is particularly the case for biodegradable wastes generated by householders, commerce and industry. Increasingly therefore, there is a need to take a long term view, including the formulation of future projections and plans, and to investigate all available options. Through the investigation of recent trends, together with estimates of possible future developments, future waste disposal requirements and their impact
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can be investigated. As a step along this path, Cornwall’s biodegradable waste disposal situation has been modelled using data on current waste arisings, current and possible future disposal options and factors affecting waste quantities.
The modelling considered a wide range of future waste scenarios intended to represent a range of possible future situations, ranging from highly optimistic to pessimistic. Pessimism and optimism are measured in terms of the requirements to find landfill space for final waste disposal. The model (based upon current levels of waste generation, treatment, disposal and existing landfill void capacity in Cornwall) made certain basic assumptions regarding future developments, as follows:
Scenario 1234 Variables Optimistic Pessimistic Annual growth in number of households 0.91% 0.91% 0.91% 0.91%
Annual growth in waste generated per -2% 0% 2% 2% household Percentage of waste composted at home 5% by year 2000 5% by year 2000 2.5% by year 2000 2.5% by year 2000 Percentage of waste centrally composted 5% by year 2000 5% by year 2000 2.5% by year 2000 2.5% by year 2000 Percentage of waste recycled 25% by year 2000 25% by year 2000 25% by year 2000 12.5% by year 2000 40% by year 2005 20% by year 2005
The benefits of an incinerator were also considered for each of the scenarios. The county was assumed to be divided into two sectors; East and West. These represent the current state of disposal in Cornwall, with one major landfill serving each sector. This sub-division of the county for waste management purposes is expected to be maintained in the future, as facilities serving the entire county would probably generate unacceptable haulage costs.
3 Examples of results from 2.5 the modelling exercise are 2 given in the two figures. 1.5 The year in which existing 1 landfill capacity will
Landfill Capacity (Mtonnes) Capacity Landfill 0.5 become exhausted in 0 Cornwall is shown for two 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 2021 of the modelled scenarios. Year This is an important factor With Incineration Without Incineration when determining where, when and how much new Cornwall landfill availability under the optimistic scenario and assuming landfill is required in incineration may be available for the treatment of post recycling waste residue after the year 2006. Cornwall. Of equal importance are the consequences the model’s assumptions upon landfill requirements. This is reflected in the following conclusions derived from the study:
• Domestic waste generation in Cornwall per capita is rising but the rate of growth is unclear due to significant variation between years. The most recent four years give an average growth of around 1% per annum, which is similar to the growth in Cornwall’s economy over that period. The average future rate of economic growth anticipated for the UK is 2%.
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4
3
2
1
0
(Mtonnes) -1 Landfill Capacity -2
-3
-4 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 2021 Without Incineration Year
With Incineration Cornwall landfill availability under the pessimistic scenario and assuming incineration may be available. • The publication of government recycling targets imply that the rate of increase in domestic waste recycling must be significantly greater over the next three years if the target for the year 2000 is to be met. This remains the case even if the year 2000 target is postponed to 2005. • With successful waste minimisation measures and a high degree of waste recycling, there would be insufficient residual waste in either East or West Cornwall to support an economically sized incinerator. Combining the East and West waste streams is an option, however, there would be a high waste haulage costs associated with this alternative. • Under pessimistic scenarios, implying increasing waste generation and poor recycling levels, there will sufficient waste to support economically sized incinerators in both East and West Cornwall. • Existing landfill capacity can provide all of Cornwall’s waste needs throughout the 25 year strategy period with successful waste minimisation and optimistically high recycling. However, under pessimistic scenarios, capacity can be exhausted in about 10 years and the equivalent of several new large sites may be required, particularly if incineration is not developed. (For more information see Report 81: Predictions of Cornwall’s Landfill Requirements up to 2021)
DEVON COUNTY COUNCIL’S WASTE LOCAL PLAN Waste Disposal Authorities are required to prepare Waste Local Plans as part of the area’s overall Development Plan. The Development Plan sets out conditions under which new development in the area (with land use implications) can proceed. The Waste Local Plan is concerned specifically with waste management. Its objective is to ensure that a comprehensive network of appropriate waste management facilities are operating within Devon.
The content or format of the Waste Local Plan can lie anywhere between two extremes. On one hand it could specify exactly where and what facilities are to be developed in the county. At the other extreme, it can specify only the criteria that any new facilities must meet. In the first instance the Disposal Authority is required to analyse the situation and determine the waste management needs. Under the criteria approach, the waste industry must determine for themselves where and what facilities are required, based upon the criteria laid down in the Plan. Devon has adopted a criteria-based approach. As a consequence, it is important that as much relevant ‘waste management’ information as possible is provided to the waste industry. This
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will enable the industry to identify waste facility needs, and avoid burdening the planning system with applications for facilities having little chance of success.
In this context, therefore, the Centre has been responsible for generating a ‘Technical Document’ detailing waste quantities and waste facilities existing within the county. The purpose of the document is to provide some of the raw data from which developers can identify shortfalls in the provision of facilities, both now and the foreseeable future.
The data contained in the report includes the following: • The types and quantities of waste generated within Devon; • A snapshot of the facilities currently used to deal with Devon’s waste; • Indication of the capacity limitations of the existing facilities; • Identification of waste quantity and treatment trends, where they exist; • Projection of future levels of domestic waste for treatment/disposal up to 2011.
Compilation and basic analysis of the data used in the Technical Document revealed the following broad conclusions regarding waste generation and facility provision within Devon:
• The number of active and licensed inert landfill sites has almost halved in recent years, from around 80 to nearer 40. • The quantity of inert waste landfilled in these sites has fallen from a peak approaching 850 000 tonnes in 1996 to nearer 550 000 tonnes per annum at present. Approximately 100 000 tonnes of inert waste is recycled for reuse as an aggregate, with a further 100 000 tonnes (approximately) being disposed of as exempted waste (re-used for farm track repair, landscaping etc). • Currently, in excess of 4 years inert landfill void capacity is available for Devon as a whole. However, different areas of the county have dissimilar levels of reserve. • The number of biodegradable landfill sites in Devon is five with at least one in the North, South, East and West quarters of the County. • The amount of waste collected from the doorstep has increased by 4.2% in the last two years. • Civic Amenity waste has increased by about 30% over the last four years. Simultaneously, Civic Amenity waste recycling has increased thereby suppressing the increase in this waste being landfilled to 17% over the four years. • The quantity of commercial biodegradable waste landfilled in Devon is around 200 000 tonnes per annum, compared with 350 000 tonnes for biodegradable domestic waste. • The current biodegradable landfill void capacity is in excess of eight years for Devon. However, different areas have varying levels of reserve. (For more information, see Report 82: Devon Waste Local Plan. Technical Appendix)
1998 BIENNIAL SWEEG SEMINAR “ELECTRICITY IN MY BACK YARD” This year the South West Energy and Environment Group is holding the latest in its series of biennial seminars on issues of topical interest.
Entitled “Electricity in My Back Yard”, the seminar will examine the economic and environmental case for the growth in small-scale power stations. These stations are known as
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“embedded generators” due to their siting in regions where the electricity distribution network has branched out to serve small groups of consumers, as distinct from the central positions occupied by the large power stations. Most power stations which exploit renewable energy sources—mainly wind, water and biomass—are, of necessity, embedded generators located at the most convenient site to exploit the power source. Other stations are designed to incinerate domestic and commercial waste, and produce electricity as a by-product. There are also some fossil-fuelled stations which are embedded in the distribution network in order, it is argued, to increase the security of local supply. All embedded generators are operated as commercial, profit-making enterprises.
Because such generators are close to the consumers they serve, there are advantages in reduced distribution losses that should have both financial and environmental benefits. However, the environmental benefits are seen mainly on a large geographical scale—such as the abatement of global warming and acid rain. There are other effects on the local environment, which may not appear so beneficial to the people living there!
