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Economia Della Palestina E Sionismo Nel Pensiero Di Riccardo Bachi

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Economia Della Palestina E Sionismo Nel Pensiero Di Riccardo Bachi ECONOMIA DELLA PALESTINA E SIONISMO NEL PENSIERO DI RICCARDO BACHI LETIZIA PAGLIAI * GIOVANNI PAVANELLI * SOMMARIO - Riccardo Bachi è stato uno dei più autorevoli e fecondi studiosi di statistica ed economia applicata in Italia fra le due guerre. Di famiglia israelita, egli fu anche appassionato cultore, dagli anni venti, della storia e delle tradizioni culturali del popolo ebraico, in particolare della comunità ebraica italiana dall’età moderna fino al XIX secolo. Convinto sostenitore dell’idea sionista, dedicò inoltre alcuni studi meditati all’analisi delle condizioni e delle prospettive economiche della Palestina, all’epoca retta dal mandato britannico e sede di una crescente e dinamica comunità di israeliti immigrati. Tale aspetto, in larga misura ignorato dalla storiografia, è oggetto del presente lavoro. Esso si propone di focalizzare l’attenzione sui suoi studi, con riferimento alle vicende economiche e culturali del popolo ebraico, alle prospettive di crescita economica e sociale della Palestina e all’attività di Bachi nell’ambito del movimento sionista tra le due guerre. In tale ambito si procederà anche a ricostruire le vicende legate alla sua estromissione dall’Università di Roma nel 1938 a seguito dell’adozione della legislazione antisemita da parte del regime fascista, alla sua attività di studioso a Tel Aviv negli anni drammatici del Secondo conflitto mondiale, al suo rientro in Italia nel 1946 e agli ultimi anni di attività scientifica e didattica. PAROLE CHIAVE - Riccardo Bachi, economia e religione, sionismo, nazionalismo economico ABSTRACT - The Palestinian economy and Zionism in Riccardo Bachi’s thought: Riccardo Bachi was one of the most authoritative and prolific scholars of statistics and applied economics in Italy between the two wars. Born from a Jewish family, he became after the 1920s a passionate scholar of the history and cultural traditions of the Hebrew people, particularly the Italian Jewish community from the modern era to the 19th century. A firm supporter of the Zionist idea, he also dedicated several insightful studies to the economic conditions and outlook of Palestine, then under the British Mandate and the base of a growing and dynamic immigrant Jewish community. This aspect, widely neglected by historiography, is the subject of this work. It focuses on Bachi’s studies on the economic and cultural history of the Jewish people, the prospects of the economic and social growth of Palestine and Bachi’s activity inside the Zionist movement between the two wars. In this framework, it reconstructs the events which led to his exclusion from the University of Rome in 1938, following the enactment of antisemitic laws by the fascist regime, his activity as a scholar in Tel Aviv in the years of the Second World War, his return to Italy in 1946 and his academic work in the last years. KEYWORDS - Riccardo Bachi, economics and religion, Zionism, economic nationalism JEL CLASSIFICATION - Z12, F52 1. INTRODUZIONE Riccardo Bachi (1875-1951) è stato uno dei più fecondi studiosi di scienze economiche in Italia fra le due guerre, nonché appassionato cultore, a partire dagli anni venti, della storia economica e delle tradizioni culturali e religiose del popolo ebraico e in particolare della comunità ebraica italiana dall’età moderna fino al XIX secolo. Convinto sostenitore dell’idea sionista, nel 1928 visitò la Palestina, all’epoca retta da mandato britannico e sede di una crescente e dinamica comunità israelita,1 analizzandone le condizioni e prospettive economiche. Un decennio dopo, a seguito della * [email protected] , Dipartimento di Management, Università di Torino. * [email protected] , Dipartimento di Scienze Economico-Sociali e Matematico-Statistiche, Università di Torino. 1 MILLER (2010). legislazione antisemita imposta in Italia dal regime fascista, Bachi si trasferì Tel Aviv, per dare il proprio contributo, quale docente e studioso, alla costruzione del nuovo Stato. Reintegrato nel 1945 nella sua cattedra presso l’Università di Roma, l’anno successivo fece ritorno in Italia ma continuò a mantenere stretti legami con Israele, alle cui vicende economiche e sociali egli dedicò alcuni dei suoi ultimi saggi. L’appartenenza al movimento politico sionista, l’identità religiosa, convintamente dichiarata anche negli studi storici ed economici, rendono la sua figura peculiare nel panorama degli economisti italiani del Novecento. Queste considerazioni hanno costituito la base di uno studio che ha voluto concentrare la propria attenzione proprio là dove la scarna storiografia, focalizzata piuttosto sull’autorevole studioso di statistica e di economia applicata, è apparsa lacunosa. Federico Caffè, che fu suo allievo, lo pose tra gli studiosi italiani «a torto più trascurati nei decenni recenti». 