November Rhode Island History Rubh~Hl...T Bv the Rhod E Hl.10U I Hstcrical Volume 48, Number 4 November 1990 Society
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• November Rhode Island History rubh~hl...t bv The Rhod e hl.10U I hstcrical Volume 48, Number 4 November 1990 Society. 110 lit-o<" 'ol"nl Sin..'!. Providen ce. Rhud e ["l"od 02'lllt>-)152,and prin t..,j b~' a grant trom th., Sldl .. o. Rhod.. Island an d I'nwidenee r"mLol llo n". Contents Ed ward D Dll'n.1e. Covernor. Kathlee n 5 Conn"II, Secretarv 01510110' Ken n..t h", Washburn. P't'SlJ,'llf \-!aunee A B,,,....rnnet te, l'If' rr''Sl<t,o''f Harboring History: The Providence Waterfront \la!lCY Fi..h..r Chudacoff. «n"/'lry Thomas J. R"ll1y. [r., f n'a.' I1 ' ''' William A .\ ld . ru t ~"i,ll1lll '''''ISII,,'' '\:,10'0' K. C" s..,dy. a,," ,I,ml ....y r'·/a", Pari Three Albo...-t T Klvberg, dlrt·d'" FElLO"""O~ TIlt .,OUEll C . rl Brid..nbaugh S \' d~' \' Jil m.... Ant"'lWth' F D ownmg Metamorphosis of the Providence Waterfront: Richard '" Sh.....·TT1d n A Geographic Perspec tive 97 Gll"Tln W l..lf'anld"ie !'LBLICATl\)"'~ ( ( '\.lM l nl~ GERALD I I KRAUSSE Leonard I. Levin. <'ill/irma'! jodC"h,'n The above article is ba-ed on ,J ta lk delivered at "Harbormg History: The Norman Fi"rln): Providence waterfront." a lecture !ol"ril'S c\»;ponsor..-d by the Rhode Island Robert AlI,'n Gr.~ne I~~ _ Pamela A Ken ned v Historical SOc1t"ly and the Providence Prescrvanon Sooct y in Alan Simp"'>n \...·i1 ham '''''''"TV,t'' \...'oodward ST .'lFF Albert T Klyberj;t.eJII," Life on the Bay: Denise J. B.t ~h,'n . g r0 l'~i(, nf,/,,, Logs of the [arnestovvn and Newport Ferries 113 Hilliard Bell,'r. "JI'lIrdi',,, Carol Holscher. "JI/OTIO/ 0"" ,'0'" STEWART 1'. SCIt~EIDER The Rhlld" 1,I,mJ Historical SO"Il'!y assu mes no res pon -ibihtv for tl", opuuons of co ntributors. Ind ex to Volume-if 125 RHODE ISLA\:D HISTORY I~ published m h ·brua!)·. \!.Iv. AU):usl , and ~ U\ t:'mbt-r b ~' the Rhode 1 ~I,tnJ Hrst oncalSocretv. Second-clavs post.Jg,· i.. f'did.JI Providence, Rhod", 1..land 500''1\' members receive each is..ue av a membervlup ht'nefit lnstitunonal subscnpuons to RHODE I Sl.A~D HISTORY ,1nJ the Socretv'v quarterly newvletn-r are $15 .Jnnually. InJividu,ll Wpll'" "f current ,1nJ back issues ,u.' available from th<' iC 1990by Tlu- Rhode Island Historical Soclety Society for $·tOl), Manu...-ript~ and other ("1,rn>~~""lI\d<>n(t' should be s,'nll" AIPt>rt T. Klyberg. eduor. at the Society. Postmavn-r: Send i1ddr,..,.. r h,ln):.", I" Rhodl' [~I.JnJ RtlODE ISLAND HISTORY USf,N 0035-4619) Histoncal StlCi"ly, 110 Benevolent Street. Providence, Rhode lsla nd 02'l0b-3152. 1 J , • • - -- •. • c ~ ,~ . "....... • • - • . Metamorphosis of the Provid ence Waterfront: A Geographic Perspective Gerald H. Krausse Rivers have played .m important role in the ur ban settlement ov er time. To cultural geographers. this iza fion (If Providence. both in the past and in the concept has given human behavior a new meaning. pre-ern. A~ ib principallink to the ocean, the)' were for temporal variations in economic activitv or type the economic lifeli ne lor much of the city's early of transportation can plav ,1 profound roll' in the development. In the eighteenth centurv the Provi nature of human occupation of ,10 area . In still dcnce River served .15.1 trans... btpment point from another approach. model-,of urban structure are which local products were exported and foreign used 10 show the way in whrch land is utilized a s .1 ~l'll.lI.,b distributed into the rcgtonal hinterland. cit~ , grows and develops. In thl"'St-' models the During the nineteenth century the ShOTt"S of the ..pane-temporal dimension can form th ... b.tsis for city 's \....atcrv..ays WCTe transformed by intense differennatmg U5o(' activuic- on a waterfront and industrial development. much of it in conjunction in the adjacent areas. All of the-e geographic "F" with the coming (If the railroad. Having 10..1its proache-, may be applie-d 10 put into proper pt.'r.