The seminar will draw together eight expert speakers and a specialist audience of interested parties to examine the issues surrounding this recent development. The economic interests of both consumers and the industry will be examined, and a searching analysis of the environmental effects undertaken.
REVENUES FROM SALES OF ELECTRICITY FROM EMBEDDED GENERATORS Development of renewable energy sources is fundamental for sustainable development. However, although the desire to use renewable energy may exist, significant development will very much depend upon economics. This is particularly true in the new liberated energy market place. Therefore, it is important to analyse that market and to identify approximately what level of income renewable generation might produce. The odd tenth of a penny per unit of energy sold could make the difference between success or failure for certain renewable technologies— particularly those only just starting to compete with conventional fossil fuel sources.
The purpose of this study is to quantify the potential income from renewable electricity generators, given that the electricity generated can be sold through a number of different commercial arrangements. Furthermore, the small size of many renewable schemes requires the generator to be connected to the local (and lower voltage) electricity distribution rather than the national transmission grid used by large fossil-fuelled generators. Therefore, direct competition based upon unit price of generation may be complicated by other costs and benefits that result from ‘embedding’ these generators in the electricity system close to the consumer end of the network. The four principal arrangements available for ‘embedded’ generators are:
1. NFFO (Non Fossil Fuel Obligation) This is a government-supported subsidy. The subsidy is generated by a small premium paid on the costs of electricity generated from fossil fuels. The benefits of this scheme include a fifteen year guaranteed income from sales and, for developing technologies, an income at higher than the market rate. 2. Regional Electricity Company The local electricity distribution company (SWEB) publishes tariff rates at which it will purchase from generators embedded in their distribution system.
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3. Pool Purchase The majority of electricity is traded via the ‘Pool’. This pool is managed by the National Grid Company. Various mechanisms determine which electricity generators are to be operational and the price at which their output will be purchased. 4. Second Tier Supply A company can purchase electricity to sell to customers in any Regional Electricity Company (REC) area. It can have its own arrangements with electricity generators independent of the pool or the local REC.
Analysis of the first three options indicate that trading via the pool and sales direct to SWEB (as the local REC) would generate similar revenues. However, if the generator could be controlled to provide greater output at certain times of the day and year, pool purchase prices would exceed SWEB’s tariff. Furthermore, as embedded generators, there may be the potential to generate other income as a result of reduced costs to SWEB from a reduction in importation of electricity into the region (on which Transmission Use of System Charges are levied). However, a disadvantage of the pool option is that it is subject to uncertainty as prices may fall or rise. For the NFFO option, the attractiveness depends upon the price per unit of electricity being offered. This depends upon the degree of development of the industry. For example, energy generated from waste may be contracted at or below the average market rate. This reflects the technology’s competitiveness, but also a desire for long term income security through the NFFO system. The analysis of option 4 is continuing, but is very complex requiring the identification of a customer base that is suitable in terms of the pattern of energy demand and the price competition from other electricity suppliers. (For more details see Internal Document 128:Examining Prospects for Electricity Sales From a Waste Incinerator (Interim Report))
ENERGY IN DEVON County-level energy 18000 consumption statistics are often 16000 required for policy making 14000 purposes. Such data are difficult Solid Fuels 12000 Natural Gas to obtain, due to mismatches Other Gas 10000 between suppliers’ distribution Electricity areas and county boundaries, 8000 Petroleum large numbers of suppliers of 6000
Consumptiuon (GW h) certain fuels (such as coal and 4000 petroleum), and issues of 2000 commercial confidentiality of 0 data. Frequently the only way 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 around these problems is to Year disaggregate national energy Trends in Devon's energy consumption, 1990-1996. consumption statistics.
A spreadsheet based model, called REEGEN (REgional Estimation of Greenhouse gas emissions and ENergy use), has been developed, to allow national figures to be disaggregated in a reasoned and efficient way. The local-level statistics are obtained by applying a number of consumption indicators (such as employment in various sectors, land use and population) to the national data. The structure of the model enables the indicators to be changed and refined with minimal effort. Emissions of
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greenhouse gas pollutants implicit in the energy consumption are calculated according to the standard methodology provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Estimates of Devon’s energy consumption over the past six years have been made; the figures correlated well with historical data. The model is currently being used to supply similar figures for Cornwall. (For more details see Internal Document 117: Energy Use in Devon (Estimates) and Internal Document 116: REEGEN: A Spreadsheet-Based Model to Estimate Regional Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions)
REDUCING ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN OFFICES AND SCHOOLS At the request of Cornwall County Council, CEE were asked to investigate the potential for energy savings in offices and schools from encouraging occupants to switch monitors off when not using their computers for short periods. Ideally, such switching should be extended to the whole machine; however, this has the potential to cause inconvenience because of the time taken to re-boot the machine and for it to connect to any networks that might be in place.
The average energy saving to be gained from encouraging users to switch off computer monitors when they are not in use has been estimated by measurement (for a series of machines in various modes) and found to be approximately 73 Watts per machine. This indicates potential savings of £20 000 per annum within Cornwall County Council and its schools. The figure printed on the back of most PCs to indicate their current rating has been found to be unreliable even as an estimate of these savings and should not be used in any such calculations. The energy saved by screen savers themselves is very small, thus if they are to be used, they should carry a worthwhile message rather than just look pretty. Machines that have Energy Star capabilities must be set to an energy saving mode to be effective (this is not normally done by the supplier).
The ability to bring these saving about will depend on the willingness of computer users to change their behaviour and on how the message is relayed to them. One possibility is via suitably designed mouse mats, another via an environmental screen saver encouraging people to switch their monitors off. Such a screen saver could also carry a series of educational environmental messages and monitor the sum total of time each PC is not actively in use but turned on each day. (For more information see Internal Document 122: Reducing Electricity Consumption in Offices and Schools by Switching Off Computer Monitors)
AGENDA 21 ACTIVITIES The Centre has continued its involvement in Devon’s Agenda 21 activities. For CEE these have centred on the Transport and Cleaner Air working party. One of the most important areas considered has been the new Transport Policy and Programme consultation document from Devon County Council.
Many approaches to reducing traffic have been considered by the working party, including: setting targets, reducing road space, improving facilities for walking and cycling, increasing the cost of parking and encouraging teleworking. Additional consideration has been given to emphasising the importance of children’s health and welfare. This has led to the discussion of electronic speed control and improved “safe” crossings.
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PUBLICATIONS ABOUT SWEEG PUBLICATIONS SWEEG publishes Reports, Briefing Papers, Software Documents and Internal Documents. • REPORTS are based on in-depth studies by SWEEG scientists and are of general interest. • BRIEFING PAPERS tend to be shorter than reports. Often they are responses to topical issues, or digests of technical or otherwise inaccessible material of interest to the Group. • SOFTWARE DOCUMENTS are instruction manuals for software written by SWEEG scientists. • INTERNAL DOCUMENTS usually result from investigations into a particular problem identified by the SWEEG management, but will often be of interest as case studies to outsiders. Occasionally there may be some restriction on the issue of Internal Documents.
In addition, the Centre for Energy and the Environment publishes material in the technical journals and communicates the results of contract research as final reports to funding bodies.
This document lists current reports, internal documents, briefing papers, external publications and software documents produced by SWEEG and/or the Centre for Energy and the Environment. A complete document list may also be found at the Centre for Energy and the Environment's web site, at http://www.ex.ac.uk/cee/WWW_pubs.html.
