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Negro League Teams
From the Negro Leagues to the Major Leagues: How and Why Major League Baseball Integrated and the Impact of Racial Integration on Three Negro League Teams. Christopher Frakes Advisor: Dr. Jerome Gillen Thesis submitted to the Honors Program, Saint Peter's College March 28, 2011 Christopher Frakes Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 Chapter 2: Kansas City Monarchs 6 Chapter 3: Homestead Grays 15 Chapter 4: Birmingham Black Barons 24 Chapter 5: Integration 29 Chapter 6: Conclusion 37 Appendix I: Players that played both Negro and Major Leagues 41 Appendix II: Timeline for Integration 45 Bibliography: 47 2 Chapter 1: Introduction From the late 19th century until 1947, Major League Baseball (MLB, the Majors, the Show or the Big Show) was segregated. During those years, African Americans played in the Negro Leagues and were not allowed to play in either the MLB or the minor league affiliates of the Major League teams (the Minor Leagues). The Negro Leagues existed as a separate entity from the Major Leagues and though structured similarly to MLB, the leagues were not equal. The objective of my thesis is to cover how and why MLB integrated and the impact of MLB’s racial integration on three prominent Negro League teams. The thesis will begin with a review of the three Negro League teams that produced the most future Major Leaguers. I will review the rise of those teams to the top of the Negro Leagues and then the decline of each team after its superstar(s) moved over to the Major Leagues when MLB integrated. -
National Pastime a REVIEW of BASEBALL HISTORY
THE National Pastime A REVIEW OF BASEBALL HISTORY CONTENTS The Chicago Cubs' College of Coaches Richard J. Puerzer ................. 3 Dizzy Dean, Brownie for a Day Ronnie Joyner. .................. .. 18 The '62 Mets Keith Olbermann ................ .. 23 Professional Baseball and Football Brian McKenna. ................ •.. 26 Wallace Goldsmith, Sports Cartoonist '.' . Ed Brackett ..................... .. 33 About the Boston Pilgrims Bill Nowlin. ..................... .. 40 Danny Gardella and the Reserve Clause David Mandell, ,................. .. 41 Bringing Home the Bacon Jacob Pomrenke ................. .. 45 "Why, They'll Bet on a Foul Ball" Warren Corbett. ................. .. 54 Clemente's Entry into Organized Baseball Stew Thornley. ................. 61 The Winning Team Rob Edelman. ................... .. 72 Fascinating Aspects About Detroit Tiger Uniform Numbers Herm Krabbenhoft. .............. .. 77 Crossing Red River: Spring Training in Texas Frank Jackson ................... .. 85 The Windowbreakers: The 1947 Giants Steve Treder. .................... .. 92 Marathon Men: Rube and Cy Go the Distance Dan O'Brien .................... .. 95 I'm a Faster Man Than You Are, Heinie Zim Richard A. Smiley. ............... .. 97 Twilight at Ebbets Field Rory Costello 104 Was Roy Cullenbine a Better Batter than Joe DiMaggio? Walter Dunn Tucker 110 The 1945 All-Star Game Bill Nowlin 111 The First Unknown Soldier Bob Bailey 115 This Is Your Sport on Cocaine Steve Beitler 119 Sound BITES Darryl Brock 123 Death in the Ohio State League Craig -
Kit Young's Sale #154
Page 1 KIT YOUNG’S SALE #154 AUTOGRAPHED BASEBALLS 500 Home Run Club 3000 Hit Club 300 Win Club Autographed Baseball Autographed Baseball Autographed Baseball (16 signatures) (18 signatures) (11 signatures) Rare ball includes Mickey Mantle, Ted Great names! Includes Willie Mays, Stan Musial, Eddie Murray, Craig Biggio, Scarce Ball. Includes Roger Clemens, Williams, Barry Bonds, Willie McCovey, Randy Johnson, Early Wynn, Nolan Ryan, Frank Robinson, Mike Schmidt, Jim Hank Aaron, Rod Carew, Paul Molitor, Rickey Henderson, Carl Yastrzemski, Steve Carlton, Gaylord Perry, Phil Niekro, Thome, Hank Aaron, Reggie Jackson, Warren Spahn, Tom Seaver, Don Sutton Eddie Murray, Frank Thomas, Rafael Wade Boggs, Tony Gwynn, Robin Yount, Pete Rose, Lou Brock, Dave Winfield, and Greg Maddux. Letter of authenticity Palmeiro, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, from JSA. Nice Condition $895.00 Willie Mays and Eddie Mathews. Letter of Cal Ripken, Al Kaline and George Brett. authenticity from JSA. EX-MT $1895.00 Letter of authenticity from JSA. EX-MT $1495.00 Other Autographed Baseballs (All balls grade EX-MT/NR-MT) Authentication company shown. 