Guide to Thesis Preparation
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Negro League Teams
From the Negro Leagues to the Major Leagues: How and Why Major League Baseball Integrated and the Impact of Racial Integration on Three Negro League Teams. Christopher Frakes Advisor: Dr. Jerome Gillen Thesis submitted to the Honors Program, Saint Peter's College March 28, 2011 Christopher Frakes Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 Chapter 2: Kansas City Monarchs 6 Chapter 3: Homestead Grays 15 Chapter 4: Birmingham Black Barons 24 Chapter 5: Integration 29 Chapter 6: Conclusion 37 Appendix I: Players that played both Negro and Major Leagues 41 Appendix II: Timeline for Integration 45 Bibliography: 47 2 Chapter 1: Introduction From the late 19th century until 1947, Major League Baseball (MLB, the Majors, the Show or the Big Show) was segregated. During those years, African Americans played in the Negro Leagues and were not allowed to play in either the MLB or the minor league affiliates of the Major League teams (the Minor Leagues). The Negro Leagues existed as a separate entity from the Major Leagues and though structured similarly to MLB, the leagues were not equal. The objective of my thesis is to cover how and why MLB integrated and the impact of MLB’s racial integration on three prominent Negro League teams. The thesis will begin with a review of the three Negro League teams that produced the most future Major Leaguers. I will review the rise of those teams to the top of the Negro Leagues and then the decline of each team after its superstar(s) moved over to the Major Leagues when MLB integrated. -
Stated Meeting 9/19/95
SUPPLEMENT TO THE CITY RECORD THE COUNCIL —STATED MEETING OF WEDNESDAY, JUNE 12, 2013 Oh merciful and compassionate God, THE COUNCIL look with compassion on the whole human family. Help us to break down the walls that separate us, unite us in bonds of love and work Minutes of the Proceedings for the through our struggles to accomplish STATED MEETING your purpose on earth that in good time of all people may obtain Wednesday, June 12, 2013, 2:45 p.m. prosperity, justice and happiness. We pray for our city. The President Pro Tempore (Council Member Rivera) We ask you, God, to continue showering Acting Presiding Officer your grace and mercy upon our city. May this great city of New York will remain forever Council Members [a} shining example and beacon of freedom, justice, peace and harmony between its people. Christine C. Quinn, Speaker We as you, God, to protect our city and its inhabitants from any harm, indeed, you are the best protector. Maria del Carmen Arroyo Sara M. Gonzalez James S. Oddo Our Lord, keep and strengthen members of this Council. Charles Barron David G. Greenfield Annabel Palma Take their hands and bless their efforts Gale A. Brewer Daniel J. Halloran III Domenic M. Recchia, Jr. to lead our city better, to overcome any obstacles Fernando Cabrera Vincent M. Ignizio Diana Reyna and challenges laid ahead of us. May their sincere commitment and dedication bear fruits, Margaret S. Chin Robert Jackson Donovan Richards fulfilling hopes and dreams of all New Yorkers. Leroy G. Comrie, Jr. Letitia James Joel Rivera We ask you also, God, to keep our nation Elizabeth S. -
"Electric October" by Kevin Cook
John Kosner Home World U.S. Politics Economy Business Tech Markets Opinion Life & Arts Real Estate WSJ. Magazine Search BOOKS | BOOKSHELF SHARE FACEBOOKThe Salt of the Diamond TWITTERA look back at the 1947 World Series—in which Joe DiMaggio and Jackie Robinson played—focusing on six of its unsung heroes. Edward Kosner reviews ‘Electric October’ by Kevin Cook. EMAIL PERMALINK PHOTO: BETTMANN ARCHIVE By Edward Kosner Sept. 28, 2017 6:33 pm ET SAVE PRINT TEXT 7 Of all sports, baseball lives the most in its past. Those meticulous statistics help, of course. And the fact that, over the years, the game has attracted more gifted writers than any other, from Ring Lardner to John Updike, Robert Coover and Philip Roth. Random baseball moments—not just epic coups like Bobby Thomson’s 1951 “miracle” home run—persist in memory long after they should