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CURRENT YEAR TO 1ST OCTOBER 1998 Reference Title Author Date Pages Cost SCIENTISTS' REPORTS Report 82 Devon Waste Local Plan. Technical Appendix P.Brock September 1998 Not Yet Available Report 81 Predictions of Cornwall's Landfill Requirements up to 2021 P.Brock January 1998 64pp. £32.00 Report 79 St. James' Church, Jersey - Conversion to a Naturally Ventilated J.A.Crabb July 1997 (Updated May Theatre. 1998) 15pp. £8.00 INTERNAL DOCUMENTS Document 128 Examining the Prospects for Electricity Sales from a Waste P.Brock September 1998 Incinerator (Interim Report) Not Yet Available Document 127 Energy Use in Cornwall (Estimates) T.A.Mitchell September 1998 Not Yet Available Document 126 CEE Road Traffic Noise Prediction Software: TN 1.0 T.A.Mitchell September 1998 10pp. £5.00 Document 125 Ozone Measurements at Roebuck House D.A.Coley September 1998 2pp. £5.00 Document 124 Modelling of Underfloor Heating Systems Using a Finite Element T.A.Mitchell September 1998 Approach Not Yet Available Document 123 Allowing for a Variable Ventilation Rate in Excalibur D.A.Coley August 1998 Not Yet Available Document 122 Reducing Electricity Consumption in Offices and Schools by D.A.Coley July 1998 5pp. £5.00 Switching Off Computer Monitors. Document 121 Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of the Effect on Heat Loss J.A.Crabb May 1998 9pp. £5.00 of a Curtain at a Window Document 120 Developing a Sustainable Building Strategy (Interim Report). J.A.Crabb May 1998 14pp. £7.00 Document 119 Rouge Bouillon Fire Station. Modelling of Breathing Apparatus T.A.Mitchell May 1998 10pp. £5.00 Training Facility. Document 118 Preliminary Analysis of Heat Pump Monitoring - Winter Period. T.A.Mitchell May 1998 7pp. £5.00 Document 117 Energy Use in Devon (Estimates). T.A.Mitchell & P.Brock May 1998 16pp. £8.00 Document 116 REEGEN: A Spreadsheet - Based Model to Estimate Regional T.A.Mitchell May 1998 20pp. £10.00 Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Document 115 Low Cost Water Saving by Reducing W.C. Cistern Volume. T.A.Mitchell March 1998 13pp. £7.00 Document 114 The Feasibility of Using the Micromiser Boiler Economy Device T.A.Mitchell January 1998 10pp. £5.00 as a Weather Compensator. Document 113 Acoustic Study of Oldway Ballroom and the Council Chamber at T.A.Mitchell March 1998 41pp. £21.00 Torquay Town Hall. Restricted. Document 112 Evaluation of the Proposed Marsh Barton Waste To Energy Plant P.Brock November 1997 Restricted. Document 109 Devon's Energy Consumption and the Local Economic Impact P.Brock November 1997 18pp. £9.00 Document 108 Performance Measurements of a Rainwater Collection System E.Goodliffe & P.Brock May. 1998 19pp. £10.00 EXTERNAL PUBLICATIONS EXT 48 The Embodied Energy of Food: the Rôle of Diet D.A.Coley, E.Gooldliffe & J.Macdiarmid, in Energy Policy 1998, V.26, No.6, pp.455-459 BRIEFING PAPERS Paper 49 Sound Transmission Between Dwellings D.A.Coley June 1998 25pp. £13.00 Paper 48 Car Sharing for Schools - Background T.A.Mitchell May 1998 5pp. £5.00 SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATION Software 18 Programs for Modelling Underfloor Heating System T.A.Mitchell September 1998 Not Yet Available
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Software 17 The Design of High Performance Buildings With the Aid of EX- D.A.Coley July 1998 10pp. £5.00 GA Software 16 Variable Timestep Version of Excalibur T.A.Mitchell June 1998 7pp. £5.00
COMPLETE PUBLICATIONS LIST TO 1ST OCTOBER 1998 Reference Title Author Date Pages Cost SCIENTISTS' REPORTS Report 82 Devon Waste Local Plan. Technical Appendix P.Brock September 1998 Not Yet Available Report 81 Predictions of Cornwall's Landfill Requirements up to 2021 P.Brock January 1998 64pp. £32.00 Report 80 Field Tests of Fuel Efficiency Magnets. J.A.Crabb July 1997 14pp. £7.00 Report 79 St. James' Church, Jersey - Conversion to a Naturally Ventilated J.A.Crabb July 1997 (Updated May Theatre. 1998) 15pp. £8.00 Report 78 Comparison Between Alternative Street Lighting Maintenance P.Brock April 1997 40pp. £20.00 Strategies. Report 77 Prediction of Devon's Landfill Requirements Up To 2021. P.Brock Feb.1997 50pp. £25.00 Report 76 Summary of: The Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from D.A.Coley March 1997 34pp. £17.00 Jersey, 1995. Report 75 The Sustainable Road: Practical Solutions to the Environmental D.A.Coley (ed.) Nov. 1996 65pp. Problems of Road Transport. £33.00 Report 74 Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Alternative Waste Paper Recycling P.Brock April 1996 21pp. £11.00 Strategies Report 73 Assessing the Water Saving Potential of 5 High Water P.Brock. Nov. 1995. 13pp. £6.50 Consuming Primary Schools. Report 72 A Comparison of the Environmental and Financial Costs of Petrol D.A.Coley. Feb. 1996. 33pp. £15.00 and Diesel Lease Cars Report 71 Sustainable Transport Policies: Road Transport and the Effect of D.A.Coley and T.A.Mitchell. July Emissions. 1995. 54pp. £26.00 Report 70 Emission Modelling of the Proposed Jetty Marsh Relief Road T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. Feb. (Newton Abbot) Using the EXTEM Computer Model. 1996. 25pp. £12.50 Report 69 The Use of a Virtual Machine to Gauge Acoustic Annoyance D.A.Coley. Feb. 1995. 28pp. £15.00 from the Proposed Generator at County Hall Exeter. Report 68 Comparison of Two Methods for Measuring the Reverberation D.A.Coley. Feb. 1995. 16pp. £8.00 Time of a Multi-Purpose Space Report 67 Estimation of Road Traffic Noise Levels in the Small Urban D.A.Coley. Jan. 1995. 38pp. £20.00 Environment Report 66 Estimates of Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Exeter City J.A.Crabb. May 1995. 20pp. £10.00 Report 65 Renewable Energy in Cornwall: Prospects to 2000 J.A.Crabb. December 1994. 25pp. £12.50 Report 64 Comparison of the Embodied Energy and Energy Use of a D.A.Coley and J.Waller. Dec. 1994 Typical Local Authority Building. (Revised Sept. 1995. by T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley) 38pp. £20.00 Report 63 The Embodied Energy of Pipe Insulation D.A.Coley and J.Waller. Sept. 1995. 20pp. £10.00 Report 62 Rain Water Collection and its use for Toilet Flushing in School P.Brock. April 1995. 22pp. £10.00 Buildings in the South West Report 61 Reverberation Time and Acoustic Suitability of Multi-Purpose D.A.Coley. July 1995. 19pp. £10.00 School Halls Report 60 The Energy Equation of Glass Recycling P.Brock. Aug. 1995. 30pp. £15.00 Report 59 Assessment of Stand-alone Boiler Management Devices. J.A.Crabb. July 1994. £14.00 Report 58 Energy Analysis of Cold In-Situ Road Recycling: Ide Straight P.Brock. July 1994. £14.00 Road Reconstruction. Report 57 Energy Use in Cornwall. R.Manning and J.A.Crabb. July 1994. 21pp. £10.00
