Lieder, totalitarianism, and the Bund deutscher Madel: girls' political coercion through song. Rachel Jane Anderson Faculty ofMusic Department ofTheory McGill University, Montreal July 2002 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment ofthe requirements ofthe degree ofMaster's ofArts (Musicology). © Rachel Jane Anderson, 2002. 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Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou aturement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Canada Lieder, totalitarianism, and the Bund deutscher Madel: girls' political coercion through song The Bund deutscher Madel (BdM), a Nazi youth organization for girls, was sponsored, organized, and promoted by AdolfHitler's National Socialist Party. The BdM instilled values and beliefs ofNational Socialism in German girls, and encouraged attitudes and behavior in them that harmonized with Party views on womanhood. Political indoctrination for girls often came through music -- especially song. Musical repertoire ofthe BdMstrongly interconnects with the organization's development, internaI structure and political philosophies. My thesis analyses the relations between music, the BdM, National Socialism, and gender. Historical perspectives are documented to clarify the function and intention of the BdM, including its politics and philosophy, its activities designed to foster 'natural' gender roles, and its emerging supremacy over other right-wing youth movements in Nazi Germany. My thesis then examines conceptions of 'natural' gender roles for girls and women in Nazi society and how these role expectations are covertly and overtly embedded in the official music book ofthe BdM, entitled Wir Madel singen! To illustrate this relationship between music, politics, and gender expectations, ten songs from Wir Madel singen! are analyzed in detai1. Lieder, totalitarianisme et le Bund deutscher Madel: la contrainte politique de filles par le chant Le Bunddeutscher Madel, une organization de jeunes filles nazis, a été parrainée, organisée et promue par le parti national-socialiste d'AdolfHitler. Le BdM inculquait les valeurs et les croyances du national-socialisme aux jeunes Allemandes et encouragait chez elles des attitudes et les comportments qui concordaient avec les perspectives du parti sur la femme. L'endoctrinement politique des filles passait souvent par la musique, et surtout le chant. Le repertoire musical du BdM était étroitment lié al'évolution, à la structure interne et à la philosophie politique de l'organisation. Ma thèse porte sur les rapports entre la musique, le BdM, le national-socialisme et les rôles des sexes. Des perspectives historiques sont présentées afin de cerner les functions et les objectifs du BdM, y compris ses caractéristiques politiques et philosophiques, ses activités visant à renforcer les rôles naturels des homes et des femmes, et sa suprématie par rapport aux autres mouvements de droite qui s'adressaient aux jeunes de l'Allemagne nazi. Ma thèse traite ensuite du rapport entre la conception nazie des rôles naturels des filles et des femmes dans la société et la façon dont cette conception était ancrée, ouvertement ou non, dans Wir Madel singent, livre de musique officiel du BdM. Affin d'illustrer ces rapports entre la musique, la politique et la conception des rôles masculins et féminins, la thèse presente une analyse détailée de dix chansons extraites de Wir Madel singent. Acknowledgments Many people have helped me throughout the process ofresearching music in the Bund deutscher Madel. 1would like to specificaHy thank the foHowing people: Dr. David Peter Coppen, Head ofthe Sibley Music Library at Eastman University; Amy Wlodarski, PhD Candidate at Eastman University; Dr. Paul Helmer ofMcGill University; the Interlibrary Loans Staffat McLennan Library, McGill University; Frauke Jurgensen, PhD Candidate at McGill University; Mrs. Rühmling, Mrs. Schleiermacher, and aH others who spoke with me from the German Club ofMontreal; and John Statham. A special thank you must be extended to my advisor, Dr. Tamara Levitz of McGill University, who pointed me to new sources, corrected my translations, and provided endless encouragement and support with this difficult and elusive topic. 