2 Riteniamo, al contrario, che i suoi studi, riferibili alle vicende economiche e culturali del popolo ebraico, nonché alle prospettive di crescita economica e sociale della Palestina, già rilevanti di per sé, lo siano a maggior ragione alla luce dei recenti (e meno recenti) dibattiti sui nessi tra religiosità e attività economica.3 2. UNA SINTESI DELLA BIOGRAFIA SCIENTIFICA Nato a Torino da una famiglia israelita relativamente benestante,4 Riccardo Beniamino Bachi iniziò le prime tappe della propria formazione nel Collegio ebraico ‘Colonna e Finzi’ del capoluogo torinese per poi proseguire gli studi secondari come perito contabile. Gli ottimi risultati conseguiti (si diplomò ottenendo, infatti, una medaglia d’oro della Camera di Commercio di Torino), gli permisero di proseguire gli studi presso la R. Scuola superiore di Commercio di Venezia, la più prestigiosa tra le scuole di commercio in Italia 5 che conferiva, tra l’altro, l’abilitazione all’insegnamento tecnico di secondo grado. Qui ottenne due diplomi di laurea: in Computisteria e ragioneria (1896) e in Lingua e letteratura francese (1897).6 Nei Colloqui con me stesso , appunti autobiografici redatti tra il 1943 e il ’45 durante il suo soggiorno in Eretz Israel ,7 Bachi ci ha trasmesso un ricordo vivo e commosso di quegli anni di formazione trascorsi in gran parte a Torino, durante i quali egli aveva appreso dall’ambiente familiare la 2 CAFFÈ (1975: 124); CAFFÈ (2007). 3 IANNACCONE (1998); MCCLEARY , BARRO (2006). 4 Israel di Tobia Bachi (1833-1907), era un fabbricante e negoziante di oreficeria a Torino, la cui attività era posta in Contrada Doragrossa, 2 (poi via Garibaldi); cfr. GUIDA (1871). Israel aveva sposato Enrichetta di Beniamino Levi di Ceva (1839-1922) e dalla loro unione erano nati cinque figli: Tobia Edoardo, Riccardo Beniamino, Michele Cesare (su cui si veda qui la nota 20), Emma (la quale sposerà Pacifico Ottolenghi) e Anita. Il primogenito Edoardo Bachi ereditò l’attività familiare trasferendo il negozio, che aveva tre dipendenti, in via Roma 5; egli fu un noto e apprezzato gioielliere, nominato cavaliere della Corona d’Italia su proposta di Giolitti. La denuncia di cessazione dell’esercizio commerciale ‘I. Bachi’, in quanto appartenente a un cittadino italiano di razza ebraica, risale all’aprile 1940; cfr. Comunicazioni del ministero delle corporazioni , «Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d’Italia», a. LXXXI , 6 lug. 1940, n. 157, p. 2478. In tale circostanza l’esercizio fu relegato nei Padiglioni di Piazza S. Carlo; cfr. ANNUARIO (1941-42: 318). In riferimento alle vicende biografiche di R. Bachi e al suo contributo scientifico e professionale, si veda NICEFORO (1951); RESTA (1951); RATTI (1961); BONELLI (1963). Questi studi di sintesi sono stati arricchiti, più di recente, da ricerche su aspetti specifici, con particolare riferimento agli effetti economici della Prima Guerra mondiale: PORISINI (1977); BRUCKMAYER (1985: 33); BIENTINESI (2012); SANTILLO (2016), nonché ai suoi contributi sui numeri indici, CASSATA (2009a). Ultimamente è apparsa anche la pubblicazione delle lettere familiari tra Riccardo Bachi e il figlio Augusto, tradotte in ebraico e curate da sua nipote; cfr. G. BACHI (2015). 5 AUGELLO , GUIDI (1988). 6 ANNUARIO (1901: 122, 128, 135, 147). 7 Nome biblico della Terra di Israele, poi adottato dal movimento sionista. Il titolo degli appunti autobiografici di Bachi richiamava le note riflessioni di Marco Aurelio. consuetudine ad un impegno costante e quotidiano, reso più lieve dall’intima soddisfazione per il dovere compiuto: Molto della mia figura psicologica, morale, intellettuale si è formata ad opera della vecchia famiglia Bachi, nella dimora che era nell’alto dello sbiadito edificio a Torino nella via Bogino:8 si è formata fra gli anni 1880 e 1895. Io sono un prodotto dei vecchi Bachi: al chiudersi del quindicennio ero tutto definito, ben poco si aggiunse di poi. Avevo allora venti anni e mi volsi alle vie del mondo [...]. Sin dai primissimi anni, quando il pomeriggio ritornavo dalla scuola, trovavo sul tavolo preparata la merenda e preparato anche il calamaio, la carta e quanto occorreva per l’immediata esecuzione dei compiti scolastici e poi per la lettura: l’immediata esecuzione divenne un’abitudine per me e per i miei fratelli. I giochi e le distrazioni erano rinviati a più tardi ed acquistarono poi il carattere di una eventualità. Così si formò uno schema di vita che divenne immancabile, costante e naturale [...] in tutti i giorni della nostra esistenza.9 Come accennato, la Scuola di commercio di Venezia apriva la strada all’insegnamento negli istituti tecnici: già nel dicembre del 1896 egli venne quindi chiamato a insegnare computisteria ad Arcevia, in provincia di Ancona, per passare nel dicembre dell’anno
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