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Report 56 Renewable Energy in Devon to 2000: a Basis for Determining J.A.Crabb. June 1994. 25pp. £14.00 Growth Targets. Report 55 Energy Use in Devon. R.Manning P.Brock D.A.Coley and J.A.Crabb. June 1994. 30pp. £15.00 Report 54 An Environmentally Sound Purchasing Policy for Personal D.A.Coley. March 1994. 5pp. £5.00 Computers. Report 53 CO2 Production from the Nuclear / Non-Nuclear Generating Mix D.A.Coley. Sept 1993. 5pp. £5.00 in Jersey. Report 52 Optimum sizing ratio for a twin boiler set. J.A.Crabb. June 1993. 14pp. £7.00 Report 51 The Utilisation of Off-Peak Electricity for Space and Water D.A.Coley. May 1993. 17pp. £9.00 Heating in the Domestic Sector on Jersey. Report 50 Radiant heating as an energy saving measure in school J.A.Crabb. Dec 1992. 17pp. £9.00. classrooms. Report 49 Computer model investigations of heating options for a well- J.A.Crabb. Oct 1992. 8 pp. £5.00 insulated school -Rouge Bouillon Jersey. Report 48 Energy efficiency of domestic electrical appliances. J.M.Penman July 1990 31pp. £15.00 Report 47 The Performance of a Condensing Boiler in an Old Peoples J A Crabb July 1990. £14.00 Home. Report 46 Design of energy efficient small schools - a suggested approach. J A Crabb December 1989. 16pp. £8.00. Report 45 Jersey Energy Report 1989: global background and statistical S A M Burek August 1989. 67pp. information. £34.00. Report 44 Coefficient of performance measurements on air-water heat J A Crabb April 1989 16pp. £8.00. pumps used for space heating. Report 43 Second order system identification in the thermal response of a J M Penman April 1989 24pp. £12.00. working school. Report 42 Theoretical energy targets for four Devon schools. J M Penman March 1989 19pp. £10.00. Report 41 An approach to the design of energy efficient heated buildings. J A Crabb September 1988 55pp. £28.00. Report 40 Experience with a heat pump and thermal store heating system in J A Crabb and G Dods September a primary school. 1988. £20.00. Report 39 Energy targeting for schools - phase 2 methodology for J M Penman September 1988 30pp. theoretical targeting. £20.00. Report 38 Energy targeting for schools - phase 1 analysis of historical data. J M Penman July 1988 42pp. £20.00. Report 37 A method for examining potential CHP applications. A J A Crabb April 1988 9pp. £5.00. preliminary economic assessment procedure. Report 36 Implications of installing a Combined Heat and Power Unit. J A Crabb March 1987 16pp. £8.00. Methodology for appraising CHP proposals applied to a Day Centre in Cornwall. Report 35 Heating and overheating in temporary classrooms. Study of space heating requirements and summertime overheating in lightweight school buildings. Report 34 Architects' Handbook for EXCALIBUR. Discussion of dynamic N Murdoch November 1986 48pp. thermal response modelling written round the EXCALIBUR £25.00. program. Report 33 The admittance procedure: its use and applications. Discussion of A Thorne October 1986 34pp. £16.00. the admittance procedure and conclusions to be drawn from it. Report 32 UK Energy Supply. Discussion of UK energy supply referring as J M Penman October 1986 77pp. appropriate to local national and international issues. £40.00. Report 31 Energy management systems: a comparative study. Information A Thorne March 1986 25pp. £14.00. on the capabilities of typical currently available energy management systems. Report 30 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 11 Report 29 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 10 Report 28 WITHDRAWN
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Report 27 Fuel consumption in Jersey. R F Waller June 1985 44pp. £22.00. Report 26 Average variation of monthly mean temperatures over the South J M Penman April 1985 40pp. £20.00. West and Jersey. A summary of results for practical use in energy targeting agriculture etc. Report 25 WITHDRAWN Report 24 WITHDRAWN Report 23 WITHDRAWN Report 22 WITHDRAWN Report 21 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 8 Report 20 St Cleer County Primary School Cornwall: A design in passive J M Penman and P Wingrave-Newell l solar energy techniques. April 1984 40pp. £20.00. Report 19 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 6 Report 18 The major fuels - supply and demand in Devon and Cornwall. R F Waller January 1981 42pp. £20.00. Pattern of fuel use in Devon and Cornwall. Report 17 WITHDRAWN Report 16 WITHDRAWN Report 15 Domestic heat pumps. Theory heat sources domestic application R H D Sedgwick October 1980 44pp. economics and commercial equipment then available. £22.00. Report 14 Passive solar heating for buildings. A non-technical introduction R H D Sedgwick September 1980 to the principles of passive solar design. revised February 1981 32pp. £16.00. Report 13 COMBINED WITH REPORT 2 Report 12 Solar heating for swimming pools. R H D Sedgwick July 1980 34pp. £16.00. Report 11 WITHDRAWN Report 10 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 4 Report 9 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 3 Report 8 REPLACED BY EXTERNAL PUBLICATION 1 Report 7 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 2 Report 6 Insolation maps for the South West Peninsula. Monthly mean J M Penman April 1979 29pp. £15.00. distribution of solar irradiation over the South West. Report 5 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 1 Report 4 Electricity supply and demand in Devon and Cornwall. R F Waller January 1979 revised March 1980 supplement January 1982 49pp. £25.00. Report 3 WITHDRAWN Report 2 Changes in fuel supply and demand in Jersey. R F Waller December 1978 August 1980 11pp. £10.00. Report 1 An appraisal of flat-plate solar collectors. Theory design and R H D Sedgwick July 1978 revised siting principles of flat-plate collectors. April 1980 30pp. £15.00. INTERNAL DOCUMENTS Document 128 Examining the Prospects for Electricity Sales from a Waste P.Brock September 1998 Incinerator (Interim Report) Not Yet Available Document 127 Energy Use in Cornwall (Estimates) T.A.Mitchell September 1998 Not Yet Available Document 126 CEE Road Traffic Noise Prediction Software: TN 1.0 T.A.Mitchell September 1998 10pp. £5.00 Document 125 Ozone Measurements at Roebuck House D.A.Coley September 1998 2pp. £5.00 Document 124 Modelling of Underfloor Heating Systems Using a Finite Element T.A.Mitchell September 1998 Approach Not Yet Available Document 123 Allowing for a Variable Ventilation Rate in Excalibur D.A.Coley August 1998 Not Yet Available Document 122 Reducing Electricity Consumption in Offices and Schools by D.A.Coley July 1998 5pp. £5.00 Switching Off Computer Monitors. Document 121 Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of the Effect on Heat Loss J.A.Crabb May 1998 9pp. £5.00 of a Curtain at a Window