1. Johnny Bench (PSA/DNA) .........................................$99.00 2. Steve Garvey (PSA/DNA) ............................................ 59.95 3. Ben Grieve (Tristar) ..................................................... 21.95 4. Ken Griffey Jr. (Pro Sportsworld) ..............................299.95 5. Bill Madlock (Tristar) .................................................... 34.95 6. Mickey Mantle (Scoreboard, Inc.) ..............................695.00 7. Don Mattingly (PSA/DNA) ...........................................99.00 8. Willie Mays (PSA/DNA) .............................................295.00 9. Pete Rose (PSA/DNA) .................................................99.00 10. Nolan Ryan (Mill Creek Sports) ............................... 199.00 Other Autographed Baseballs (Sold as-is w/no authentication) All Time MLB Records Club 3000 Strike Out Club 11. -
Kit Young's Sale
KIT YOUNG’S SALE #73 VINTAGE STAR CARDS 1948-49 LEAF #76 TED 01 #208157A 02 1920-21 W514 CHRISTY 03 1909-11 T206 TY COBB 04 1909-11 T206 CY 05 WILLIAMS VG/VG-EX 1911 T201 MECCA MATHEWSON GD Portrait VG $995.00 YOUNG Portrait VG-EX $450.00 ZACH WHEAT PSA 4 VG-EX $225.00 $995.00 $285.00 1955 TOPPS DOUBLE 06 1933 GOUDEY #149 07 1888 N28 ALLEN 08 1948-49 LEAF #1 09 1927 W560 BABE RUTH 10 HEADER #25/26 JACKIE BABE RUTH SGC 30 GD & GINTER JACK JOE DIMAGGIO PSA 4 NR-MT $595.00 ROBINSON $1595.00 GLASSCOCK VG-EX $315.00 VG-EX $1395.00; VG/VG-EX EX-MT $795.00; $300.00 GD-VG $550.00 1927 W560 LOU GEHRIG 11 1922 E121 AMERICAN 12 1934-36 BATTER UP 13 1933 GOUDEY #188 14 1963 TOPPS #537 PETE 15 NR-MT $495.00 CARAMEL BABE RUTH #28 JIMMIE FOXX PSA ROGERS HORNSBY VG- ROSE Rookie VG-EX VG $1795.00 4 VG-EX EX $285.00; VG $190.00 $450.00 $165.00 1954 BOWMAN #66 TED 16 1934-36 DIAMOND 17 1909 E91-B AMERICAN 18 1948-49 LEAF #3 BABE 19 1948-49 LEAF #3 BABE 20 WILLIAMS PSA 5 EX STARS #44 ROGERS CARAMEL JOE TINKER RUTH EX-MT $1695.00 RUTH EX/EX+ $1295.00 $1450.00 HORNSBY VG-EX PSA 5 EX $240.00 $225.00 1933 TATTOO ORBIT 21 1923 MAPLE 22 1961 BAZOOKA #2 23 1948-49 LEAF #4 STAN 24 1909 E90-1 AMERICAN 25 DIZZY DEAN VG-EX CRISPETTE #4 EDDIE MICKEY MANTLE EX- MUSIAL VG-EX $450.00 CARAMEL WILLIE $295.00 COLLINS PSA 4 VG-EX MT $495.00 KEELER PSA 3 VG $495.00 $395.00 KIT YOUNG CARDS • 4876 SANTA MONICA AVE, #137 • DEPT. -
Sleep Cen1er539 Main
X- ' v:. TUESDAY, MAY 4, 1954 PACE SIXTEEN ATerage Daily Net Preaa Run The Weatlicr .i For tiM Week BikM reneaet of V. B. Weather ■■ May 1, 1»84 Delta Chapter No. 51, Royal FUn ealder tonight. Freat Arch Masons, will confer the Mark Purnell Corporation Buys Properties on Birch Street Thespiang to Hear 11,135 ly In mpeeed nrean. Min. 1 About Town Master degree at its stated con Mm. TonMrrow fair. Ugh (< vocation tomorrow evening at 7:30 Member mt the Audit Tape Recording Bureau mt dliculation aoe. The DprcM Society of the In the Masonic Temple. The degree BUY NOW AND SAVE! Emanuel Lutheran Church will work will be followed by the usual Mancheeter^-AiCity of ViUage Charm hold ita monthly meeting In the social ho^ir and refreshments. Tape recordings of three orig-- muatc room tomorrow night at 8 Inal radio shows presented by the Mns. Ivy H. Butler of Mountain COKE Per Ton Cash $23.00 V0L.LXXHLN0.189 (CtasMfM AdTMtIalag Pag* M ) MANCHESTER, CONN., WEDNESDAY, MAY 5,1954 o'clock eharp. Mr«.- Mae Wog- Center Thespisns over WTlC's (TWENTY-EIGHT PAGES IN TWO SECTIONS) PRICE FIVE CENTS man will have charge of devo- Road. Glastonbury, has been noti Experimental Theater program Ujoni. Mra. Grace Fraaer will fied that her son, L>’|e, has been Per Ton Cash speak on "The Art of Hooking promoted to th^ rank of corporal will be heard by the group at its COAL $26.10 in Korea. CpI. Butler was formerly regular monthly meeting tomor (EGG, STOVE and CHESTNUT) Ruga" and will also tell about her row night. -
Oakland Athletics Virtual Press
