Identificação E Caraterização Da Flora Algal E Avaliação Do

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Identificação E Caraterização Da Flora Algal E Avaliação Do “A língua e a escrita não chegam para descrever todas as maravilhas do mar” Cristóvão Colombo Agradecimentos Aqui agradeço a todas as pessoas que fizeram parte deste meu percurso de muita alegria, trabalho, desafios e acima de tudo aprendizagem: Ao meu orientador, Professor Doutor Leonel Pereira por me ter aceite como sua discípula, guiando-me na execução deste trabalho. Agradeço pela disponibilidade sempre prestada, pelos ensinamentos, conselhos e sobretudo pelo apoio em altura mais complicadas. Ao Professor Doutor Ignacio Bárbara por me ter auxiliado na identificação e confirmação de algumas espécies de macroalgas. E ao Professor Doutor António Xavier Coutinho por me ter cedido gentilmente, diversas vezes, o seu microscópio com câmara fotográfica incorporada, o que me permitiu tirar belas fotografias que serviram para ilustrar este trabalho. Ao meu colega Rui Gaspar pelo interesse demonstrado pelo meu trabalho, auxiliando-me sempre que necessário e também pela transmissão de conhecimentos. Ao Sr. José Brasão pela paciência e pelo auxílio técnico no tratamento das amostras. Em geral, a todos os meus amigos que me acompanharam nesta etapa de estudante de Coimbra e que me ajudaram a sê-lo na sua plenitude, e em particular a três pessoas: Andreia, Rita e Vera pelas nossas conversas e pelo apoio que em determinadas etapas foram muito importantes e revigorantes. Às minhas últimas colegas de casa, Filipa e Joana, pelo convívio e pelo bom ambiente “familiar” que se fazia sentir naquela casinha. E como os últimos são sempre os primeiros, à minha família, aos meus pais e à minha irmã pelo apoio financeiro e emocional, pela paciência de me aturarem as “neuras” e pelo acreditar sempre que este objectivo seria alcançado. A Todos um Muito Obrigado! Índice Lista de abreviaturas ……………………………………………………..……….…… I Resumo …………………………………………………………………….……….…. II Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………... III Capítulo 1 – Introdução …………………………………………………………...… 1 1 - Introdução ………………….………………………………………………………. 1 1.1 - Taxonomia, descrição e importância das macroalgas …….…………...… 1 1.2 - Localização e caracterização da costa portuguesa ……………………..... 4 1.3 - Flora algal da costa portuguesa ………………………………………….. 8 1.3.1 - Praia do Baleal-Norte ………………………………………….. 11 1.3.2 - Praia de Gamboa ………………………………………………. 14 1.3.3 - Praia do Portinho da Areia do Norte ……………………...…… 16 1.3.4 - Praia da Consolação ………………………………………...…. 18 1.4 - MarMAT: Ferramenta de avaliação do estado ecológico das massas de 18 água costeiras portuguesas …………………………………………………….. 1.5 - Objetivos …………………………………………………………...……. 21 Capítulo 2 – Materiais e Métodos …………………………………………………… 23 2 - Materiais e Métodos ……………………………………………………………….. 23 2.1 - Áreas de estudo ………………………………………………………….. 23 2.2 - Levantamento da flora algal ……...……………….……………...…….... 24 2.2.1 - Amostragem …………………………………………...………. 24 2.2.2 - Identificação das macroalgas ………………………..………… 25 2.2.2.1 - Preservação em herbário ………………….……..………... 26 2.2.2.2 - Preservação em formalina a 4% …………...……..….…… 27 2.3 - Avaliação do estado ecológico das massas de água costeiras (MarMAT) . 28 2.3.1 - Riqueza específica ………………………………………..….... 28 2.3.2 - Cobertura de macroalgas oportunistas ………………..……….. 29 Capítulo 3 – Resultados ……………………………………………………………… 31 3 - Resultados …………………………………………………………………….……. 31 3.1 - Caraterização das áreas de estudo ……………………………………...... 31 3.1.1 - Praia do Baleal-Norte e Praia de Gamboa ………………..…… 31 3.1.2 - Praia do Portinho da Areia do Norte e Praia da Consolação ….. 33 3.2 - Descrição das espécies encontradas nos locais de estudo ……………….. 34 3.3 - Listagem e comparação das espécies presentes nas diferentes áreas de 67 estudo ………………………………………..………………………………… 3.4 - Aplicação da metodologia MarMAT …………………………...……….. 74 Capítulo 4 – Discussão e Conclusão …………………………………………...……. 81 4 - Discussão e Conclusão …………………………………………………………….. 81 4.1 - Análise da evolução da flora algal ……………………………………….. 81 4.2 - Análise da avaliação do estado ecológico das massas de água …………... 90 4.3 - Considerações finais ……………………………………………………... 94 Referências bibliográficas ……………………..…………………………………….. 96 Anexos ………………………………………………………………………………… 107 Anexo I ………………………………………………………………………... 107 Anexo II ………………………………………...……………………………... 111 Anexo III ………………………………………………………………………. 