Beyond Amitriptyline
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Appendix A: Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions (Pips) for Older People (Modified from ‘STOPP/START 2’ O’Mahony Et Al 2014)
Appendix A: Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions (PIPs) for older people (modified from ‘STOPP/START 2’ O’Mahony et al 2014) Consider holding (or deprescribing - consult with patient): 1. Any drug prescribed without an evidence-based clinical indication 2. Any drug prescribed beyond the recommended duration, where well-defined 3. Any duplicate drug class (optimise monotherapy) Avoid hazardous combinations e.g.: 1. The Triple Whammy: NSAID + ACE/ARB + diuretic in all ≥ 65 year olds (NHS Scotland 2015) 2. Sick Day Rules drugs: Metformin or ACEi/ARB or a diuretic or NSAID in ≥ 65 year olds presenting with dehydration and/or acute kidney injury (AKI) (NHS Scotland 2015) 3. Anticholinergic Burden (ACB): Any additional medicine with anticholinergic properties when already on an Anticholinergic/antimuscarinic (listed overleaf) in > 65 year olds (risk of falls, increased anticholinergic toxicity: confusion, agitation, acute glaucoma, urinary retention, constipation). The following are known to contribute to the ACB: Amantadine Antidepressants, tricyclic: Amitriptyline, Clomipramine, Dosulepin, Doxepin, Imipramine, Nortriptyline, Trimipramine and SSRIs: Fluoxetine, Paroxetine Antihistamines, first generation (sedating): Clemastine, Chlorphenamine, Cyproheptadine, Diphenhydramine/-hydrinate, Hydroxyzine, Promethazine; also Cetirizine, Loratidine Antipsychotics: especially Clozapine, Fluphenazine, Haloperidol, Olanzepine, and phenothiazines e.g. Prochlorperazine, Trifluoperazine Baclofen Carbamazepine Disopyramide Loperamide Oxcarbazepine Pethidine -
Dexmedetomidine)
Frequently asked questions regarding alpha-2 agonist DEXDOMITOR® (dexmedetomidine) Q: How should I monitor a patient that has received DEXDOMITOR for sedation or as a premedication? A: The monitoring of vital signs is critical for any patient under sedation or anesthesia. It is important to monitor heart rate, blood pressure, palpable pulse quality, and respiratory rate and volume. Because a2 agonists cause peripheral vasoconstriction, the use of pulse oximetry may not adequately reflect the true status of the patient. Q: What can I expect to see in a patient under DEXDOMITOR sedation? A: The patient may have pale pink or grayish mucous membranes because of peripheral vasoconstriction. The sedation induced by DEXDOMITOR causes a decrease in respiratory rate and a lower body temperature. Q: What is considered a low heart rate? A: Because of the wide range of dog sizes and corresponding heart rates, normal heart rates should be based on the dog’s body size. A reduction in heart rate following a2 agonist sedation should be expected. Patient status should be evaluated by the simultaneous measurement of many parameters, including pulse quality, respiratory rate and quality, blood pressure, and heart rate. Q: What is the effect on the respiratory rate? A: DEXDOMITOR does not have a direct effect on respiration. Although the respiratory rate may decrease as a result of sedation, ventilatory volume generally increases, and overall ventilation (gas exchange) remains stable. Q: I am concerned about hypothermia. A: Hypothermia can occur in a patient following administration of any anesthetic or sedative drug. It is important that body temperature be maintained in all patients undergoing anesthesia or sedation, including those that receive an a2 agonist. -
Inhibitory Effect of Eslicarbazepine Acetate and S-Licarbazepine on 2 Nav1.5 Channels
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.24.059188; this version posted August 14, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Inhibitory effect of eslicarbazepine acetate and S-licarbazepine on 2 Nav1.5 channels 3 Theresa K. Leslie1, Lotte Brückner 1, Sangeeta Chawla1,2, William J. Brackenbury1,2* 4 1Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK 5 2York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK 6 * Correspondence: Dr William J. Brackenbury, Department of Biology and York Biomedical 7 Research Institute, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK. Email: 8 [email protected]. Tel: +44 1904 328284. 9 Keywords: Anticonvulsant, cancer, epilepsy, eslicarbazepine acetate, Nav1.5, S-licarbazepine, 10 voltage-gated Na+ channel. 