have evanesced. Kevin Cook’s heartfelt and entertaining “Electric October” is ostensibly about the 1947 World Series between Joe DiMaggio’s Yankees and the Dodgers of Jackie Robinson, Pee Wee Reese and Dixie Walker. The book is really about the lost drama and culture of mid- 20th-century baseball still embedded in the minds of old-timers. A onetime editor at Sports Illustrated, Mr. Cook doesn’t focus on the stars DiMaggio and Robinson. Instead he tells the stories of two baseball lifers—the Yankee manager Bucky Harris and the Dodger skipper Burt Shotton—and four bit players: Yankee journeyman pitcher Bill Bevens and Dodgers pinch hitter Cookie Lavagetto, who broke up Bevens’s no- RECOMMENDED VIDEOS hitter in game four; Al Gionfriddo, a diminutive scrub who kept Brooklyn in the series with NYC Sets Up Traveler- a sensational catch in game six; and George (Snuffy) Stirnweiss, a Yankee infielder who was 1. -
Download The
1 February 15, 2017 Chris Cox, Director of Marketing and Communications Office: (412) 281-0912, ext. 217 Cell: (412) 427-7088 [email protected] Pittsburgh Opera presents the world premiere of The Summer King – the Josh Gibson Story What: World premiere of Daniel Sonenberg’s The Summer King – The Josh Gibson Story. Libretto by Daniel Sonenberg and Daniel Nester, with additional lyrics by Mark Campbell. Where: Benedum Center for the Performing Arts, 237 7th Street, Pittsburgh When: Sat, Apr 29, 2017 * 8:00 PM Tue, May 2, 2017 * 7:00 PM Fri, May 5, 2017 * 7:30 PM Sun, May 7, 2017 * 3:00 PM ALSO: Thursday, May 4th: Student Matinee performance at 10:30 AM Run Time: 2 hours, 12 minutes, including two intermissions Language: Sung in English with English texts projected above the stage Tickets: Tickets start at just $12. Group Discounts available. Call 412-456-6666 for more information or visit pittsburghopera.org/tickets. Media Events Please contact [email protected] for reservations Photo Call (Monday, April 10th , 12:30 PM) – location TBD Full Dress Rehearsal (Thursday, April 27th, 7:00 PM), Benedum Related Events Community Engagement events (February and April) Brown Bag Concert (April 1st) See pages 8- Opera Up Close (April 9th) 11 of this WQED Preview (April 22nd & 28th) release. “Creating an Opera” (April 23rd) Meet the Artists (May 2nd) Audio Commentary (May 2nd) 2425 Liberty Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15222 www.pittsburghopera.org 2 The Summer King – the Josh Gibson Story World Premiere by Daniel Sonenberg Libretto by Daniel Sonenberg and Daniel Nester, with additional lyrics by Mark Campbell Based on the life of baseball Hall of Famer Josh Gibson Sung in English with English texts projected above the stage Concept Drawing of staging by Andrew Lieberman Pittsburgh, PA Pittsburgh Opera’s 2016-17 season concludes with the first world premiere in our illustrious 78-year history. -
Negro Leaguers in Service If They Can Fight and Die on Okinawa and Guadalcanal in the South Pacific, They Can Play Baseball in America
Issue 37 July 2015 Negro Leaguers in Service If they can fight and die on Okinawa and Guadalcanal in the South Pacific, they can play baseball in America. Baseball Commissioner AB "Happy" Chandler This edition of the Baseball in Wartime Newsletter is dedicated to all the African- American baseball players who served with the armed forces during World War II. More than 200 players from baseball’s Negro Leagues entered military service between 1941 and 1945. Some served on the home front, while others were in combat in Europe, North Africa and the Pacific. These were the days of a segregated military and life was never easy for these men, but, for some, playing baseball made the summer days a little more bearable. Willard Brown and Leon Day (the only two black players on the team) helped the OISE All-Stars win the European Theater World Series in 1945, Joe Greene helped the 92nd Infantry Division clinch the Mediterranean Theater championship the same year, Jim Zapp was on championship teams in Hawaii in 1943 and 1944, and Larry Doby, Chuck Harmon, Herb Bracken and Johnny Wright were Midwest Servicemen League all- stars in 1944. Records