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Document 120 Developing a Sustainable Building Strategy (Interim Report). J.A.Crabb May 1998 14pp. £7.00 Document 119 Rouge Bouillon Fire Station. Modelling of Breathing Apparatus T.A.Mitchell May 1998 10pp. £5.00 Training Facility. Document 118 Preliminary Analysis of Heat Pump Monitoring - Winter Period. T.A.Mitchell May 1998 7pp. £5.00 Document 117 Energy Use in Devon (Estimates). T.A.Mitchell & P.Brock May 1998 16pp. £8.00 Document 116 REEGEN: A Spreadsheet - Based Model to Estimate Regional T.A.Mitchell May 1998 20pp. £10.00 Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Document 115 Low Cost Water Saving by Reducing W.C. Cistern Volume. T.A.Mitchell March 1998 13pp. £7.00 Document 114 The Feasibility of Using the Micromiser Boiler Economy Device T.A.Mitchell January 1998 10pp. £5.00 as a Weather Compensator. Document 113 Acoustic Study of Oldway Ballroom and the Council Chamber at T.A.Mitchell March 1998 41pp. £21.00 Torquay Town Hall. Restricted. Document 112 Evaluation of the Proposed Marsh Barton Waste To Energy Plant P.Brock November 1997 Restricted. Document 111 A GWh Based Energy Audit of Jersey: Background. D.A.Coley Sept. 1997 11pp. £6.00 Document 110 The Potential for Summertime Overheating at Penair School, D.A.Coley Sept. 1997 13pp. £7.00 Cornwall. Document 109 Devon's Energy Consumption and the Local Economic Impact P.Brock November 1997 18pp. £9.00 Document 108 Performance Measurements of a Rainwater Collection System E.Goodliffe & P.Brock May. 1998 19pp. £10.00 Document 106 An Energy Cost Comparison Between Alternative Methods of E.Goodliffe & P. Brock Aug. 1997 Hot Water Supply in Schools. 10pp. £5.00 Document 105 The True Cost of Road Transport. R.S. Wilson & D.A.Coley Aug. 1997 17pp. £35.00 Document 104 The Embodied Energy of Food: The Rôle of Diet. D.A.Coley, E.Goodliffe & J.Macdiarmid July 1997 14pp.Replaced by External Publication 48 Document 103 Whiddon Valley Primary School - CFD Study of Natural J.A.Crabb July 1997 12pp. £6.00 Ventilation. Document 102 Fluorescent Lighting: Paper II - Energy Efficient Alternatives. R.S.Wilson & D.A.Coley April 1997 12pp. £6.00 Document 101 Comment Upon Devon's Waste Management Strategy Document. P.Brock Nov. 1996 19pp. £10.00 Document 100 Contributions to Devon's Local Agenda 21 Staff Awareness. E.Goodliffe & P.Brock March 1997 30pp. £15.00 Document 99 Patterns of Air Flow in Heated Classrooms: A Computational J.A.Crabb March 1997 15pp. £8.00 Fluid Dynamics Study. Document 98 Air Quality Investigations at Barnstaple Library. J.A.Crabb Feb. 1997 14pp. £7.00 Document 97 Performance Tests on an Ultrasonic Flow Meter. J.A.Crabb Jan. 1997 4pp. £5.00 Document 96 Tehidy Country Park Visitors' Centre - Assessing Thermal J.A.Crabb Nov. 1996 9pp. £5.00 Performance. Document 95 Fluorescent Lighting: Switching - an Environmental and R.S.Wilson & D.A.Coley Feb. 1997 Economic Analysis. 16pp. £8.00 Document 94 Emissions from Staff Car Use. I.Ross & D.A.Coley Feb. 1997 17pp. £9.00 Document 93 Greenhouse Gas Emissions associated with Food Production: the E.Goodliffe, D.A.Coley & function of diet. J.Macdiarmid Feb. 1997 25pp. £13.00 Document 92 Car-engine Pre-Heating: An economic and Environmental R.S.Wilson & D.A.Coley Nov. 1996 Analysis. 15pp. £8.00 Document 91 Use of Illsonic Sonex Acoustic Treatment at Stokeclimsland T.A. Mitchell & D.A. Coley August (Part II) School Hall. 1996 9pp. £5.00 Document 91 Acoustic Improvements to Stokeclimsland School Hall. T.A. Mitchell & D.A. Coley August (Part I) 1996 30pp. £15.00 Document 90 An Examination of the Prospects for Electricity Sales from a J.A.Crabb June 1996 4pp £5.00 Waste Incinerator. Document 89 Examining the Viability of Installing a Wind Turbine on a Farm J.A.Crabb June 1996 6pp £5.00 Property
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Document 88 Air Quality in Partially Sealed Classrooms. T.A.Mitchell & D.A.Coley June 1996 28pp. £14.00 Document 87 A Guide to the CEE World Wide Web Entry. T.A.Mitchell. May 1996. 124pp. £62.00 Document 86 Manual for the OCTOPUS Current Clamp Interface Unit. T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley 8pp. £5.00 Document 85 Future Boiler Replacement in the Physics and Chemistry J.A.Crabb. Feb. 1996. 12pp. £6.00 Buildings - A Preliminary Examination of the Issues. Document 84 Interim Report on Energy Use in Ashburton School J.A.Crabb. Mar. 1996. 12pp. £6.00 Document 83 Report of the Energy Working Group of Devon Local Agenda 21 A.F.G.Wyatt Feb. 1996 13pp £7.00 Document 82 Reducing Heating Costs in Elliott Buildings - Summary of Work J.A.Crabb. Jan. 1996. 71pp. £35.00 by J.M.Penman. Includes appended copies of External Publications 28 and 29. Document 81 Analysis of Water Consumption in Cornwall County Council P.Brock. Jan. 1996. 48pp. £25.00 Managed Buildings Produced jointly with the Energy Management Unit Cornwall County Council. Document 80 Construction Notes for the CEE Logging Current Clamp (II). T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. Mar. 1996. 13pp. Document 79 The Reverberation Time of St. Minver School Hall. T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. Jan. 1996. 21pp. £10.00 Document 78 The Remote Analysis of Acoustic Reverberation Time Test T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. Jan. Recordings. 1996. 11pp. £6.00 Document 77 Heat Loss and Embodied Energy Considerations for Insulated T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. Nov. Valves. 1995. 14pp. £7.00 Document 76 A Compendium of Embodied Energies for Common Building T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. 13pp. Materials. £7.00 Document 75 Potential Overheating at Jersey Girls' College T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. 16pp. £8.00 Document 74 Modelling the Operation of Underfloor Heating Systems J.A.Crabb. April 1995. 13pp. £7.00 Document 73 Energy Consumption and Pollution Loads for the SWEEG J.A.Crabb. Feb. 1995. 9pp. £10.00 Member Authorities - Preliminary Notes for the Rio Working Party Document 72 Correlation of Electricity Use and Degree Days in Cornwall. D.A.Coley. July 1995. 26pp. £13.00 Document 71 Monitoring Water Consumption at Chudleigh Community P.Brock. Aug. 1995. 15pp. £8.00 Primary School Devon. Document 70 Water Consumption in Local Authority Buildings P.Brock. Aug. 1995. 30pp. £15.00 Document 69 Ventilation Rates to Control Summer Overheating at First Tower J A Crabb. April 1994. pp 9. £5.00 Primary School Jersey. Document 68 Monitoring of Water Consumption as Kennal Vale Primary P Brock. April 1994. pp 9. £5.00 School Ponsanooth Cornwall. Document 67 Comparison of Operating and Embodied Energies of Rival P Brock. April 1994. pp 12. £6.00 Heating Systems. Document 66 kVA Profiles at Lucombe House County Hall Exeter. D A Coley. Nov 1993. 19pp. £10.00 Document 65 Initial appraisal of possible energy conservation measures for St J A Crabb. April 1993. 10pp. £5.00 Luke's School of Education swimming pool. Document 64 Outline energy strategy for D'Hautree school Jersey. J A Crabb. March 1993. 19 pp. £10.00 Document 63 The use of the EXCALIBUR thermal model as an aid to school J A Crabb. Nov 1992. 6pp £5.00. design - a summary of recent experience. Document 62 St Luke's primary school Jersey - an initial appraisal of energy J A Crabb. Oct 1992. 3pp. £5.00. performance. Document 61 Options for the Reduction of Electricity Consumption of Exposed D A Coley. Oct 1992. 11pp. £6.00. Refrigeration Units. Document 60 The Design Construction and Testing of a Low Cost Clamp-On D A Coley. Nov 1992. 8pp. £5.00 Current Transformer.