11 Abstract 12 Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) is a dibenzazepine anticonvulsant approved as adjunctive treatment for 13 partial-onset epileptic seizures. Following first pass hydrolysis of ESL, S-licarbazepine (S-Lic) 14 represents around 95 % of circulating active metabolites. S-Lic is the main enantiomer responsible 15 for anticonvulsant activity and this is proposed to be through the blockade of voltage-gated Na+ 16 channels (VGSCs). ESL and S-Lic both have a voltage-dependent inhibitory effect on the Na+ current 17 in N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells expressing neuronal VGSC subtypes including Nav1.1, Nav1.2, 18 Nav1.3, Nav1.6 and Nav1.7. -
ADHD Parents Medication Guide Revised July 2013
ADHD Parents Medication Guide Revised July 2013 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Prepared by: American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and American Psychiatric Association Supported by the Elaine Schlosser Lewis Fund Physician: ___________________________________________________ Address: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Phone: ___________________________________________________ Email: ___________________________________________________ ADHD Parents Medication Guide – July 2013 2 Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty paying attention, excessive activity, and impulsivity (acting before you think). ADHD is usually identified when children are in grade school but can be diagnosed at any time from preschool to adulthood. Recent studies indicate that almost 10 percent of children between the ages of 4 to 17 are reported by their parents as being diagnosed with ADHD. So in a classroom of 30 children, two to three children may have ADHD.1,2,3,4,5 Short attention spans and high levels of activity are a normal part of childhood. For children with ADHD, these behaviors are excessive, inappropriate for their age, and interfere with daily functioning at home, school, and with peers. Some children with ADHD only have problems with attention; other children only have issues with hyperactivity and impulsivity; most children with ADHD have problems with all three. As they grow into adolescence and young adulthood, children with ADHD may become less hyperactive yet continue to have significant problems with distraction, disorganization, and poor impulse control. ADHD can interfere with a child’s ability to perform in school, do homework, follow rules, and develop and maintain peer relationships. When children become adolescents, ADHD can increase their risk of dropping out of school or having disciplinary problems. -
Reveiw Week 3 Final with Questions
REVIEW 3 SOMATIZATION AND RELATED DISORDERS SOMATIZATION AND RELATED DISORDERS SOMATIZATION ▸ Psychological problems or concerns that are converted into and communicated as physical distress ▸ Anxiety is either Conscious or Unconscious ▸ Physical Illness is Real SOMATIZATION AND RELATED DISORDERS - SSD SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDER A. One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life B. Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or associated health concerns as manifested by at least one of the following 1. Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness or one’s symptoms 2. Persistently high level of anxiety about health or symptoms 3. Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns C. Although any one somatic symptom may not be continuously present, the state of being symptomatic is persistent (typically more than 6 months) SOMATIZATION AND RELATED DISORDERS - SSD TREATMENT ▸ Regular office visits with the same physician ▸ Psychotherapy ▸ Validate the patient’s feelings/experience of symptoms SOMATIZATION AND RELATED DISORDERS - ILLNESS ANXIETY DISORDER ILLNESS ANXIETY DISORDER A. Formerly hypochondriasis B. Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness C. Somatic symptoms are not present or, if present, are only mild in intensity. If another medical condition is present or there is a high risk for developing a medical condition (strong FH), the preoccupation is clearly excessive or disproportionate D. There is a high level of anxiety about health, and the individual is easily alarmed about personal health status (preoccupation with idea one is sick) E. The individual performs excessive health-related behaviors (checking body) or exhibits maladaptive avoidance (avoids doctors) F. -