indicate that no professional players from the Negro Leagues lost their lives in service during WWII, but at least two semi-pro African-American ballplayers made the ultimate sacrifice. Grady Mabry died from wounds in Europe in December 1944, and Aubrey Stewart was executed by German SS troops the same month. With Brown and Day playing for the predominantly white OISE All-Stars, Calvin Medley pitching for the Fleet Marine Force team in Hawaii, and Don Smith pitching alongside former major leaguers for the Greys in England, integrated baseball made its appearance during the war years and quite possibly paved the way for the signing of Jackie Robinson. -
National Pastime a REVIEW of BASEBALL HISTORY
THE National Pastime A REVIEW OF BASEBALL HISTORY CONTENTS The Chicago Cubs' College of Coaches Richard J. Puerzer ................. 3 Dizzy Dean, Brownie for a Day Ronnie Joyner. .................. .. 18 The '62 Mets Keith Olbermann ................ .. 23 Professional Baseball and Football Brian McKenna. ................ •.. 26 Wallace Goldsmith, Sports Cartoonist '.' . Ed Brackett ..................... .. 33 About the Boston Pilgrims Bill Nowlin. ..................... .. 40 Danny Gardella and the Reserve Clause David Mandell, ,................. .. 41 Bringing Home the Bacon Jacob Pomrenke ................. .. 45 "Why, They'll Bet on a Foul Ball" Warren Corbett. ................. .. 54 Clemente's Entry into Organized Baseball Stew Thornley. ................. 61 The Winning Team Rob Edelman. ................... .. 72 Fascinating Aspects About Detroit Tiger Uniform Numbers Herm Krabbenhoft. .............. .. 77 Crossing Red River: Spring Training in Texas Frank Jackson ................... .. 85 The Windowbreakers: The 1947 Giants Steve Treder. .................... .. 92 Marathon Men: Rube and Cy Go the Distance Dan O'Brien .................... .. 95 I'm a Faster Man Than You Are, Heinie Zim Richard A. Smiley. ............... .. 97 Twilight at Ebbets Field Rory Costello 104 Was Roy Cullenbine a Better Batter than Joe DiMaggio? Walter Dunn Tucker 110 The 1945 All-Star Game Bill Nowlin 111 The First Unknown Soldier Bob Bailey 115 This Is Your Sport on Cocaine Steve Beitler 119 Sound BITES Darryl Brock 123 Death in the Ohio State League Craig -
Furillos Grand Slam and Errors Cut Giants' Lead to IV2 Games
Obituaries Sunday fSaf J&jwfte Sport News ** EIGHT PAGES. WASHINGTON, D. C., AUGUST 15, 1954 C * 'I Furillos Grand Slam and Errors Cut Giants' Lead to IV2 Games \ Stewart Fires 65*201 to Lead World' Golf by One Stroke Win, Lose or Draw Toski Second Dodgers Erase By FRANCIS STANN With 202 Total; 5-0 Deficit in IT IS EASIER to subscribe to Col. Harvey Miller’s con- tention that District of Columbia referees are tops after watching Ruby Goldstein handle the Moore-Johnson scrap Mangrum . 204 Winning on TV. After clearly explaining to both fighters and an by i-5 audience of millions that the mandatory Three-Way Struggle eight-second count on a knockdown had ||| Campanula's Hit been waived, Goldstein forgot all about it, |h For SIOO,OOO Prize In Seventh Scores himself, and thoroughly confused everybody IB: Set for Finale when first Moore and later Johnson were l|gP J|l Today Two Decisive Runs dropped. American tennis writers are By Merrell Whittlesey By th* Associated Press hinting that Lew Hoad is in a mood to rebel Star Staff Correspondent Aug. | yj|- IE—WMMSEmd BROOKLYN. 14 —Carl against Harry Hopman, overseer of the CHICAGO, Aug. 14.—Tomor- nr /rag g§! Furillo’s grand-slam home run row’s the day when '-: ' ' : Australian Davis Cup stars. ... At Newport somebody in the sixth inning and two gift will be last week Hopman reportedly fined young faced with making a putt runs that scored on Roy Cam- Ms for $50,000 and option Hoad twice, once for lacking a clean shave H an on pahella’s seventh-inning single another SIOO,OOO in this richest boosted Brooklyn into a 6-5 vic- and again for banging his racket in exas- HBL|i of all golf tournaments. -
Washington, D.C. Major League Baseball Park Site