1 would also like to acknowledge Professor Richard Burleson ofthe University of Manitoba, who first encouraged my interest in the music ofNational Socialism. Lastly, 1 would like to thank my husband Dennis Hill, who has heard me talk about this for a year, helped me in every conceivable way, and seen me through sorne exciting, trying, and downright inexplicable times. Table of Contents Abstracts Title Page Acknowledgements Table ofContents List ofIllustrations Introduction 1 Chapter One: 3 Background 3 Chapter Two: 12 BdM Organization 12 Leadership 14 Membership 16 Ideology 20 National Socialist Education 22 Separation ofthe Sexes 23 Chapter Three: 28 Strength; Sports; Beauty 28 BdM Work for the State 29 BdM and Expansion to the East 31 Public Profile ofthe BdM 34 Chapter Four: 35 Music in BdM Celebrations 35 Music as Expression of Volksgemeinschaft 37 Music, Children, and State Intentions 39 BdM; 'Blood and Soil'; Music 40 BdM Music: Celebrating Bonds ofCommunity and Womanhood 42 Chapter Five: 47 Official BdM Repertoire: Wir Madel singent 47 Song Analyses 49 Hohe Nacht der klaren Sterne 49 Tanz rüber, tanz nüber 52 Eine Flamme ward gegeben 56 Emtelied 62 Alle stehen wir verbunden 67 Kein schoner Land in dieser Zeit 69 Wanderlied der Jugend 71 Auf, dujunger Wandersmann 74 In den Ostwind hebt die Fahnen 78 Volk, ans Gewehr! 81 Conclusion 90 Bibliography 92 List of Illustrations Hohe Nacht der klaren Sterne 50 Tanz rüber, tanz nüber 53 Eine Flamme ward gegeben 57 Erntelied 63 Alle stehen wir verbunden 67 Kein schoner Land in dieser Zeit 70 Wanderlied der Jugend 73 Auf, dujunger Wandersmann 75 In den Ostwind hebt die Fahnen 78 Volk, ans Gewehr! 83-5 1 Introduction: Between 1933 and 1945, Adolf Hitler's National Socialist Party sponsored, organized, and promoted the Bund deutscher Madel, a Nazi youth organization for girls. During this time, the Bund deutscher Madel sought to instill the values and beliefs of National Socialism in them, including strict instruction about the "essence" offemininity as being separate from masculinity. This dualist perspective became impressed upon girls in the Bunddeutscher Madel through gendered education and work. In both subtle and obvious ways, these guided experiences perpetuated attitudes and behavior in young German girls that harmonized with Party views on womanhood. A common path to political indoctrination for and about girls came through music -- in particular, through the medium ofsong. Musical repertoire ofthe Bunddeutscher Madel strongly interconnects with the organization's development, internaI structure and political philosophies. My thesis will begin with a sketch ofchanging politics and society in Germany at the turn ofthe twentieth century that gave rise to the Wandervogel movement. This early youth movement merits discussion for two reasons: their community values paralleled the Bund deutscher Madel in significant ways, and its folk music repertoire survived the movement itselfto both influence and become a part ofthe organizational identity ofthe Bund deutscher Madel. 1will also enumerate the 1920s predecessors ofthe Bund deutscher Madel that embraced the political right in the aftermath ofthe Versailles Treaty. The second part ofmy thesis will examine the emerging supremacy ofthe Bund deutscher Madel over other right-wing youth movements. Its development, consolidation, and organization will be detailed. Proclamations by Nazi leaders regarding gendered 2 notions ofwork, recreation, and education will frequently buttress my analysis ofthe Bund deutscher Madel, and later prove to be indispensable in understanding the group's choice ofmusical inventory. Last, but not least, the final sections ofmy thesis will present assertions by various Nazi music leaders about the values and importance ofmusic for indoctrinating girls in the Bund deutscher Madel. Their statements about music provide a pivotaI link between generalized Party proclamations about girls' roles in National Socialism, and Bund deutscher Madel song selections. Using the official Bund deutscher Madel songbook entitled WirMadel singent, 1will select ten examples to detail relations between text and music, taking into account analyses ofkeys, meters, melodic ranges, tempi and text settings. Close examination ofthese songs