Eslicarbazepine Acetate: a New Improvement on a Classic Drug Family for the Treatment of Partial-Onset Seizures
Drugs R D DOI 10.1007/s40268-017-0197-5 REVIEW ARTICLE Eslicarbazepine Acetate: A New Improvement on a Classic Drug Family for the Treatment of Partial-Onset Seizures 1 1 1 Graciana L. Galiana • Angela C. Gauthier • Richard H. Mattson Ó The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Eslicarbazepine acetate is a new anti-epileptic drug belonging to the dibenzazepine carboxamide family Key Points that is currently approved as adjunctive therapy and monotherapy for partial-onset (focal) seizures. The drug Eslicarbazepine acetate is an effective and safe enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium chan- treatment option for partial-onset seizures as nels and subsequently reduces the activity of rapidly firing adjunctive therapy and monotherapy. neurons. Eslicarbazepine acetate has few, but some, drug– drug interactions. It is a weak enzyme inducer and it Eslicarbazepine acetate improves upon its inhibits cytochrome P450 2C19, but it affects a smaller predecessors, carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, by assortment of enzymes than carbamazepine. Clinical being available in a once-daily regimen, interacting studies using eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive treat- with a smaller range of drugs, and causing less side ment or monotherapy have demonstrated its efficacy in effects. patients with refractory or newly diagnosed focal seizures. The drug is generally well tolerated, and the most common side effects include dizziness, headache, and diplopia. One of the greatest strengths of eslicarbazepine acetate is its ability to be administered only once per day. Eslicar- 1 Introduction bazepine acetate has many advantages over older anti- epileptic drugs, and it should be strongly considered when Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder affecting over treating patients with partial-onset epilepsy. -
Mol.116.105981.Full.Pdf
Molecular Pharmacology Fast Forward. Published on September 13, 2016 as DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105981 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. MOL #105981 CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND PERSPECTIVES FOR HISTAMINE H1 AND H2 RECEPTOR PHARMACOLOGY. FUNCTIONAL SELECTIVITY, RECEPTOR CROSSTALK AND REPOSITIONING OF CLASSIC HISTAMINERGIC LIGANDS. Downloaded from Federico Monczor and Natalia Fernandez. Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, ININFA. Universidad de Buenos Aires—Consejo molpharm.aspetjournals.org Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET. Buenos Aires, Argentina. at ASPET Journals on September 28, 2021 1 Molecular Pharmacology Fast Forward. Published on September 13, 2016 as DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105981 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. MOL #105981 Running title: Current and perspectives for histamine receptors pharmacology. Corresponding author: Federico Monczor. Laboratorio de Farmacología de Receptores. Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, ININFA. Universidad de Buenos Aires—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET. Junin 956 (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tel:+54-11-5287-4856. e-mail: [email protected]. Total text pages: 41 Downloaded from Tables: 2 Figures: 1 References: 125 molpharm.aspetjournals.org Abstract words: 222 Abbreviations: AML, acute myeloid leukemia; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; AC, adenylyl cyclase; IP, inositol -
Drug Use Evaluation: Antipsychotic Utilization in Schizophrenia Patients
© Copyright 2012 Oregon State University. All Rights Reserved Drug Use Research & Management Program Oregon State University, 500 Summer Street NE, E35 Salem, Oregon 97301-1079 Phone 503-947-5220 | Fax 503-947-1119 Drug Use Evaluation: Antipsychotic Utilization in Schizophrenia Patients Research Questions: 1. How many schizophrenia patients are prescribed recommended first-line second-generation treatments for schizophrenia? 2. How many schizophrenia patients switch to an injectable antipsychotic after stabilization on an oral antipsychotic? 3. How many schizophrenia patients are prescribed 2 or more concomitant antipsychotics? 4. Are claims for long-acting injectable antipsychotics primarily billed as pharmacy or physician administered claims? 