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Exposure to Arsenic of the Atacameno Population in Northern Chile

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Exposure to Arsenic of the Atacameno Population in Northern Chile Assessing and Managing Health Risks from Drinking Water Contamination: Approaches and Applications (ProccedingsoftheRomeSymposium,Septemberl994).IAHSPubl.no.233, 1995. 141 Exposure to arsenic of the Atacameno population in northern Chile ANA MARIA SANCHA & DANIEL RODRIGUEZ Universidad de Chile, Depto. de Ingenieria Civil, Blanco Encalada 2120, 4° Piso, Of 17 Santiago, Chile, Casilla 228-3 FLAVIO VEGA & SERGIO FUENTES Institute de Salud Pûblica, Marathon 1000, Santiago, Chile ANA MARIA SALAZAR Asociaciôn Chilena de Seguridad, Vicuna Mackenna 152, Santiago, Chile VENTURWO HERNAN CODELCO-Chile, Division Chuquicamata, Chuquicamata, Chile VERONICA MORENO & ANA MARIA BARON San Pedro de Atacama, Chile Abstract Results are reported from a study of inhabitants of Atacameno settlements in northern Chile, who consume water with naturally high arsenic (As) concentrations. Of the 3000 inhabitants residing in the Atacameno zone, 761 participated voluntarily in the study. The clinical study revealed that the only sign of chronic arsenic poisoning of the exposed population was the presence of leukomelanodermic plaques in varying degrees, with a clear exposure-response relationship between arsenic concentration in drinking water and frequency of this dermal lesion. The urine of the exposed populations contained arsenic concentra­ tions higher than the normal reference value recommended by WHO for non-occupationally exposed populations. The paucity of observed health effects may be explained by the difference in Atacameno susceptibility to arsenic due to increased detoxification by methylation, which may be influenced by genetic or dietary and other lifestyle factors. INTRODUCTION In northern Chile, in the zone between 17°S and 26°S, 67°E and the Pacific Ocean, water supplies are naturally contaminated with arsenic due to the chemical process of solubilization of volcanic geological material (Enriquez, 1978). In order to comply with regulations, drinking water utilities have been built in the main cities of northern Chile. Arsenic concentrations range from 30 to 50 /xg l"1 after treatment (Sancha et al., 1992; 1984). Yet, even though these water treatment plants exist, there is a fraction of the popula­ tion, consisting of about 3000 people of Atacameno Indian origin, living in small communities scattered on the Andean region, who meet their daily water requirements 142 Ana Maria Sancha et al. with surface water naturally contaminated with arsenic. They consume water and vegetables contaminated with arsenic. Information is given here on arsenic exposure in terms of arsenic levels in water supplies and vegetables, arsenic in urine and the incidence of skin hyperpigmentation. Materials and methodology The research project included 761 subjects, 726 people form 13 Atacameno settlements in the El Loa province, which corresponds to 24 % of the Atacameno population and 35 people from Guatacondo, Iquique Province, which is a community with similar socio­ economic characteristics except for water quality and which constituted the control group for the study. The study was done in the field through a KAP study (Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of the Atacameno communities concerning health, water, food and dietary habits), a physical examination, a clinical questionnaire and urine sampling. In order to trace lesions probably caused by chronic poisoning by arsenic in water, a search was done of skin and peripheral vascular lesions (Borgono et al., 1977). The target lesions were those referred to as leukomelanodermic plaques and palmar and plantar hyperkera­ tosis. The former are described as skin zones with enhanced pigmentation (darkening or melanoderma) on which small round or oval white spots, 1-2 mm in diameter, occur on an area of tanned skin (5 cm2), usually on the trunk and upper limbs. Palmar and/or plantar hyperkeratosis corresponds to hardened skin bulges in such areas detectable through palpation. The peripheral vascular alterations of concern were chilling, pallor, heartbeat decrease and lesions indicating faulty irrigation in distal limbs. Hair was not considered of value in this study because of the problem of external contamination from dust and soil. As a complement to the clinical study, water, soil and vegetable sampling was done. Water samples were preserved with HC1 at 4°C, vegetable samples were stored at —20°C and urine samples were not subject to pretreatment before storing at 4°C. Arsenic was determined by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) (Perkin Elmer 2100-MHS 20). Analytical quality control was provided by analysis of NBS freeze dried urine SRM 2670 (0.48 ± 0.10 ixg ml'1) and Riverine Water Reference Material SLRS-2 (0.77 ± 0.09 /xg As l"1). In the case of water samples, total arsenic and trivalent As (III) in the presence of pentavalent As (V) were analyzed (Hinners, 1980; Yamamoto etal., 1981). Vegetables, soils and urine samples were analyzed for total arsenic after a nitric-sulfuric-perchloric acid digestion. The arsenic of marine origin in urine samples was calculated by diffe­ rence (Farmer et al., 1990; Norin et al., 1981). All the results are based on peak area measurements. Results of urine samples reported in this paper have not been corrected for specific gravity or creatinine. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the soils and vegetables analysis are shown in Tables 1 and 2, where it can be seen that soils continuously irrigated with As-contaminated water contain higher Exposure to arsenic of the AtacameHo population in northern Chile 143 Table 1 Arsenic in soils. Site Arsenic content in irrigation water Arsenic content is soils J*g I"1 Mg g"1 SanJ"edro Atacama (Condeduque) 172 220.5 San Pedro Atacama (Larache) 619 448.0 Toconao 19 93.0 Socaire 220 108.5 Guatacondo 9 64.0 Caspana 2 86.0 Table 2 Arsenic ii n vegetables. Arsenic in water Arsenic in vegetables G*g g_1) Ogi"1) Cabbage Radish Beet Swiss Chard Potato Garlic Onions 2 0.218 0.018 0.036 172 0.054 0.207 0.282 0.040 0.106 220 0.033 0.156 0.044 0.050 619 0.715 0.938 0.520 0.718 levels of arsenic than the soils not irrigated with contaminated water and that for the same vegetable, As content varies according to the quality of soil and irrigation water. The Atacameno population was classified into four groups according to the arsenic level in their drinking water: high (300-800 y.g As l"1); high-to-moderate (100- 300 jig As r1), moderate-to-low (50-100 /xg As l"1) and low (<50 jug l"1). The four groups are similar in life styles, socioeconomic conditions, ethnic origins and dietary habits. It is seen in Table 3 that, in general, the As (V) species predominates in water. As3+, which involves a higher toxic potential was detected in Ayquina. Only Toconao, Talabre and Caspana use water with low levels of arsenic. The data in Table 3 suggest that drinking water supplies a high quantity of arsenic to the daily intake of these people, much higher than that supplied by the locally grown vegetables, probably present as less toxic organic species of arsenic (Irgolic, 1986). It is seen from Table 3 that the mean urinary concentrations of inorganic arsenic excreted by the four groups were 427.0 jug l"1,192.0 jug l"1, 185.1 jug l"1 and 66.5 \L% l"1. Statistical analysis of the mean content of total As and inorganic As shows significant differences at the different sites under study. Statistical analysis for the same site also shows significant differences. The ratio of inorganic As and its metabolites to marine arsenic in urine samples from the different sites is variable. It ranges from 36.0% to 70.0%. The ratio for the control group (Guatacondo) is 26%. It is seen in Table 4 that the clinical study revealed that there is a clear exposure- response relationship between arsenic concentration in drinking water and the frequency of hyper pigmentation. The prevalence of cutaneous lesions for each of the four groups is 20.6%, 13.3%,0% and 8.5%, respectively. Statistical analysis of results show signi­ ficant difference in the presence of signs of hydroarsenicism according to duration of residence time. 144 Ana Maria Sartcha et al. These findings can only be considered suggestive evidence since they are based on observations from dermatological physical examinations. The paucity of observed health effects may be explained by the difference in Atacameno susceptibility to the effect of arsenic due to increased detoxification of arsenic by methylation, which may be influenced by genetic or dietary and other lifestyle factors. CONCLUSION These are preliminary conclusions. There are many remaining unanswered questions which should be studied further. — Drinking water consumed by Atacameno communities contains arsenic mostly in the form of As(V). — Vegetables cultivated in the zone contain high concentrations of As, depending on water and soil quality. — Urine of Atacameno people contains high levels of As. The relation between As species is variable. — The clinical study demonstrated that there is a clear exposure-response relationship between As in drinking water and the frequency of hyperpigmentation. Table 3 Atacameno arsenic in urine samples: exposed and control groups. Water (/xg l"1) Urine samples (/xg l"1) Site As total As5+ As3+ As total As inorganic High level of arsenic in the water (300-800 /tg l"1) Ayquina 823 739 84.0 1146.1 622.1 Chiu-Chiu 772 772 15.4 802.1 332.2 San Pedro de Atacama 619 619 12.4 674.8 378.3 Camar 447 447 8.9 1051.0 668.7 Lasana 372 372 7.4 545.0 262.6 Toconce 363 363 7.2 424.9 297.8 High to moderate level of arsenic in the water (100-300 n i"1) Socaire 220 220 4.4 504.9 269.5 Cupo 123 124 2.5 175.9 74.7 Peine 100 100 2.0 413.3 231.9 Moderate to low level of arsenic in the water (50-100 jxg l"1) Rio Grande 80 80 1.6 428.6 185.1 Low level of arsenic in the water (< 50 ^g l"1) Talabre 26 26 0.5 262.1 141.5 Toconao 15 15 0.3 75.2 30.6 Caspana 9 - - 75.3 27.3 Control group Guatacondo 1 46.8 12.2 Exposure to arsenic of the AtacameHo population in northern Chile 145 Table 4 Hyper pigmentation signs: exposed and control group.
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