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The Biology and Management of Wild Helmeted Guineafowl (Numidameleagris Galeata Pallas) Inth E Waza Region of North Cameroon Hanson Langmia Njiforti

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The Biology and Management of Wild Helmeted Guineafowl (Numidameleagris Galeata Pallas) Inth E Waza Region of North Cameroon Hanson Langmia Njiforti 39 MAG NN08200 40946 1997-09-08 Hanson Langmia Njiforti The Biology and Management of Wild Helmeted Guineafowl (Numidameleagris galeata Pallas) in the Waza Region of North Cameroon Hanson Langmia Njiforti The Biology and Management of Wild Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) in the Waza Region of North Cameroon PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van de Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, dr. C.M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 24 september 1997 des namiddags te 13.30 uur in de Aula. Propositions for the dissertation of Hanson Langmia Njiforti The Biology and Management of Wild Helmeted Guineafowl (Numidameleagris galeata Pallas) in the Waza Region of North Cameroon 1. Pares (1963) and Szabo and Bankay (1974) observed that eggproductio n in guineafowl could drop bya smuc h as2 0t o 30% after their first layingseason , but the Waza guineafowl just does the opposite. Their egg production increases after the first layingseaso n (thisthesis) . 2. Guineafowl are reckoned to be poor mothers (Farkas 1965), and this may explainwh ythe y hatch manykeet s (youngguineafowl) . Somekeet swil l thus still survive after many arekille d through bad motherhood. 3. Guineafowl lookver ysluggis ha t afirs t glancebu t are more clever than they look. One hast o try to catch them to know this fact (thisthesis) . 4. Although localparticipatio n in the design and implementation of conserva­ tion projects issai d to be aprerequisit e for conservation projects, it isno t a magicoptio n for project success,an d might needst o becomplemente d with other policymeasures . 5. In most parts of Cameroon, cultural taboos appear to be more effective as a conservation tool than policy by gameguards . 6. It appearstha t peopleappreciat eth evalu eo f resources mostly when they are gone.Thi sma yexplai nwh ypeopl e indevelope d countries arever y sensitive toenvironmenta l problems.Mos t ofth e Africans who arestil l lucky to have abundant natural resources might only realise the importance of nature conservation when most of these resources arecompletel y depleted through over exploitation. 7. Someloca lcommunitie s inAfric a areles sharmfu l tothei r environment than asserted bysom escientists .I f all local communities were area ldange r to the environment, we would have no natural resources left to be able to create protected areas in Africa today. 8. Local people and their environment form a complex system which has developed overhundred so fyear si n responset oenvironmenta l changes.An y abrupt change imposed by outsiders into this complex system might have disastrous result. 9. Nobodywil lpractis eeffectiv e conservation of natural resourceso n an empty stomach. 10. Inviting a Cameroonian friend on his first visit to Europe for adrin k and askinghi mt o payfo r his,i sa sshockin gt o him asi twil l bet o awhit e friend who on afirst visi t to Africa isaske d to become apolygamist . Contents Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii General Summary and Outline of Thesis xv Samenvatting xvii Chapter 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 Present conservation problems in Africa and in Cameroon 1 1.2 General ecological background 5 1.2.1 Population dynamics 5 1.2.2 The key factor analysis theory and its importance to wildlife management 6 References 7 Chapter 2 Preferences and Present Demand for Bushmeat in North Cameroon: Some Implications for Wildlife Conservation 9 {reprintfrom: H.L.Njifort i (1996) Environmental Conservation 23(2) : 149-155) Summary 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Methods 11 2.2.1 Study area and population characteristics 11 2.2.2 The survey design 12 2.3 Results 14 2.3.1 Meat consumption and preference 15 2.3.2 Perceived trend in wild animals population and quantity of bushmeat consumed 17 vj thebiolog y andmanagemen t of wild helmeted guineafowl 2.4 Discussion 20 2.4.1 Wildlife conservation measures 21 References 23 Chapter 3 Density, Habitat Distribution andth e Effect of Human Activities on the Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) in theWaz a Region of North Cameroon 25 (H.L.Njiforti , Bird ConservationInternational, submitted) Summary 25 3.1 Introduction 26 3.2 Methods 26 3.2.1 The study area 26 3.2.2 Bird population density and trend 29 3.2.3 Habitat type and bird density 32 3.2.4 Effect of human pressure (edge effect) 33 3.3 Results 33 3.3.1 Probability