GAME INFORMATION OAKLAND ATHLETICS Oakland Athletics Baseball Company • 510-638-4900 • athletics.com • A’s PR @AsMediaAlerts OAKLAND ATHLETICS (29-16) VS. TEXAS RANGERS (16-30) SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2020 — GLOBE LIFE FIELD — 1:05 CDT RHP FRANKIE MONTAS (3-3, 5.73) VS. RHP LANCE LYNN (5-2, 2.52) NBCSCA — A’S CAST ON IHEART RADIO — A’S RADIO NETWORK (960 AM, 103.7 FM HD2, 1140 AM) ABOUT THE A’S: Split the doubleheader yester- MLB BEST RECORDS, their outfielders (Diamondbacks, Brewers) and one of two without an er- day and are now 7-4 since resuming play Sept. LAST THREE YEARS ror by their first basemen (Astros)…have four errors by their pitchers, two by 4 following a positive test for Covid-19…did not their catchers and a combined 14 from their second basemen, third base- W L PCT play from Aug. 30 to Sept. 3 (four games)…are a Houston 233 137 .630 men and shortstops…have turned just 26 double plays, which is the fewest season-high tying 13 games over .500 at 29-16 Los Angeles (NL) 230 141 .620 in the majors. (.644), which is tied for the second best record New York (AL) 228 142 .616 in the American League and tied for third best Oakland 223 146 .604 HOME AND AWAY: The A’s are 2-1 on this eight-game, six-day, three-city road in the majors…are in sole possession of first Tampa Bay 216 154 .584 trip to Texas (2-1), Seattle (two games) and Colorado (two games)…went 2-3 place in the AL West for the 41st consecutive on the last road trip to Texas (2-1) and Houston (0-2) and are 11-9 (.550) day and are 6½ games ahead of second place on the road…went 5-3 on the last homestand against San Diego (1-2) and Houston…that is ½ game short of the season high of seven on Sept. -
There Are Many Items That Sell in the Thousands and 1 Item Just Like the Item in This Inventory That Someone Has Sold on Ebay Currently at Just Under $55,000
There are many items that sell in the thousands and 1 item just like the item in this inventory that someone has sold on Ebay currently at just under $55,000. I have an overview and a more specific inventory/collection partial list-As you scroll down you can see the specific partial list is rather long, in reality this is probably just 1% of the entire inventory/collection Overview Approximately 2 Million items Trading cards-going back into 1887 Game Used Memorabilia Pieces- Autographs Jerseys Autographed jerseys Footballs Autographed footballs Hockey Sticks Autographed hockey sticks Baseball Bats Autographed Baseball bats Baseball Mit Pennants Autograph Basketball Autograph Boxing Glove Pins Collectible soda/ Beer Cans Autographs Sets Coins Figures Bottle Caps Pendant Post Cards Tobacco Advertisements Advertisements Oddballs Comic Books UNCUT SHEET Approximately 100 cards or more 100 yrs old or older Programs Magazines Promotional cards and items 8x10’s Albums Give Aways Newspapers Posters Exhibit cards Printing Plates Tickets-new/old 1/1’s Other numbered cards Calendar Fans Schedules Memorabilia Cereal Boxes Supplies Regional sets Baseball More specific partial list 1989 KENNER STARTING Lineup ONE ON ONE JOHN ELWAY VS HOWIE LONG ___________________ 1978 PENN STATE FOOTBALL _______________________ SPORTS IMPRESSIONS PLATES OF JOE MORGAN TOM SEAVER Triple Crown Winners Joe Louis ______________________ 1993 Racing Champions Alan Kulwicki- hooters car ________________________ National Bohemian Beer Can- 1978 Triple Crown Winners, Seattle -
Barrier Breakers”: Black Baseball 1945-1960 (“Charting History”)
Integration and the “Barrier Breakers”: Black Baseball 1945-1960 (“Charting History”) Key Features of Powerful Teaching and Learning: Grade Level: 9-12 Subject: Social Studies (National Council for the Social Studies: “A vision of Powerful Teaching and Learning in the Social Studies: Building Social Standards Understanding and Civic Efficacy.” NCSS Standards: I, II http://www.socialstudies.org/positions/powerful/) ISTE Standards: 1, 3, 5, 6 Meaningful: Students will learn methods of historical analysis. Missouri Standards: 2, 7 Integrated: Students will engage reading and math skills in analytical exercise. Time Allotment: 1, sixty minute period Active: Students will explore biographical information, represent that information in chart form, and interpret the charts in order to complete the exercise. Purpose/Rationale/Introduction: Students will learn about the integration of Major League Baseball. This lesson could be used to supplement material on the Civil Rights Movement. Objectives: 1. Students will learn about the important individual baseball players who helped integrate Major League baseball. 