Issue Date: 13-01-2018 Zone: UKPB Desk: International Output on: 11-01-2018----09:08 Page: IR1 Revision: 0

International The Economist January 13th 2018 53

Teenagers’ behaviour adulthood. Jean Twenge, a psychologist at San Diego State University in California, The youth of today has shown that the proportion of Ameri- cans aged 20-24 who report having no sex- ual partner since the age of 18 rose from 6.3% for the cohort born in the late 1960s to LOS ANGELES 15.2% for those born in the early 1990s. Ja- pan is a more extreme case. In 2015, 47% of Young people in rich countries are betterbehaved and less hedonistic than in the unmarried 20- to 24-year-old Japanese past, but also more isolated men said they had never had sex with a T THE gates ofSanta Monica College, in Now it is the other way round. woman, up from 34% in 2002. ALos Angeles, a young man with a Otherdrugs are also fallingfrom favour. In short, young people are less hedonis- skateboard is hanging out near a group of Surveys by the European Monitoring Cen- tic and break fewer rules than in the past. people who are smoking marijuana in tre for Drugs and Drug Addiction show They are “kind of boring”, says Shoko Yo- view of the campus police. His head is that the proportion of 15- to 16-year-olds neyama, an expert on Japanese teenagers clouded, too—but with worry, not weed. who have tried cigarettes has been falling at the University of Adelaide. What is go- He fretsabouthisstudentloansand the dif- since 1999. A rising proportion ofteenagers ing on? ficulty offinding a job, even fearing that he have never tried anything mind-altering, might end up homeless. “Not to sound in- including alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, in- They tuck you up tense,” he adds, but robots are taking work halants and sedatives. The proportion of One possible explanation is that family life from humans. He neither smokes nor complete abstainers rose from 11% to 31% in haschanged. Astudyof11countriesbyGiu- drinks much. The stigma against such Sweden between 2003 and 2015, and from lia Dotti Sani and Judith Treas, two aca- things is stronger than it was for his par- 23% to an astounding 61% in Iceland. In demics, found that parents spend much ents’ generation, he explains. America, all illicit drugs except marijuana more time on child care. In America, the Young people are indeed behaving and (which is not illicit everywhere) have be- average parent spent 88 minutes a day pri- thinking differently from previous cohorts come less popular. Mercifully, the decline marily looking after children in 2012—up at the same age. These shifts can be seen in in teenage opioid use is especially steep. from 41 minutes in 1965. Fathers have almosteveryrich country, from America to Nor are young people harming each upped their child-care hours most in pro- the Netherlands to South Korea. Some other as much as they used to. Fighting portional terms, though they still do much have been under way for many years, but among 13- and 15-year-olds is down across less than mothers. Because families are they have accelerated in the past few. Not Europe. Juvenile crime and anti-social be- smaller, the hours are spread across fewer all ofthem are benign. haviour have dropped in England and offspring. Perhaps the most obvious change is Wales, and with them the number of juve- Those doted-upon children seem to that teenagers are getting drunk less often nile convicts. In 2007 almost 3,000 young have turned into amenable teenagers. In (see chart 1 on next page). They start drink- people were in custody; by 2016 the num- 28 out of 34 rich countries surveyed by the ing later: the average age at which young ber was below1,000. World Health Organisation, the propor- Australians first try alcohol has risen from Teenagers are also havingless sex, espe- tion of 15-year-old boys who said they 14.4 to 16.1 since 1998. And even when they ciallyofthe procreative kind. In 1991, 54% of found it easy to talkto their fathers rose be- start, they sip rather than chug. In Britain, American teenagers in grades nine to 12 tween 2001-02 and 2013-14. Girls found it where a fifth of 16- to 24-year-olds do not (ages 14-18) reported that they were sexual- easier to talk to their fathers in 29 out of 34 drinkat all, the numberofpubs is falling by ly experienced, and 19% claimed to have countries. The trend for mothers is similar about 1,000 a year, and nightclubs are far- had sex with at least four partners. In 2015 butlessstrong. And even teenagerswho do ing even worse. In the past young people those proportions were 41% and 12%. not talk to their parents seem to listen to went out for a drink and perhaps had America’s teenage birth rate crashed by them. Dutch surveys show that teenagers something to eat at the same time, says two-thirds during the same period. As have come to feel more pressure from their Kate Nicholls, head of the Association of with alcohol, the abstention from sex parents not to drink. That is probably the Licensed Multiple Retailers, a trade group. seems to be carrying through into early main reason for the decline in youthful 1 Issue Date: 13-01-2018 Zone: UKPB Desk: International Output on: 11-01-2018----09:08 Page: IR2 Revision: 0

