El E Men Tal Com Po Si Tion of Moss and Li Chen Spe Cies in East Ern Ser

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J. V. Ajti}, et al.: Ele men tal Compo sition of Moss and Lichen Spe cies in Eastern ... Nuclea r Technol ogy & Ra dia tion Pro tection: Year 2018, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 275-285 275

EL E MENT AL COMPO SI TION OF MOSS AND LI CHEN SPECIES IN EASTERN SERBIA

Jelena V. AJTI] 1*, Darko Z. SARVAN 1, Branislava M. MITROVI] 1, Ana A. ÛÛLOVI] 2, Rodoljub D. ÛÛLOVI] 3, and Marina V. FRONTASYEVA 4

1Fac ulty of Vet er i nary Med i cine, Uni ver sity of Bel grade, Bel grade, Ser bia 2In sti tute for Ap pli ca tion of Nu clear En ergy INEP, Uni ver sity of Bel grade, Zemun, Ser bia 3Higher Busi ness School in Leskovac, Leskovac, Ser bia 4De part ment of Neu tron Ac ti va tion Anal y sis and Ap plied Re search, Di vi sion of Neu tron Phys ics, Frank Lab o ra tory of Neu tron Phys ics, Joint In sti tute for Nu clear Re search, Dubna, Rus sia

Sci en tific pa per http://doi.org/10.2298/NTRP1803275A

In stru men tal neu tron ac ti va tion anal y sis is used to de ter mine a con tent of 47 el e ments (Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, I, Ba, Cs, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Hg, Th, and U) in mosses (Homolothecium sp., Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., and Brachythecium mildeanum (Schimp.) Schimp.) and li chen (Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr.) col lected in three lo ca tions in East ern Ser bia over years 2006-2010. Con cen tra tions of six el ements (Zr, Nd, Gd, Tm, Yb, and Lu) in mosses in Ser bia are mea sured for the first time. For other el ements, the ob tained con cen tra tions fall within the ranges re ported for mosses and li chens in Eu rope, but no de clin ing trend in con cen - tra tions of V, Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni, Fe, and Cu, that has been de scribed in the lit er a ture, can be in - ferred from our re sults. Fac tor anal y sis shows that terrigenous and in dus trial com po nents are the high est con trib ut ing fac tors to the el emen tal com po si tion and that the most pol luted mea - sure ment site is in the vi cin ity of a cop per min ing and smelt ing complex. Key words: biomonitoring, moss, li chen, in stru men tal neu tron ac ti va tion anal y sis, el e men tal com po si tion, fac tor anal y sis