5. Does adherence to antipsychotic therapy differ between patients with claims for different routes of administration (oral vs. long-acting injectable)? Conclusions: In total, 4663 schizophrenia patients met inclusion criteria, and approximately 14% of patients (n=685) were identified as treatment naïve without claims for antipsychotics in the year before their first antipsychotic prescription. Approximately 45% of patients identified as treatment naïve had a history of remote antipsychotic use, but it is unclear if antipsychotics were historically prescribed for schizophrenia. Oral second-generation antipsychotics which are recommended as first-line treatment in the MHCAG schizophrenia algorithm were prescribed as initial treatment in 37% of treatment naive patients and 28% of all schizophrenia patients. Recommended agents include risperidone, paliperidone, and aripiprazole. Utilization of parenteral antipsychotics was limited in patients with schizophrenia. Overall only 8% of patients switched from an oral to an injectable therapy within 6 months of their first claim. Approximately, 60% of all schizophrenia patients (n=2512) had claims for a single antipsychotic for at least 12 continuous weeks and may be eligible to transition to a long-acting injectable antipsychotic. -
Schizophrenia Care Guide
August 2015 CCHCS/DHCS Care Guide: Schizophrenia SUMMARY DECISION SUPPORT PATIENT EDUCATION/SELF MANAGEMENT GOALS ALERTS Minimize frequency and severity of psychotic episodes Suicidal ideation or gestures Encourage medication adherence Abnormal movements Manage medication side effects Delusions Monitor as clinically appropriate Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Danger to self or others DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA/EVALUATION (PER DSM V) 1. Rule out delirium or other medical illnesses mimicking schizophrenia (see page 5), medications or drugs of abuse causing psychosis (see page 6), other mental illness causes of psychosis, e.g., Bipolar Mania or Depression, Major Depression, PTSD, borderline personality disorder (see page 4). Ideas in patients (even odd ideas) that we disagree with can be learned and are therefore not necessarily signs of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a world-wide phenomenon that can occur in cultures with widely differing ideas. 2. Diagnosis is made based on the following: (Criteria A and B must be met) A. Two of the following symptoms/signs must be present over much of at least one month (unless treated), with a significant impact on social or occupational functioning, over at least a 6-month period of time: Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized Speech, Negative symptoms (social withdrawal, poverty of thought, etc.), severely disorganized or catatonic behavior. B. At least one of the symptoms/signs should be Delusions, Hallucinations, or Disorganized Speech. TREATMENT OPTIONS MEDICATIONS Informed consent for psychotropic -
THE USE of MIRTAZAPINE AS a HYPNOTIC O Uso Da Mirtazapina Como Hipnótico Francisca Magalhães Scoralicka, Einstein Francisco Camargosa, Otávio Toledo Nóbregaa
ARTIGO ESPECIAL THE USE OF MIRTAZAPINE AS A HYPNOTIC O uso da mirtazapina como hipnótico Francisca Magalhães Scoralicka, Einstein Francisco Camargosa, Otávio Toledo Nóbregaa Prescription of approved hypnotics for insomnia decreased by more than 50%, whereas of antidepressive agents outstripped that of hypnotics. However, there is little data on their efficacy to treat insomnia, and many of these medications may be associated with known side effects. Antidepressants are associated with various effects on sleep patterns, depending on the intrinsic pharmacological properties of the active agent, such as degree of inhibition of serotonin or noradrenaline reuptake, effects on 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors, action(s) at alpha-adrenoceptors, and/or histamine H1 sites. Mirtazapine is a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressive agent that acts by antagonizing alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and blocking 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors. It has high affinity for histamine H1 receptors, low affinity for dopaminergic receptors, and lacks anticholinergic activity. In spite of these potential beneficial effects of mirtazapine on sleep, no placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials of ABSTRACT mirtazapine in primary insomniacs have been conducted. Mirtazapine was associated with improvements in sleep on normal sleepers and depressed patients. The most common side effects of mirtazapine, i.e. dry mouth, drowsiness, increased appetite and increased body weight, were mostly mild and transient. Considering its use in elderly people, this paper provides a revision about studies regarding mirtazapine for sleep disorders. KEYWORDS: sleep; antidepressive agents; sleep disorders; treatment� A prescrição de hipnóticos aprovados para insônia diminuiu em mais de 50%, enquanto de antidepressivos ultrapassou a dos primeiros. -