54 International The Economist January 13th 2018

2 carousing since 2003. emotional connections with their friends, Another possibility is that teenagers Lonely in a crowd 2 which are built on non-verbal cues as well and young people are more focused on “I make friends easily at school” as verbal ones. Ms Wasson believes that school and academic work. Across the % of students* agreeing social media widen the gap between how OECD club of rich countries, the share of 95 teenagers feel about themselves and what 25- to 34-year-olds with a tertiary degree Britain they think their friends want them to be. rose from 26% to 43% between 2000 and Canada 90 Online, everybody else is always happy, France 2016. A larger proportion of teenagers be- Poland good-looking and at a party. lieve they will go on to university. 85 Technology also enhances surveil- Netherlands Asa result, theymaybe stayingat home lance. Parents track their children’s phones South 80 more. Mike Roe, who runs a drop-in youth Korea and text frequently to ask where they are. club in Brighton, in southern England, says Sweden Benjamin Pollack, a student at the Univer- that ten or 15 years ago clubs like his often 75 sityofPennsylvania, remembersattending used to stay open until 11pm on school Germany a camp in Israel when he was in high nights. That is now regarded as too late. 70 school. He communicated with hismother Japan Oddly, though, teenagers are not necessar- every day, using Facebook Messenger and ily filling their evenings with useful work. 65 other tools. As it happens, his mother had Between 2003 and 2012, the amount of attended the same camp when she was a 2003 2015 time 15-year-olds spent doing homework teenager. She contacted her own mother Source: PISA *15-year-olds fell by an hour a week across the OECD, to twice in eight weeks. just under five hours. Worries about teenagers texting and Meanwhile paid work is collapsing. In drinking is rarest in London, where immi- playing computer games too much (and, 2016 just 43% of American 16- to 19-year- grants cluster. before that, watching too much television) olds were working in July, during the sum- Finally, technology has probably have largely given way to worries about mer holidays—down from 65% two de- changed people’sbehaviour. Teenagersare smartphones and social media. Last No- cades earlier. The retreat from lifeguarding heavy internet users, the more so as they vember Chamath Palihapitiya, formerly a and burger-flipping worries some Ameri- acquire smartphones. By their own ac- Facebook executive, said that his children cans, including Ben Sasse, a senator from count, 15-year-olds in OECD countries were “not allowed to use that shit”. But Nebraska, who argues that boring paid spent 146 minutes a day online on week- strong evidence that technology is rewir- work builds character and resilience. Teen- nights in 2015, up from 105 minutes in 2012. ing teenagers’ minds is so far lacking. agers are no fools, however. The average 16- Chileans lead the rich world, putting in an American and British data show that, al- to 19-year-old American worker earned average of 195 minutes on weekdays and though heavy internet use is associated $9.20 an hour in 2016. Though an improve- 230 minutes on weekend days. with unhappiness, the correlation is weak. ment on previous years, that is a pittance Social media allow teenagers’ craving One paper on Britain by Andrew Przybyl- next to the cost of university tuition or the for contact with peers to be squared with ski and Netta Weinstein suggests that large and growing wage differential be- parents’ desire to keep their offspring safe heavy computer and smartphone use low- tween professional-level jobs and the rest. and away from harmful substances. In er adolescents’ mood much less than skip- The fall in summer working has been mir- America, surveys known as Monitoring ping breakfast or skimping on sleep. rored by a rise in summer studying. the Future have recorded a decline in unsu- Ann Hagell, a British adolescent psy- pervised hanging-out, which has been es- Sufficient unto the day chologist, suggests another explanation. pecially sharp since 2012. Teenagers who Still, somethingis up. Whetherit is a conse- Today’s young people in Western coun- communicate largely online can exchange quence of phones, intrusive parenting, an tries are increasingly ethnically diverse. gossip, insults and nude pictures, but not obsessive focus on future job prospects or Britain, for example, has received large bodily fluids, blows, or bottles ofvodka. something else entirely, teenagers seem flows of immigrants from Africa, south The digital trade-off comes at a cost. So- lonelier than in the past. The OECD’s PISA Asia and eastern Europe. Many of those phie Wasson, a psychologist at Harvard- surveys show that the share of15-year-olds immigrants arrive with strong taboos Westlake, a private high school in Los An- who say they make friends easily at school against drinking, premarital sex and smok- geles, says that some teenagers seem to use has dropped in almost every country (see ing—at least among girls—and think that social media as an alternative to face-to- chart 2). Some Western countries are be- only paupers send their children out to face communication. In doingso, they pass ginningto looklike Japan and South Korea, work. Ms Hagell points out that teenage up some opportunities to develop deep which struggle with a more extreme kind of social isolation in which young people become virtual hermits. Teen angels 1 Perhaps they will get round to close Behaviour and attitudes of 15-year-olds England Germany friendships in time. One way of thinking Average of boys and girls, % of total Canada France Netherlands about the differences between the youth Have been drunk at least twice Have had sex Find it easy to talk to fathers of today and yesterday is that today’s lot 60 60 90 are taking it slow. They are slow to drink, have sex and earn money. They will also 50 50 80 probably be slow to leave home, get mar- 70 40 40 ried and have children. What looks to old- 60 30 30 er generations like indolence and a reluc- 50 20 20 tance to grow up might be, at least in part, a 40 response to medical developments. Babies 10 10 30 born today in a rich country can expect to 0 0 live for at least 80 years. Goodness knows 1997 2001 05 09 13 2001 05 09 13 2001 05 09 13 at what age they will be entitled to state -98 -02 -06 -10 -14 -02 -06 -10 -14 -02 -06 -10 -14 pensions. Today’s young people have all Source: WHO, Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study *Average of boys and girls †England only the time in the world. 7 Reproduced with permission of copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.