W ASHINGTON, D.C. MAJOR L EAGUE B ASEBALL P ARK S ITE E VALUATION P ROJECT S UBMITTED T O : The D.C. Sports and Entertainment Commission The D.C. Office of the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development The Washington Baseball Club, L.L.C. S UBMITTED B Y : Brailsford & Dunlavey Project Management Sports Facility Planning Project Finance Ehrenkrantz Eckstut & Kuhn Urban Design Heinlein Schrock Stearns Sports Architecture Jair Lynch Companies Real Estate Consulting Gorove / Slade Associates Transportation Planning Justice & Sustainability Public Outreach November 6, 2002 D.C. MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL PARK SITE EVALUATION PROJECT T ABLE OF C ONTENTS I NTRODUCTION E XECUTIVE S UMMARY I. WASHINGTON, D.C. IN THE 21ST C ENTURY: A DYNAMIC C ITY P RIMED FOR B ASEBALL 5 II. BASEBALL P ARK P LANNING P RINCIPLES: THE E LEMENTS OF S UCCESS IN AN U RBAN S ETTING 13 III. BASEBALL P ARK P ROGRAM: STATE OF THE A RT, TAILORED TO THE M ARKET 25 IV. SITE E VALUATION P ROCESS: COMPREHENSIVE, OPEN P LANNING A PPROACH 29 V. RECOMMENDED S ITES: FIVE U NIQUE O PPORTUNITIES FOR AN OUTSTANDING V ENUE 33 VI. PROJECT E CONOMICS: A FEASIBLE P UBLIC-PRIVATE P ARTNERSHIP 61 VII. CONCLUSION: THE T IME FOR A D IALOGUE 69 BRAILSFORD & DUNLAVEY Ehrenkrantz Eckstut & Kuhn Architects D.C. MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL PARK SITE EVALUATION PROJECT Image provided by Frank Ceresi, Images of Baseball in Washington, DC, www.fcassociates.com. Swampoodle Grounds, c. 1888. View of the Washington Nationals playing the Chicago White Stockings at the old Swampoodle Grounds on the site of the current Union Station. -
Bill Gabler, “3 Strikes 3 Times” ©Diamondsinthedusk.Com
Bill Gabler, “3 Strikes 3 Times” ©DiamondsintheDusk.com What do Don Erickson, Ralph Mauriello and Bill Gabler’s Major League Debut September 16, 1958 Johnny Klippstein have in common? Chicago Cubs vs. Philadelphia Phillies Each of them strike out Bill Gabler in his only three major league at bats during his brief stay with the Chicago Cubs at the end of the 1958 season. Gabler’s Eight Days in September, 1958 September 13 - Gabler is hitting .270 with 23 home runs and 90 RBIs for the Fort Worth Cats when he is named to the Texas League All-Star team. September 14 - After eight years in the minors, Gabler is one of five players from the pennant- winning Cats to have his contract purchased by Bill Gabler the Chicago Cubs ... the National League team 1958 Chicago Cubs purchases the contracts of Gabler and outfielder Chick King, and exercises its options on outfield- ers Bob Will, Frank Ernaga and infielder Jerry Kindall. Two years earlier, Will and Ernaga, both playing for Tulsa, are involved in one of the most unusal plays in Texas League history … in a game against Houston, opposing pitcher Bill Greason hits a fly ball to Ernaga in left field when the ball strikes a bird flying overhead … Ernaga catches the ball before it hits the ground and Will, play- ing centerfield, grabs the plumenting bird ... Houston manager Harry “The Hat” Walker protests that the bird should be considered a “foreign” object and that the ball can’t be legally caught … since no passport or visa papers were found on the bird, the umpires rule that Ernaga’s catch is legal. -
Cabrera, Lorenzo 1941-1943 Club Contramaestre (Cuba)
Cabrera, Lorenzo 1941-1943 Club Contramaestre (Cuba) (Chiquitin) 1944-1945 Regia de la Liga de Verano 1946-1948 New York Cubans (NNL) 1949-1950 New York Cubans (NAL) 1950 Mexico City (Mexican League) (D) 1951 Oakland Oaks (PCL) 1951 Ottawa (IL) 1951 Club Aragua (Mexican Pacific Coast League) 1952 El Escogido (Dominican Summer League) 1953 Aguilas Cibaenas (Dominican Summer League) 1954 Del Rio (Big State League) 1955 Port Arthur (Big State League) 1956 Tijuana-Nogales (Arizona-Mexico League) 1956 Mexico City Reds (Mexican League) 1957 Combinado (Nicaraguan League) 1957 Granada (Nicaraguan League) Winter Leagues: 1942-1943 Almendares (Cuba) 1946-1947 Marianao (Cuba) 1947-1948 Marianao (Cuba) 1948-1949 Marianao (Cuba) 1949-1950 Marianao (Cuba) 1950-1951 Marianao (Cuba) 1951 Habana (Caribbean World Series - Caracas) (Second Place with a 4-2 Record) 1951-1952 Marianao (Cuba) 1952-1953 Marianao (Cuba) 1953 Cuban All Star Team (American Series - Habana, Cuba) (Cuban All Stars vs Pittsburgh Pirates) (Pirates won series 6 games to 4) 1953-1954 Havana (Cuba) 1953-1954 Marianao (Cuba) 1954-1955 Cienfuegos (Cuba) 1955-1956 Cienfuegos (Cuba) Verano League Batting Title: (1944 - Hit .362) Mexican League Batting Title: (1950 - Hit .354) Caribbean World Series Batting Title: (1951 - Hit .619) (All-time Record) Cuban League All Star Team: (1950-51 and 1952-53) Nicaraguan League Batting Title (1957 – Hit .376) Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame (1985) 59 Caffie, Joseph Clifford (Joe) 1950 Cleveland Buckeyes (NAL) 1950 Signed by Cleveland Indians (MLBB) 1951 Duluth Dukes (Northern League) 1951 Harrisburg Senators (Interstate League) 1952 Duluth Dukes (Northern League) 1953 Indianapolis Indians (AA) 1953 Reading Indians (Eastern League) 1954-1955 Indianapolis Indians (AA) 1955 Syracuse Chiefs (IL) 1956 Buffalo Bisons (IL) 1956 Cleveland Indians (ML) 1956 San Diego Padres (PCL) 1957 Buffalo Bisons (IL) 1957 Cleveland Indians (ML) 1958-1959 Buffalo Bisons (IL) 1959 St. -
Death of ^Taft ^Tragic Loss
•rr . •■ ‘^- »' f fcV ■■■■'■■ .H;. ‘THURSDAY, JULY M, i m ATgg^||g ^ ij[_ N o t T r O M lo o a a a a ^ W A ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ eL A A ^ A.. ^ A ■ H w W flg tlM r -JBtuidifstet ‘^<4ii^gli-Ugg- .VdHMflto at P..4h.-ingilif<J|WW!Gj T i> * ^ ■■Jt< ' <gnr. aaal toaligt. t o r gfeSiF' 1 0 , 6 1 5 2 ll)lu n ii}irja ilTL Iw U JrX IU I^ 2 ^ 4 'iU li M. ghfardajr mmmf, Um fe#; S^' About Town M m eheeisr^A Ciiy of VUIggo Chmrm * ..IH Marton jMMmsn, ch)l> flren'i Ubnriaa at tha Mary C3w> ney library, la leaving tomorrow AdvacOMag an Paga U ) for a woak’a tHp on Um Saguenay VOL. L x m , NO. SM (FOUSTBBN PA6B8) MANCHESTER, 00NN„ FRIDAY, JULY 11, I tU PRICE nVE CENT! lUvar, Province M Quebec, Oaa> EVENING ■ 1. ' f A aon waa bom July 3T at the Hartford Hoapital to Mr. and Mm. CheaUr Kenney, 33 Bratton road, and a aon waa bora July S3 at the St. Prancia Hoapital to Mr. and Mrs. Bdwatd Make, 33 Walla atraet Tha Italiah-Amerlcan Club will hold iU monthly meeting Sunday afternoon at 4 o'clock at the club a ir house. AU membem are requeated to attend this important meeting. Sen. Robert A. Taft Dies conditioned . Janet- 'Anderaon, -tS - Hdgeiton street, yesterday joined the WAPS and has gone to Lackland Air At Deathbed EVERTTHINO FOR LAZT, LOVELY Porce Base, San Antonio, Testaa, At MALE’S Self Serve and Meat Dept. -
“Play-Off Championship” Series
“Play-Off Championship” Series The schedules for most Negro League seasons were played in two halves with a winner being declared for each half of the season. If different teams each won one half of the season or if the season ended in a dispute over who should be crowned the “league” champion, a Play-Off Series was held. It is important not to confuse a Play-Off Series with a Colored Championship Series or the Negro League World Series. The Play-Off Series was played between teams from the same formalized league. Many if not most Colored Championship Series were played between two self appointed teams, while the Negro League World Series was played against the champions from two different formalized leagues. From 1924 to 1927 the Negro League World Series was a post season championship series that was played between the Negro National League champions and the Eastern Colored League (ECL) champions. Then in latter years, there was also a Negro League World Series played from 1942 to 1948 when the champions of the Negro American League (NAL) met the champions of the Negro National League (NNL). “Play-Off Championship” Series (Summaries) 1941 Homestead Grays vs New York Cubans (Negro National League) The Homestead Grays won the first half of the Negro National League season and the New York Cubans won the second half. Neither team however had the best regular season record. The Baltimore Elite Giants actually had the best overall won-loss record for the season at 36-21 (.632). Homestead finished with the second best record at 34-25 (.576) and the New York Cubans were a distant fourth with a loosing record of 19-21 (.475).