142 Lista de abreviaturas CFR - Qualidade dos Fundos Rochosos (do inglês Quality of Rocky Bottoms) CA - Corrente dos Açores CC - Corrente das Canárias DQA - Diretiva Quadro da Água EEI - Índice de Avaliação Ecológica (do inglês Ecological Evaluation Index) EQR - Rácio de Qualidade Ecológica (do inglês Ecological Quality Ratio) EQS - Estado de Qualidade Ecológica (do inglês Ecological Quality Status) ESG - Grupos de Estado Ecológico (do inglês Ecological State Groups) ESG I - Espécies Perenes ou de Sucessão Tardia ESG II - Espécies Anuais ou Oportunistas L.B. - Lupa binocular MarMAT - Marine Macroalgae Assessment Tool M.O. - Microscópio ótico RSL - Lista Reduzida de Espécies (do inglês Reduced Species List) UE - União Europeia I Resumo Na costa oeste de Portugal, mais propriamente no concelho de Peniche, encontram- se quatro praias (Baleal-Norte, Gamboa, Portinho da Areia do Norte e Consolação) constituídas por grandes areais e extensões rochosas, ricas em macroalgas. De Julho de 2012 a Junho de 2013 foi efetuado um estudo que teve quatro objetivos específicos: 1) levantamento da flora algal do patamar intertidal das quatro praias; 2) comparar os dados taxonómicos bibliográficos com os dados do levantamento efetuado, de forma a analisar as evoluções da flora; 3) aplicar a metodologia MarMAT para avaliação do estado ecológico das massas de água; 4) confirmar se a MarMAT é, de facto, sensível a gradientes de poluição. No estudo foram identificadas no total 87 espécies de macroalgas, das quais 10 pertenciam ao filo Chlorophyta, 20 ao filo Ochrophyta (classe Phaeophyceae) e 57 ao filo Rhodophyta. Quando comparados os resultados atuais com os relatados na bibliografia, verificou-se que 47% das espécies que foram identificadas há 50 anos também o foram agora, havendo ainda uma adição de 15 novos registos. Ao examinar-se a distribuição dessas 15 espécies, constatou-se que os seus limites de dispersão tem vindo a aumentar, havendo uma movimentação para sul de espécies de águas frias do norte e para norte de espécies de águas quentes do sul. Aplicando a metodologia MarMAT avaliou-se a qualidade das águas das praias do Baleal-Norte, Portinho da Areia do Norte e Consolação como “Excelente” (EQR = 0.88; 0.83; 0.81) e da praia da Gamboa como “Boa” (EQR = 0.66). Estas duas classificações distintas na avaliação final deveram-se a diferenças nos valores das métricas confirmando-se, assim, a sensibilidade da ferramenta em avaliar a qualidade ecológica das massas de água costeiras. Palavras-chave: praias do concelho de Peniche, patamar médiolitoral, levantamento da flora algal, MarMAT, estado de qualidade ecológica. II Abstract On the west coast of Portugal, more specifically in the municipality of Peniche, are four beaches (Baleal-Norte, Gamboa, Portinho da Areia do Norte and Consolação) formed of large expanses and rocky beaches, rich in macroalgae. July of 2012 to June of 2013 was made a study with four specific objectives: 1) picking the macroalgae of the intertidal level of the four beaches; 2) compare the taxonomic data in the literature with data from a survey conducted in order to analyse the evolution of flora; 3) apply the methodology MarMAT for assessment of ecological status of coastal water bodies; 4) confirm whether the MarMAT is sensitive to gradients of pollution. In the study was identified 87 macroalgae species, of which 10 belonged to the phylum Chlorophyta, 20 to the phylum Ochrophyta (class Phaeophyceae) and 57 to the phylum Rhodophyta. When comparing the current results with those reported in literature it was found that 47% of the species that were identified 50 years ago were also present now, having an addition of 15 new records. By examining the distribution of these 15 species found that its limits dispersion has increased, with a drive south from cold-water species of the north and northern species of warm water from the south. Applying the methodology MarMAT was ranked the water quality of the Baleal-Norte, Portinho da Areia do Norte and Consolação beaches was "High" (EQR = 0.88; 0.83; 0.81) and the Gamboa beaches was "Good" (EQR = 0.66). These two distinct classifications at the final evaluation were due to differences in the values of the metrics confirming thus the sensitivity of the tool to assess the environmental quality of coastal waters. Key words: beaches of Peniche, intertidal level, survey of the algal flora, MarMAT, ecological quality status. III Capítulo 1 – Introdução Capítulo 1 – Introdução 1 - Introdução Desde sempre que Portugal apresenta excelentes condições para o desenvolvimento da flora algal, setor que está cada vez mais em expansão. No entanto os estudos e as atividades ligadas à ficologia correspondiam até há algum tempo a uma pequena percentagem (Pereira, 2004). Contudo muito devido ao desenvolvimento da biotecnologia e dos indicadores ambientais e ecológicos, ao longo dos últimos anos têm-se vindo a verificar uma progressão na investigação ficológica. A criação de legislação internacional de foro ambiental, como a DQA obrigou a esforços concentrados entre os governos de vários países, no que toca ao desenvolvimento de indicadores de qualidade ambiental e ecológica (PEC, 2000). Em Portugal, desta necessidade surgiu a metodologia MarMAT que
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