IN TRO DUC TION Up take of el em ents is a complex pro cess that de - pends not only on their nature and charac ter isti cs, but Mosses and li chens are consid ered good also on the physicochemical and bi olog i cal proces ses bioindicators of atm ospheri c pollu ti on in the envi ron - in the plants [19, 20]. Some es senti al metals for living ment. El e men tal com po si tion of both spe cies de pends or gan isms (e. g., Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo, and Mn) are highly on mate ria l exchange with the atm osphere as they highly toxic at high concen tra tions. In contra st, metals have no root ing system . There fore, their ele m ental con- such as Hg, Pb, Sn, Ni, Cr, and As, which are not es- tent is gener all y a result of precip i ta ti on and dry depo si - senti al for living or ganism s, are toxic at quite low con- tion. Since their first use in the Scandi na vian countri es as centra tions [21]. Both mosses and li chens retai n met- a com ple men tary method to clas si cal in stru men ta tion als in quanti ties higher than their bi olog i cal pol lu tion mon i tor ing [1, 2], biomonitoring ca pac ity of re quire ments [20], but the ac cu mu la tion ca pac ity of both plant specie s has been well es tabli shed for heavy mosses seems to excee d that of li chens [22, 23]. metals [3] and radionuclides [4]. Mosses and li chens as Since the first joint moss survey conducte d over biomonitors of radiocaesium have been es pecia lly stud - 1995-1996 [24], moss biomonitoring has becom e a part ied after the Chernobyl nucle ar plant acci dent in 1986 of pollu ti on moni tor ing programmes in most of the Eu- [5-8], and more recent ly as moni tors of other airborne ropean countri es. This method gives evi dence of radionuclides [9-13]. Mosses and li chens have also been anthropogenic im pact in urban areas (such as vehic u lar used in studies of contam ina ti on by de pleted uranium traf fic and fossil fuel com busti on) and can be used to [14]. Transplant ed mosses have further been utili sed iden tify sources of en vi ron men tal pol lu tion by heavy within the so-called moss bag technique, to moni tor air- met als (such as ore ex ploi ta tion and ag ri cul tural ac tiv i - borne pol luti on in indus tri al and urban areas [15-18]. ties) [25, 26]. In Serbia, mosses as biomonitors have been used in a num ber of studies . For exam ple, the first * Cor re spond ing au thors; e-mail: [email protected] sys tem atic study, cover ing northern parts of the country J. V. Ajti}, et al.: Ele men tal Compo si tion of Moss and Lichen Spe cies in Eastern ... 276 Nuclea r Technol ogy & Ra dia tion Pro tection: Year 2018, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 275-285 and iden ti fy ing the spa tial dis tri bu tion of dif fer ent el e - enable s drawing conclu sions such as the spati al con - ments in mosses as well as pol luti on sources, was con- centra tion gradi ents and tem poral trends. In that sense, ducted in 2000 [27]. This study im plied rel ati vely high a signif i canc e of our re sults could lie in bridging the con cen tra tions of cop per, mo lyb de num, iron, cae sium, gap in Ser bia's moss sur vey par tic i pa tion. arseni c, and va nadium in Serbia. Another objec ti ve of our study was to assess Serbia is one of the parti ci pat ing countri es in the vari a tions in el e men tal com po si tion be tween dif fer ent In ter na tional Co op er a tive Programme (ICP) Veg e ta- sam pling sites in Eastern Serbia by means of moss and tion (http://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk/index.ht ml). It took li chen spe cies. We de scribed a re la tion ship be tween dif fer ent el e ments us ing fac tor anal y sis, which helped part in the Euro pean moss survey s conducte d in 2000 us to iden tify un der ly ing as so ci a tions as well as sig na - [28] and 2005 [29], but not in 2010 [30]. While in 2000, tures of the pollu ti on sources in the region. only the northern parts of Ser bia were inves ti gated [27], in 2005, sam pling was perform ed uniform ly and 80 % of the coun try's area was cov ered by moss measure - MA TE RIAL AND METH ODS ments [31]. The sam pling loca ti ons in both studies in- cluded the region of Eastern Serbia and the major it y of Sam pling sites the col lected samples con tained Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. [32]. Hypnum cupressiforme spe cies is the first Samples of moss and lichen species were col - choice for moss sam ples in ar eas where the pre ferred lected in the region of Eastern Serbia (fig. 1). The sam - spe cies Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium pling area include d small towns of Sokobanja and splendens are not readily available [32, 33]. Gamzigrad, and the Djerdap National Park. In our study, the moss sam ples were collec ted in Sokobanja (mean ele va ti on 400 m a.s.l.), a spa town East ern Serbia over 2006-2009, and their ele m ental with the popu la ti on of about 8000, is locat ed betwee n com po si tion was de ter mined. Three moss spe cies the Carpathian and Bal kan Mountai ns and is a popu lar were collected; one was Hypnum cupressiforme, as tour ist des ti na tion in Ser bia. Ap prox i mately 50 km rec om mended by the ICP Veg e ta tion Programme. northeas t of Sokobanja, at an al ti tude of 160-180 m Since our sam pling loca ti ons repre sent ed a subset of a.s.l., lies another small spa town, Gamzigrad (popu la - the loca ti ons covered in earli er moss surveys , the ob - tion around 1000). Further north, stretching for about tained result s could give an indi ca ti on of the pollu ti on 100 km along the right bank of the Danube, the over the period during which Serbia did not take part in Djerdap National Park is lo cated. With the to tal area of the Euro pean moss surveys of the ICP Vege ta ti on around 640 km2, the park encom passes a narrow for- Programme. Those surveys are one of the most com - ested region with the width 2-8 km, and the al ti tude pre hen sive un der tak ings in en vi ron men tal mon i tor ing 50-800 m a.s.l. The cli mate of the region is conti nen- across Europe, and their spati al and tem poral cover age tal, with cold winter s and hot sum mers.