2. Students will learn to analyze historical information through charts, graphs, and statistics. Materials/Primary Resources: 1. “Barrier Breakers” players handout 2. “Barrier Breakers” players worksheet and answer key 3. “Barrier Breakers” reference charts for teacher 4. Graph paper and rulers 5. Colored pencils and/or chalk 6. Crossing the Line: Black Major Leaguers, 1947-1959, edited by Moffi & Krondstadt 7. Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues, by James Riley 8. Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet Procedures & Activities: • Students will read and discuss the Barrier Breaker handout. • Students will complete an in class assignment sheet analyzing the material from the handout into graphs and charts. -
Put Me In, Coach, I'm Ready to Play
Rev Austrian Econ (2007) 20:237–246 DOI 10.1007/s11138-007-0025-1 Put me in, Coach, I’m ready to play Christopher J. Coyne & Justin P. Isaacs & Jeremy T. Schwartz & Anthony M. Carilli Published online: 25 August 2007 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2007 Abstract This paper explores the connection between discrimination and entrepreneurship. To pursue this inquiry we focus on the integration of black players in Major League Baseball (MLB). MLB team owners, acting as entrepreneurs, had to weigh the benefits of integrating versus the costs of alienating consumers who had a taste for discrimination against hiring blacks. We find that the owners whose teams could profit by contending for the league pennant with the addition of black players were the ones who were willing to take the risk of integrating, although integration often stood in contrast to revealed consumer preferences. In addition to illuminating the mechanism through which integration took place, we offer a general understanding of how the costs and benefits associated with consumers’ taste for discrimination can change via entrepreneurial activities. Keywords Entrepreneurship . Discrimination . Sports economics JEL codes B53 . L83 . M13 1 Introduction In The Economics of Discrimination, Gary Becker (1957) identified three forms of discrimination: employer, co-worker, and consumer discrimination. Becker concluded that employers who discriminated would incur the full cost of engaging in discrimination by C. J. Coyne (*) Department of Economics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6025, USA e-mail: [email protected] J. P. Isaacs : J. T. Schwartz : A. M. Carilli Department of Economics, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943, USA J. -
The Negro Baseball Leagues the Women's Professional Baseball Leagues Some of the Greatest Negro League Players the Last Man To
The Negro Baseball Leagues The Women’s Professional Baseball Leagues Some of the Greatest Negro League Players The Last Man to Bat .400 in an American Professional Baseball League The Last Person to bat .400 in an American Professional Baseball League The First African American Players to Join Each Major League Team Women Offered Minor League Contracts Chapter 16 The interesting facts for Chapter 16 are dedicated to two populations excluded from playing in the Major Leagues. African American players were excluded until 1947. At one time the population of women was excluded from the Major Leagues. Today, even though there are no women in the Major Leagues, they are not excluded officially anymore. Other Professional American Baseball Leagues This entire section is devoted to two other professional baseball leagues, the Negro Baseball Leagues and the Women’s Professional Baseball League. These leagues were established because their players were excluded from the Major Leagues. For the Negro Leagues, the baseball statistics of the players were not kept accurately. Records were not kept of all Negro League games because the media paid little attention to them. Several black newspapers did make an attempt to keep records. However, when these newspapers went out of business their records were destroyed or lost much of the time. Many times the teams in the Negro Leagues would play games against teams outside their league. The statistics kept were cumulative and involved both league games and non-league games. After Jackie Robinson entered the Major Leagues in 1947, the statistics were kept more accurately because the leagues wanted to sell their players’ contracts to the Major Leagues. -