Activation of 5-HT2C (But Not 5-HT1A) Receptors in the Amygdala Enhances Fear-Induced Antinociception: Blockade with Local 5-HT2C Antagonist Or Systemic fluoxetine
Neuropharmacology 135 (2018) 376e385 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuropharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuropharm Activation of 5-HT2C (but not 5-HT1A) receptors in the amygdala enhances fear-induced antinociception: Blockade with local 5-HT2C antagonist or systemic fluoxetine Lígia Renata Rodrigues Tavares a, b, Daniela Baptista-de-Souza a, c, * Azair Canto-de-Souza a, b, c, d, a Psychobiology Group, Department of Psychology/CECH- Federal University of Sao~ Carlos-UFSCar, Sao~ Carlos, Sao~ Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil b Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences UFSCar/UNESP, Sao~ Carlos, Sao~ Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil c Neuroscience and Behavioral Institute-IneC, Ribeirao~ Preto, Sao~ Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil d Program in Psychology UFSCar, Sao~ Carlos, Sao~ Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil article info abstract Article history: It is well-known that the exposure of rodents to threatening environments [e.g., the open arm of the Received 17 August 2017 elevated-plus maze (EPM)] elicits pain inhibition. Systemic and/or intracerebral [e.g., periaqueductal gray Received in revised form matter, amygdala) injections of antiaversive drugs [e.g., serotonin (5-HT) ligands, selective serotonin 5 March 2018 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)] have been used to change EPM-open arm confinement induced anti- Accepted 6 March 2018 nociception (OAA). Here, we investigated (i) the role of the 5-HT and 5-HT receptors located in the Available online 13 March 2018 1A 2C amygdaloid complex on OAA as well as (ii) the effects of systemic pretreatment with fluoxetine (an SSRI) on the effects of intra-amygdala injections of 8-OH-DPAT (a 5-HT1A agonist) or MK-212 (a 5-HT2C agonist) Keywords: fi Amygdala on nociception in mice con ned to the open arm or enclosed arm of the EPM. -
Mirtazapine (Remeron)
What is most important to remember? If you have questions: Strong Internal Medicine • It may take a few weeks for you to see the benefits of taking this Ask your doctor, nurse or pharmacist for medicine more information about mirtazapine (Remeron®). • Do not suddenly stop taking mirtazapine; you could have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Talk with your doctor about how to slowly discontinue this medicine • Seek help from a doctor or pharmacist if you have thoughts of suicide or hurting yourself • This medication may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if Strong Internal Medicine you drive or do anything that 601 Elmwood Avenue requires you to be alert. Ambulatory Care Facility, 5th Floor Rochester, NY 14642 • Do not start any new medications, Phone: (585) 275 -7424 over-the-counter drugs or herbal Mirtazapine (Remeron®): remedies without talking to your Visit our website at: Important Patient Information www.urmc.rochester.edu/medicine/ - doctor general-medicine/patientcare/ • If you think there has been an overdose, call your poison control center or get medical care right away What does mirtazapine (Remeron®) do? What side effects could occur with mirtazapine What are some things that I need to be aware of when • It is in a class of medications called antidepressants. It (Remeron®)? taking mirtazapine (Remeron®)? works by increasing certain types of activity in the brain • Lightheaded, dizzy, or sleepy • Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to mirtazapine, any other medicines, foods, or substances to maintain mental balance • Blurred eyesight or a change in thinking clearly • It may take a few weeks for you to see the benefits of taking • It is used to treat depression (low mood) • Constipation, dry mouth, and weight gain this medicine.