-pl.'C economic usefulness in theearly twe ntieth century. nve the events and acnvittcs that have shaped the the river Marne a n obstacle 10.1 city whose needs changing land -ca pe (I f .111 urban shoreline. had become mort' dependent upon the au tomobile. highways, and suburban industry. Since the historic The location of a ...ctth-mcnt is chiefly determined p rcscrvanon movement o f the 1950", however, the by the att ribu tes of its site and situ ation. These wa ter fron t has once again occu pied cen ter stage. .utrtbutes also a ffect the scnlcment's gro wth a nd now .IS .l kev element in the revitaliza tion efforts of d evelopment.' In an ,lI1cl lysis 01the gt:'ogr,lphic the central city. characteristics of ea rly Pn l\·io l'lll,t.. a di stinction The l'vOIUti1, 1O of the Providenee waterfront may must be mad e between Sitl' and situation : the site be examined within the context of several gt."v ..... ,}~ th e river environment itse lf, where the settle ~r.lrhic concepts and models. One of these is the me nt began; the situation encompassed the activities concep t of sill' and situation, which focuses on sca le and resou rce bast' of the surrounding region. w hich and make, a distinction between man's impact on influenced the economic vitahtv of the waterfront in 11,)(.11 space and his impact on the region that lit'S later vee rs. behind it. This approach abo takes into account the Tilt" sue. The founders of Providence chose the sitl' interdependency between the two a reas, since a site largl'ly because of its favorable physical attributes. responds to changes in the surrounding reg ion. and Thelocation selected had a natural spring nca r the vice versa. Another idea, sequent occupance, at mouth of a river, it was prutl"Ctl>J from thl' open Sl',1, tt.·mrls to e"-plain the changing pa tterns o f living in a ,md it ,..'as wd l sitU.ltl.>J fur the p r..., ·itiling mooes of G.'r,llJ KT.lU~"'" i~" m.'mht'r uf th., D.'p.lrtm..nt oi \i,Hinl' Dt.>an S. Rugg, Sl'alwl l'omrJull,m 01 Urbmu,rI/ (Dupu'1Ut·. AHairs atlhc UniWNily {If Rhnd.,I,I,md IOWJ: William C. Bm wn, 1'172), 10·/l1'l Y7 1 \tI:TAM ORr'1I0SJ5 O~ THE r-aovun vc e WATERFII.ONT transportation. Thelocal topogra phy, dominated by Mou nt Hope, Federal Hill, and College tun. formed a central basin where the downtown area later developed. Tha t basi n was traversed by the Moshassuck and woonasquatucket rivers, which terminated at the Cove East SIde and provided the headwaters for the Central BUSine ss Providence River. As long ,lS the District settlement remained small. no significotnt (-hangl'S in the natural configu ration of Ilu- landscape were required. Farmers crossed the rivers by canoe, o r ,11 ..... admg places, and Providence Indian trails p rovided ,lCCt'SS to the immediate hin terland. The site where the downtown Arcade now stands was a small island in the Provid ence River. The feature most criticalto the development of the colo ny a nd ,1CCl'SS to the river was the two-hund red -foot ridge kno wn !;l y the Indians as the Moshassu ck: tnl' colonis ts renamed it the Neck. O riginal Coastline but today it is more commonly known ,,<; College Ifill. The top of Present Coastline this hill provided ,1 panoramic view over the Cove and mill'Sdown the Landfill- b" y as far as Sassafras Point. Docking D } The onglnallay of till' land. Facilities however, has since bee n sha ped and reshaped. though d n'd ging and filling, into a prod uc t of human enginee ring (see flgu rc 1). The Pro vidence River TIll' situation, The reg ion served by a po ri has ongtnally co ntai ned many shoals. which con stitu ted been given various names . such as Innterlund , ::Ollt' Ilf a hazard to navigation as large r vessels entered the inituence, and service area. The relati onship between a wa terway. As river traffic increased. sections of the port city and its hinterlan d is o ne of econo mic navigable cha nnel were dredged to nine fee t in 1852, interdependence: food an d ra w ma terials come into to twenty-five feet in 1913, to thirty-five feet in 1937, the city, whi le goods a nd services a re p rovided 10 a nd to forty fee t in 1% 5, In the pas t most of the the surrounding reg ion . In Providence, changes in d redge spoil was used <IS fill; tod ay, however, economic acttvtnes hav e determined the pattern of d redging is limited by the fact tha t the material is population growth. with population fluctuating in very toxic a nd di sposal sites are di fficult to find . response to the hea lth of the local economy (see Along the river deepwater piers, bridges, railroad figure 2), Du ring the mercantile period of the 17005 lines, an d warehouses have replaced the open the surplus of commodities produced by the hin ter shoreline so familiar to ea rly settlers, land moved toward the wa terfront, from ,vhere 98 'l ET A ' lO KP HOS IS OF r u e I' RO o, ID l::\:( f 1-\ AT FKF KO '" T Imported gO(ld~ were di spersed to settlements in the (If New England sheep rat..ing.