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Document 59 Parametric study for identification of primary-energy efficient J A Crabb and A F G Wyatt. March building designs(application to SERC). 1992. 5pp. £5.00. Document 58 The development of a second order thermal response model with D A Coley and A F G Wyatt. March adaptive parameters(application to SERC). 1992. 5pp. £5.00. Document 57 External temperature estimation for simplified thermal response D A Coley and A F G Wyatt. Sept. modelling in building energy management systems (application to 1991. 5pp. £5.00. SERC). Document 56 The battery charging project. C Hughes. July 1992. 81pp. £40.00. Document 55 Initial assessment of the thermal performance of Tregadillet J A Crabb. June 1992. 5pp. £5.00. junior and infant school Cornwall. Document 54 Temperature profile measurements in an occupied classroom at J A Crabb. May 1992. 6pp. £5.00. Ashburton primary school. Document 53 The charging of “non-rechargeable” batteries (an end of term C Hughes. March 1992. 9pp. £5.00. report). Document 52 An adaptive lighting controller. D A Coley and J A Crabb. March 1992. 6pp. £5.00. Document 51 Project definition: Guidance on energy-efficient building designs. J A Crabb. March 1992. 10pp. £5.00. Document 50 Determination of ventilation rates at Star flats Pembroke Street M E Fry and J A Crabb. Feb 1992. South Plymouth. 16pp. £8.00. Document 49 Assessment of proposed schemes for combined heat and power M E Fry. Jan. 1992. 37pp. £20.00. operation at County Hall Exeter. Document 48 Primary energy consequences of electric heating for a Cornwall J A Crabb. Dec. 1991. 4pp. £5.00. primary school - correspondence. Document 47 Correspondence on energy-efficient school design. J A Crabb. Nov. 1991. 15pp. £8.00. Document 46 Papers arising from the RIBA Exmoor workshop. J A Crabb. Sept. 1991. 7pp. £5.00. Document 45 An updated appraisal of the prospects for combined heat and M E Fry and J A Crabb Sept. 1991. power operation at County Hall Exeter. 27pp. £15.00. Document 44 4529 integrated circuit tester for the Datataker DT100 data logger. M E Fry. July 1991. 5pp. £5.00. Document 43 Feasibility study of prospects for Combined Heat and Power at J A Crabb July 1991. 10pp. £5.00. County Hall Truro. (Interim). Document 42 Thermal design studies for a low energy primary school - J A Crabb April 1991. 10pp. £5.00. Ashburton Devon. (Interim). Document 41 Determination of ventilation rates at Crownhill Police Station M E Fry and J A Crabb April 1991. Plymouth. 9pp. £5.00 Document 40 Use of the Excalibur energy targeting system to estimate the M E Fry April 1991. 7pp. £5.00. required boiler capacity at the North Devon College. Document 39 An examination of energy conservation options for States Loan J A Crabb March 1991. 6pp. £5.00 housing Jersey. Document 38 Domestic hot water supply at Blackwood House OPH Camborne. J A Crabb June 1990. £6.00. Document 37 Correspondence on the thermal performance of a Renovated J A Crabb April 1990. 3pp. £5.00. Historical Building - Hamptonne Jersey. Document 36 Thermal design studies for the proposed Truro Sixth Form Centre. J M Penman November 1989. 15pp. £8.00. Document 35 Electricity use at St Peters Church of England School Exeter. S A M Burek August 1989. Document 34 Estimated heating energy reductions due to window J A Crabb May 1989 3pp. £5.00. refurbishment at Jersey Police Headquarters. Document 33 Performance of the Middlemoor CHP unit March 1988 - February J A Crabb and G W Pettinger May 1989. 1989 5pp. £5.00. Document 32 Improving efficiencies of older-style cast-iron sectional boilers. A J Bourne S A M Burek M A Patrick April 1989 8pp. £5.00. Document 31 Intraregional temperature variations and the Audit Commission J M Penman April 1989 10pp. £5.00. yardstick. Document 30 The prospects for combined heat and power at County Hall J A Crabb February 1989 14pp. £7.00. Exeter. Document 29 Controlling summertime overheating at Jersey Police J A Crabb December 1988 12pp. Headquarters. £6.00.
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Document 28 Fort Regent swimming pool and leisure complex; a preliminary J A Crabb November 1988. £6.00. examination of energy saving measures. Document 27 Performance of Middlemoor CHP - second year of operation. J A Crabb and G Pettinger September 1988. £6.00. Document 26 Possible farm waste digestion at Bicton Agricultural College. J M Penman and G Pettinger June 1988 4pp. £5.00. Document 25 Preliminary investigation of superinsulated school design. J M Penman April 1988 8pp. £5.00. Document 24 Performance of multiple-boiler heating systems. S A M Burek March 1988 44pp. £22.00. Document 23 Implications of installing a wind powered generator at Cornwall J A Crabb December 1987 28pp. Technical College. £6.00. Document 22 Financial consequences of alternative heating strategies at J A Crabb April 1987 9pp. £5.00. Bradworthy Primary School. Document 21 Truro magistrates' court - an examination of energy conservation J A Crabb January 1987 8pp. £5.00. options. Discussion of the building at the design stage. Document 20 User guide to the University data logger. J A Crabb September 1986 47pp. £25.00. Document 19 Interim report on the performance of the combined heat and J A Crabb July 1986 20pp. £10.00. power unit at Middlemoor. Document 18 Study of the multiple boiler installation at Penair School Truro. A Thorne April 1986 24pp. £12.00. Document 17 Energy conserving features at Roskear School Cornwall. J A Crabb March 1986 10pp. £5.00. Document 16 Transport co-ordination in Devon and North Cornwall - a pilot A Thorne March 1986 12pp. £6.00. study. Document 15 Heat loss at Estover Church Plymouth. J M Penman and J A Crabb March 1986 23pp. £12.00. Document 14 Performance of the solar heating system at St Saviours Hospital R F Waller May 1985 27pp. £14.00. Jersey. Document 13 Preliminary Report on the performance of the heating system at J A Crabb April 1985 19pp. £10.00. Penair Secondary School Truro. Document 12 St Stephens in Brannel School - diagnostic study of heating plant J A Crabb January 1985 18pp. £9.00. performance. Document 11 Study of heating requirements of Devon County Council property J A Crabb December 1984 24pp. at Matford Lane (Matford Lane Huts). £12.00. Document 10 Study of the implications of installing a combined heat and power J A Crabb October 1984 22pp. £11.00. unit at Middlemoor Police Training College Exeter. Document 9 Performance monitoring of the solar water heating system at St R H D Rawlings April 1983 23pp. Saviour's Hospital Jersey. £12.00. Document 8 A study of the energy usage for 1981-1982 at Tidcombe Lane R H D Rawlings October 1982 33pp. First School Tiverton. £17.00. Document 7 EXSOL - A solar collector simulation program. R F Waller September 1982. £15.00. Document 6 Tiverton Tidcombe Lane School - Performance of the solar R H D Sedgwick April 1982 12pp. heating system. £6.00. Document 5 A summary of energy consumption in six junior schools on R H D Sedgwick November 1980 Jersey. 42pp. £21.00. Document 4 Solar heating for an indoor heated swimming pool - Northbrook R H D Sedgwick November 1979 School Exeter. 10pp. £5.00. Document 3 Solar heating for an outdoor unheated swimming pool - Truro R H D Sedgwick October 1979 13pp. East Comprehensive School Penair. Use of a cover and unglazed £7.00. solar panels to raise water temperature. Document 2 Feasibility study on the use of solar domestic water heating at Bel R H D Sedgwick June 1979 10pp. Royal Primary School and Gran Vaux Primary School Jersey. £5.00. Document 1 States of Jersey housing department - thermal insulation of R H D Sedgwick January 1979 19pp. housing. £10.00.