of sighting birds during census 33 3.3.2 Density and density variations 33 3.3.3 Habitat distribution 36 3.3.4 Human pressure 37 3.4 Discussion 37 References 39 Chapter 4 Diet ofth e Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) inth eWaz a Region of North Cameroon 41 (H.L.Njiforti , L.Hebe o andA . Bodenkamp,African Journal of Ecology, i npress ) Summary 41 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Methods 42 4.2.1 Thestud y area 42 4.2.2 Crop contents 44 4.2.3 Food correction-factor 44 4.2.4 Food selection from field observation 45 4.2.5 Influence of mineral andwate r content on food selection 45 4.3 Results 46 4.3.1 Crop contents 46 4.3.2 Food correction-factor 46 contents vii 4.3.3 Food selection from field observation 48 4.3.4 Influence of mineral andwate r content on food selection 48 4.4 Discussion 50 References 53 Chapter 5 The Breeding Performance of Wild Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) inth eWaz a National Park, North Cameroon 55 (H.L.Njiforti , AfricanJournal of Ecology, submitted) Summary 55 5.1 Introduction 55 5.2 Methods 57 5.2.1 The study area 57 5.2.2 Data collection 58 5.3 Results 61 5.3.1 Start of breeding and clutch size 61 5.3.2 Causes of nest loss 61 5.3.3 Re-nesting 62 5.3.4 Nest survival 63 5.3.5 Influence of food availability 64 5.3.6 Influence of rainfall 66 5.4 Discussion 66 References 68 Chapter 6 Estimation of Annual Survival Rate of Wild Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata) in North Cameroon by the Mark-resighting Method 73 (H.L.Njiforti , Bird Conservation International, submitted) Summary 73 6.1 Introduction 74 6.2 Method 76 6.2.1 Calculation of survival rate 76 6.2.2 The study species 77 6.2.3 Catching and tagging 78 6.3 Results 80 6.3.1 Ring loss 80 6.3.2 Mortality 80 vjjj the biology and management of wild helmeted guineafowl 6.4 Discussion °1 References " Chapter 7 Home Range Size and Dispersion in the Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) of the Waza National Park, Cameroon 85 (H.L. Njiforti,African Journal of Ecology, in press) Summary 85 7.1 Introduction 86 7.1.1 Theoretical considerations 86 7.2 Material and methods 87 7.2.1 Study area 87 7.2.2 Catching, tagging, and tracking 87 7.3 Results 88 7.3.1 Group size 88 7.3.2 Home range 90 7.3.3 Emigration 90 7.3.4 Influence of group size,ag e and weight on emigration 90 7.4 Discussion 92 References 93 Chapter 8 A Model for Estimating Sustained Yield in the Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) 95 8.1 Introduction 95 8.2 Methods / 97 8.2.1 Explanation of variables used in the model 97 8.2.2 Assumptions in the model 98 8.2.3 Estimation of population parameters 98 8.2.4 Estimation of mean annual population size 100 8.3 Results 102 8.3.1 Changes in the values of r and sustained yield with nest density 102 8.4 Discussion 106 8.5 Conclusion 109 References 109 contents ix Chapter 9 Guideline for Setting up of a Community Wildlife Association for the Management and Harvesting of Guineafowl in the Waza Region, Cameroon 111 9.1 Introduction 111 9.2 Special requirements for the success of a Community Wildlife Association 112 9.2.1 National issues 112 9.2.2 Economic issues 113 9.2.3 Organisational issues 114 9.2.4 Ecological issues 116 9.2.5 Institutional issues 117 9.2.6 Educational issues 117 9.3 Community Wildlife Association: the Waza guineafowl case 119 9.3.1 The Waza region 119 9.3.2 Questions that needed to be answered 120 9.3.3 Methodology 122 9.3.4 Results 123 9.4 The proposed village guineafowl hunting zone and possible structures for a Community Wildlife Association for running it 125 9.4.1 Organisation of villages in a Community Wildlife Association for the management and harvesting of guineafowl in the hunting zone 126 9.4.2 Funding of the associations 129 9.5 Discussion and conclusions 129 References 131 Curriculum Vitae 133 Preface Thisthesi si sa compilatio n of published and submitted articles. Together, these articles demonstrated some of the ecological, economic and sociological pro­ cessestha t must beaddresse d for the sustainable use of awildlif e species (guinea- fowl, Numida meleagrisgaleata Pallas in this case). It isth e result of both field work and laboratory analysis in the Centre for Environmental Studies and Development in Cameroon (CEDC).Thi s centre's major objectives are conservation and sustainable exploitation of natural resources and it isa result of a cooperative agreement between the ex-Ministry of Higher Education, Computer Services and Scientific Research (ex-MESIRES) in Cameroon and the Leiden University (RUL) in the Netherlands. CEDC has been investigating possibilities of reducing human pressure on wildlife in protected areaso f north Cameroon through the provision of alternative sources of wildlife income and proteins (e.g.
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