THE MODERN HOBBY GUIDE to TOPPS CHEWING GUM: 1938 to 1956
THE MODERN HOBBY GUIDE TO TOPPS CHEWING GUM: 1938 to 1956 History, price guide & checklists DAVID HORNISH THE MODERN HOBBY GUIDE TO TOPPS CHEWING GUM: 1938 to 1956 Cover credits: Topps Chewing Gum Sign from Bush Terminal – Robert Edward Auctions Topps Gum, U.S. Military Ration – Jeff Shepherd General inquiries should be directed to: [email protected] Please visit http://themodernhobbyguide.blogspot.com/ for many more pictures, updates, corrections, etc. Images herein are not all shown to size. Version 2.0 Copyright © 2013 David Hornish. All rights reserved. With the exception of copies downloaded for personal use, reproduction and distribution of this work without the written consent of the author is prohibited. Trademarks used herein are the property of the respective owners. Author disclaims all warranties, express and implied concerning the accuracy or completeness of the information herein. 2 THE MODERN HOBBY GUIDE TO TOPPS CHEWING GUM: 1938 to 1956 DEDICATION & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For Susan, who may not understand but certainly inspires, Ryan and Alex for the quiet times, and Buster, who almost saw it all. The author acknowledges with thanks the contributions of Jeff Shepherd and the following good people: Josh Alpert, Mark Aubrey, Tom Boblitt, Bobby Burrell, Dan Calandriello, Bill Christensen, Lonnie Cummins, Les Davis, Frank Evanov, Bob Fisk, Doug Goodman, Lois Grabash, Carl Greenfeld, Carol Jablow, Bob Lemke, Robert Lifson, Leon Luckey, Jay Lynch, Gary May, Bruce McCanna, Mark McKernon, Ken Meyer, Dana Mofenson, John Moran, Michael Moran, Anthony Nex, Keith Olbermann, Keith Pennington, Charlie Ramone, Al Richter, Howard Shookhoff, George Vrechek, Rhett Yeakley and Ted Zanidakis. Countless others also provided comments, occasional brickbats, inspiration and pointed me toward new sources. -
Innovations and Value Creation in Major League Baseball, 1860–2000
Innovations and Value Creation in Major League Baseball, 1860–2000 AYA S. CHACAR London Business School WILLIAM HESTERLY University of Utah ‘The one constant through all the years Ray has been Baseball. America has rolled by like an army of steamrollers. It has been erased like a blackboard, rebuilt, and erased again, but baseball has marked the time.’ (Terrance Mann, played by James Earl Jones, in the movie Field of Dreams). ‘I take it as given that markets provide efficiency and innovation. The question then becomes, where would you oppose a market? For example, I oppose a market in professional baseball. I do not care about other sports, but in baseball I value equity and tradition more than efficiency and innovation. I would like to see the cities own the teams, with revenue sharing and no free agency for players. That would lead to team continuity and to fewer advantages for big-market teams. In education, I also value equity. However, in contrast with baseball, I do not dismiss innovation and efficiency. In baseball, if there is no innovation, and the quality of play holds steady, that is acceptable. Not so with education, where I believe that we need progress.’ (Arnold Kling, 2000) Professional sports leagues are important businesses in developed nations. They are also relatively large businesses. In Major League Baseball, for example, both attendance and television revenues have passed the billion-dollar mark, while some franchise values are nearing the same threshold. Moreover, these professional sports leagues have significance beyond economics; they are an important phenomenon from a sociological standpoint as well.