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EXTERNAL PUBLICATIONS EXT 48 The Embodied Energy of Food: the Rôle of Diet D.A.Coley, E.Gooldliffe & J.Macdiarmid, in Energy Policy 1998, V.26, No.6, pp.455-459 EXT 47 Fitting Reflectivity Data from Liquid Crystal Cells using Genetic D.J.Mikulin, D.A.Coley & Algorithms. J.R.Sambles, in Liquid Crystals 1997, V.22, No.3, pp.301-307 EXT 46 An Artificial Intelligence Approach to the Prediction of Natural D.A.Coley & J.A.Crabb in Building Lighting Levels. and Environment, 1997, V.32, No.2, pp.81-85. EXT 45 Ground-State Energy of the ±J Spin Glass with Dimensions T.Wanshura, D.A.Coley & Greater than Three. S.Migowsky in Solid State Communications, 1996, V.99, No.4, pp.247-248. EXT 44 Genetic algorithms D.A.Coley in Contemporary Physics, 1996, V.37, No.2 , pp.145-154. EXT 43 Simplified Thermal Response Modelling in Building Energy D.A.Coley and J.M.Penman. Published Management: Demonstration of a Working Controller. in Building and Environment, 1996, V.31, No.2, pp.93-97. EXT 42 Field Testing of Boiler Economy Devices J.A.Crabb. Published in BSER&T, 1996, V.17 No.2, pp. 55-64. EXT 41 The Use of a Virtual Machine to Gauge the Level of Complaint to D.A.Coley and J.Waller. Published in be Expected from a Proposed Generating Set. J. Sound and Vibration, 1996, V.190 No.2, pp.283-287. EXT 40 The Prediction of Road-Side Noise Levels for Sustainability D.A.Coley. Published in Acoustic Assessments in the Small Urban Environment. Letters, 1995, V.18 No.7. EXT 39 Preliminary theoretical study for a hydrogen-fuelled public D Ryden Feb. 1991. 11pp. vehicle scheme. (2 papers. Detailed Statement and Project Statement). An application to the Leverhulme Trust for a grant to an institution. EXT 38 The South West Energy Group - an article on the work of the J A Crabb Dec. 1990. 2pp. Group for The Sou’ Wester (Journal of the South Western Region of the Royal Institute of British Architects). EXT 37 Real time thermal modelling and the control of buildings. J M Penman and D A Coley. Paper presented to the Congrès International de Domotique Rennes 27-29 June 1990 (Proceedings). 10pp. EXT 36 Design of energy efficient school buildings. J A Crabb. Paper presented to the Congrès International de Domotique Rennes 27-29 June 1990 (Proceedings). 10pp. EXT 35 Refurbishment options for school buildings: Case in support of J A Crabb June 1990. 7pp. EEC Thermie Grant Application. EXT 34 Building energy estimation by fast simulation. N Murdoch and J M Penman. Preprint of paper to be published in Solar Energy. EXT 33 Empirical and theoretical optimum start controllers. N Murdoch J M Penman and G J Levermore. Preprint of paper to be published in Building Serv. Eng. Res. Technol. EXT 32 Second order system identification in the thermal response of a J M Penman Bldg. Envir. 25 (2) 105- working school. 110 (1990).
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EXT 31 Fast microcomputer building energy model. J M Penman A F G Wyatt and N Murdoch. Final report to the UK Science and Eng. Res. Council under research Grant No GR/E/99390. 6 9pp. December 1989. EXT 30 Intraregional temperature variation and the Audit Commission J M Penman Build. Serv. Eng. Res. Yardstick. Technol. 10 (4) 163-165 (1989). EXT 29 Thermal response of temporary school buildings: I Heating. J M Penman and N Murdoch Build. Serv. Eng. Res. Technol. 10 (2) 61-68 1989. EXT 28 Thermal response of temporary school buildings: II Summertime J M Penman and N Murdoch Build. overheating. Serv. Eng. Res. Technol. 10 (2) 69-73 1989. EXT 27 Determining the effective thermal capacity of the ground in S A M Burek and B Norton Int. J. of horticultural glass houses. Ambient Energy 10 (2) 103-111 April 1989 EXT 26 Practical use of transparent insulation materials in passive solar Proposed to EEC under JOULE design. scheme Energy Studies Unit April 1989. EXT 25 An examination of the financial and primary energy consequences J A Crabb March 1989 26pp. of combined heat and power generation at County Hall Taunton. Confidential report under contract to Somerset County Council. EXT 24 Microcomputer dynamic building thermal response model. J M Penman A F G Wyatt and N Murdoch final report to the UK Science and Engineering Research Council under grant no D/7584.4 Exeter University Energy Studies Unit January 1989 11pp EXT 23 Strategic necessity for diversity of supply. J M Penman The Power Trust Brompton Ralph Taunton December 1988 30pp. EXT 22 Insulation transmission characteristics of greenhouse covering S A M Burek B Norton and S D and shading materials. Probert. Proc. conference on energy in protected cultivation Cambridge 4-9 September 1988. EXT 21 The effects of structural and operating parameters on heat losses S A M Burek B Norton and S D from greenhouses. Probert. Ibid. Cambridge September 1988. EXT 20 Experimental validation for an air-supported structure of a high- S A M Burek B Norton and A S level simulation of greenhouse thermal environments. Probert. Ibid. Cambridge September 1988. EXT 19 Forward scattering of insulation through transparent and S A M Burek B Norton C J P Girod translucent materials. and D E Papras. Proc. UK-ISES conference on solar optical materials Oxford April 1988. EXT 18 Analytical and experimental methods for shadow-band correction S A M Burek B Norton and S D factors on inclined planes under isotropically diffuse and overcast Probert. Solar Energy 40 151-160 skies. 1988. EXT 17 Use of dynamic thermal response model in sizing windows for J M Penman. Report of DES/SCOLA natural ventilation. workshop on natural ventilation for school buildings Cheltenham October 1987. EXT 16 Thermal performance of rain-wetted walls. J M Penman Vol 2 of Energy Saving Through Landscape Planning J Dodd (ed) HMSO for the PSA London 1988.
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EXT 15 Validation Study of EXCALIBUR a simplified thermal response J A Crabb N Murdoch and J M Penman model. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 8 13-19 1987. EXT 14 Operating experience with 132 kW gas engine CHP. J A Crabb and G W Pettinger. Paper presented to CIBSE Technical Conference Brunel University 1987. EXT 13 Microcomputer dynamic models for design energy targeting and Final report to the SERC on grant thermal calibration of buildings. GR/D/20762. J M Penman A F G Wyatt and N Murdoch May 1987 13pp. EXT 12 Building energy assessment by simplified dynamic simulation N Murdoch J M Penman and J A model. Crabb. Paper presented European Conference on Architecture Munich April 1987. EXT 11 Computers and climatic data. Account of seminar held at the June 1986. J M Penman Building Research Station (Garston) under the auspices of the Meteorological Magazine 116 56-59 Conseil Internationale du Batiment February 1987. Also published in the CIB journal Building Research and Practice. EXT 10 Heat recovery in a catering kitchen. Final report under contract to ETSU on the extract air heat recovery system at the College of Further Education Devonport J M Penman February 1986 62pp. EXT 9 Simplified building thermal response model. Final report to the SERC on grant GR/C/62512. A F G Wyatt J M Penman and J A Crabb. EXT 8 Final report under contract to the EEC on the performance of the R F Waller January 1985 35pp. solar water heating system. EXT 7 Mesoscale mapping of mean temperature using polynomial trend J M Penman Building and Environment surfaces. 19 111-120 1984. EXT 6 Ventilation rate determination using atmospheric carbon dioxide. Final report to the SERC on grant GR/B/82042. G N Fowler J M Penman A A M Rashid and P N Smith. June 1984 15pp. EXT 5 Development of thermal models based on the PASOLE Final report to the SERC on grant simulation. GP/B/47904. G N Fowler J M Penman and L A Fraser March 1984 25pp. EXT 4 Theoretical modelling and experimental testing of a ground solar R H D Sedgwick and M A Patrick collector. Energy conservation in the Built Environment proc CIB W67 3rd International Symposium Dublin 1982. Vol 4 184-195. EXT 3 Experimental determination of air-flow in a naturally ventilated J M Penman and A A M Rashid room using metabolic carbon dioxide. Building and Environment 17 243-256 1982. EXT 2 The use of a ground solar collector for swimming pool heating. Proceedings of the Solar World Forum Account of the novel solar heating system at the community Brighton 1981. R H D Sedgwick and swimming pool Topsham Devon. M A Patrick Vol 1 632-636 EXT 1 An experimental determination of ventilation rate in occupied J M Penman Building and Environment rooms using atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. 15 45-46 1980. Proceedings of the Solar World Forum Brighton 1981. BRIEFING PAPERS Paper 49 Sound Transmission Between Dwellings D.A.Coley June 1998 25pp. £13.00 Paper 48 Car Sharing for Schools - Background T.A.Mitchell May 1998 5pp. £5.00 Paper 47 Health Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields. A.F.GWyatt February 1997 3pp. £5.00
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Paper 46 The Water Disinfection Performance of Silver:Copper Ionisation P.Brock Nov.1996 18pp. £9.00. - A Summary of Research Results. Paper 45 Simulations to Save Money. D.A.Coley April 1997 8pp. £5.00. Paper 44 Managing Traffic to Reduce Pollution. D.A.Coley Jan.1997 37pp. £19.00. Paper 43 Extracts from International Council for Local Environmental J.A.Crabb. Dec. 1995. 34pp. £16.00 Initiatives World Wide Web Entry. Paper 42 The Future of Building Services. J.A.Crabb June 1996. 12pp. £6.00 Paper 41 CEE Contribution to Devon Agenda 21 Initiative. J.A.Crabb. Nov. 1995. 4pp. £5.00 Paper 40 The Effect on Gaseous Emissions of Various Proposals Made by T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. April the Devon Local Agenda 21 Transport and Cleaner Air Special 1996. 30pp. £15.00 Working Group. Paper 39 The Effect of Cold Starting on Emissions from Cars T.A.Mitchell. Feb. 1996. 16pp. £8.00 Paper 38 A Review of Underfloor Heating Technology. P Brock. April 1994. pp 27. £15.00 Paper 37 The Performance of Retro-fitted Compact Fluorescent Lamps. D A Coley. April 1994. pp 10. £5.00 Paper 36 Improving the Thermal Performance of Glazed Areas. R Twomey. Sept 1993. pp 11. £5.00 Paper 35 The prediction of air movement in buildings. M E Fry. June 1992. 48pp. £7.00. Paper 34 Issues relating to lighting and energy conservation. M E Fry June 1992. 26pp. £14.00 Paper 33 Energy saving controls for refrigeration equipment. D A Coley March 1992. 16pp. £8.00. Paper 32 Renewable energy - today and tomorrow. M E Fry Feb. 1992. 35pp. £18.00 Paper 31 Devon County Council energy seminar 22/7/91 M E Fry Sept. 1991. 16pp. £8.00. Paper 30 The environment impact of electricity generation from renewable M E Fry. May 1991. 12pp. £6.00. sources. Paper 29 A note on the use of rigid foam insulation board. J A Crabb June 1991. 5pp. £5.00. Paper 28 Potential savings in building heating requirements through the use M E Fry April 1991. 27pp. £15.00. of shelter belts. Paper 27 Energy efficient buildings - the rational approach - a talk given to J A Crabb April 1991. 14pp. £7.00. the South Western Region of the Royal Institute of British Architects. Paper 26 Energy use in transport - implications for Local Authority policy. D Ryden November 1990. 35pp. £20.00. Paper 25 Electricity from wind power in the South West. Status of current D J Ryden February 1990. 5pp. £5.00. proposals. Paper 24 Regional energy surveys and County policy. J M Penman January 1990. 5pp. £5.00. Paper 23 Advances in glass technology for window glazing. S A M Burek 15pp. £8.00. Paper 22 Solar-optical materials. Report of Oxford conference. S A M Burek April 1988 4pp. £5.00. Paper 21 Electricity use in commercial buildings - reasons for growth and S A M Burek March 1988 17pp. opportunities for saving. £9.00. Paper 20 EEC funding - Report of Cardiff seminar. J M Penman February 1988 12pp. £6.00. Paper 19 Utilising geothermal energy in Cornwall for greenhouse heating. S A M Burek December 1987 9pp. £5.00. Paper 18 Ground floor heat losses. J A Crabb October 1987 6pp. £5.00. Paper 17 Report on the London heating and ventilating show. S A M Burek November 1987 3pp. £5.00. Paper 16 Briefing Paper on EXCALIBUR users. N Murdoch September 1987. £6.00. Paper 15 Superinsulation. A summary of the presentations made to the J M Penman March 1987 11pp. £6.00. conference on superinsulated buildings organised by UK-ISES in March 1987. Paper 14 A common sense approach to energy conservation. Text of a talk J A Crabb March 1987 15pp. £8.00. given to the Institute of Internal Auditors. Paper 13 Guidance on initial site selection for CHP installation (SWEB J A Crabb March 1987 3pp. £5.00. area). Paper 12 Landfill gas as a vehicle transport fuel. A Thorne January 1987 3pp. £5.00. Paper 11 Energy efficient lighting: a briefing report. A Thorne October 1986 22pp. £11.00.
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Paper 10 Land use and energy production. Discusses prospects for energy J A Crabb October 1986 11pp. £6.00. crops in the context of changing patterns of land use. Paper 9 Evacuated tube solar collectors - a briefing. Compares J A Crabb April 1986 9pp. £5.00. performance and economics of evacuated tube and flat plate solar collectors. Paper 8 Oil prices - April 1986 collapse and future prospects. J M Penman April 1985 9pp. £5.00. Paper 7 Impact of rain exposure on space heating requirements. J M Penman April 1985 7pp. £5.00. Paper 6 Human exposure to radon decay products in the South West. J M Penman May 1986 12pp. £6.00. Non-technical discussion of the issues. Paper 5 Ground source heat pumps. A Thorne April 1986 9pp. £5.00. Paper 4 Solar heating using a ground collector. R Sedgwick R Peachey M A Patrick February 1982 8pp. £5.00. Paper 3 The wind resource. W M Grylls May 1980 9pp. £5.00. Paper 2 The effect of fuel oil additives on boiler efficiency. M A Patrick March 1979 8pp. £5.00. Paper 1 An appraisal of the heat pump. E F C Ferrett January 1979 9pp. £5.00. SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATION Software 18 Programs for Modelling Underfloor Heating System T.A.Mitchell September 1998 Not Yet Available Software 17 The Design of High Performance Buildings With the Aid of EX- D.A.Coley July 1998 10pp. £5.00 GA Software 16 Variable Timestep Version of Excalibur T.A.Mitchell June 1998 7pp. £5.00 Software 15 REVERB: A reverberation time calculator for educational D.A.Coley July 1997 22pp. £11.00. buildings. Software 14 Instruction Manual for the CEE Logging Current Clamp (II) T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. Mar. 1996. 21pp. £10.00 Software 13 TR500-a Reverberation Time Calculator for Building Designers D.A.Coley. Sept. 1995. 10pp. £5.00 Software 12 Tariff Analysis of Four Properties In Devon - A Demonstration of D.A.Coley. Sept 1994. 17pp. £9.00 QuickTariff 2.1. Software 11 Tariff Analysis for SWEB Tri-banded Tariffs. D A Coley. Jan 1994. pp 12. £6.00 Software 10 VARI - a Variable-name Checker for QuickBASIC. D A Coley and R Twomey. Nov 1993. pp 10. £5.00 Software 9 Tariff 1 - an Electricity Tariff Analysis Program D A Coley and J A Crabb. Nov 1993. pp 22. £11.00 Software 8 Fuel Use Efficiency Logger - a program for the rapid storage and D Ryden 1991. 11p. £6.00. retrieval of fuel consumption data. Software 7 Energy base Module 1. Program for the storage and analysis of D J Ryden March 1990. 3pp. £5.00. monthly fuel consumption data. Software 6 Excalibur based energy targeting system for schools. Part 1 - J M Penman February 1990. 19pp. General description and site manual. £10.00. Software 5 Excalibur based energy targeting system for schools. Part 2 - J M Penman February 1990. 32pp. Setting up and running the system. £16.00. Software 4 User guide to Tariff - a program to calculate electricity charges J A Crabb May 1988 10pp. £5.00. (SWEB). Software 3 User guide to Tariff - a program to calculate electricity charges J A Crabb May 1988 10pp. £5.00. (Jersey Electricity). Software 2 EXCALIBUR/3. User guide - a guide to the multizone building N Murdoch March 1988 63pp. £32.00. energy program. Software 1 EXCALIBUR/3 Systems guide - systems guide to the multizone N Murdoch May 1988 58pp. £30.00. building energy program.
48 SWEEG Scientists’ Annual Report 1997/98
OBTAINING SWEEG PUBLICATIONS Documents may be ordered using the form below.
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