Fig ure 1. The re gion of Southeast Eur ope (left) with the inset show ing the lo ca tion of Eastern Ser bia; sampling sites in East ern Ser bia (right), Sokobanja, Gamzigrad, and Djerdap are given in white circle s, and the main pol lu tion sources in the region, Bor, Prahovo, and Majdanpek in black circle s; the num ber of moss and li chen sam ples col lected at each site is also denoted J. V. Ajti}, et al.: Ele men tal Compo sition of Moss and Lichen Spe cies in Eastern ... Nuclea r Technol ogy & Ra dia tion Pro tection: Year 2018, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 275-285 277

The main sources of en vi ron men tal pol lu tion in Prior to the anal ysis, the samples were fur ther the region of Eastern Serbia are the Bor copper mining dried to a consta nt weight at 30-40 °C for 48 hours. and smelt ing com plex, Majdanpek mining basin, and The sam ples were neither washed nor hom ogenise d, Prahovo chem ical factory (fig. 1). The Copper Mines as the previ ous appli cati on of INAA in moss Bor com plex include s one under ground and two open biomonitoring has shown that sam ples of 0.3 g were pits, two plants for mineral proces sing, one non-metal suf ficie ntly large to be used without hom ogenisa ti on mine, as well as a cop per smelter and re fin ery with two [2]. The moss samples were palletised be fore ir ra di a - lines that have been oper a ti onal since 1961 and 1971 tion using sim ple press forms. For short irra di a ti on, (http://rtb.rs/en/ acces sed Novem ber 29, 2016). The sam ples of about 0.3 g were heat-sealed in poly ethyl - copper mine Majdanpek, with an open pit and concen - ene bags. For long irra di a ti on, sam ples of the same tra tor, and Prahovo, a fa cil ity for produc ti on of super- weight were packed in alum inium cups. The li chen phosphate s and vari ous granu lat es, were both a part of sam ples were packed in the same manner but without a the Copper Mines Bor com plex since its founda ti on, prior palletisation. unti l 2012 when Prahovo was priva ti sed (http://www.elixirprahovo.rs/en acces sed March 7, 2017). The Bor com plex has been identi fied as the ma- IN STRU MEN TAL NEU TRON jor pollu ti on source in Eastern Serbia [27, 34]. AC TI VA TION ANAL Y SIS

In stru men tal neu tron ac ti va tion anal y sis is an SAM PLING AND SAM PLE PREP A RA TION ac cu rate and re li able method for per form ing a multielement anal ysis in a large set of samples and has Samples of mosses were ran domly collected in two been used in a num ber of dif ferent envi ron m ental stud- loca ti ons, Sokobanja and the Djerdap Nati onal Park (the ies [25, 35, 36]. In our study, the INAA was perform ed num ber of sam ples per site is given in fig. 1), during at the pulsed fast re actor IBR-2 at the Frank Lab o ra - years 2006, 2008, and 2009, respec tively. Three dif ferent tory of Neutron Physics of Joint Insti tute for Nucle ar spe cies were col lected: Homolothecium sp., Hypnum Resea rch, in Dubna, Russia [35, 37, 38]. A content of cupressiforme Hedw., and Brachythecium mildeanum 47 ele m ents (Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, (Schimp.) Schimp. For each loca ti on, Homolothecium Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Ag, Cd, sp. and Brachythecium mildeanum (Schimp.) Schimp. Sb, I, Ba, Cs, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Tm, Yb, contri buted at least 50 % and 25 %, re spec tively, to the Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Hg, Th, and U) was deter mined us - total num ber of sam ples. In other words, the maxi m um ing short- and long-time ac ti vati on. The obtai ned con tri bu tion of the Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. sam- gamma spec tra were reg istered and ana lysed as de - ples was 25 % of the to tal. Sam ples of the lichen species scribed in [39, 40]. Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. were also ran domly collected To provide qualit y con trol, a content of el em ents in two loca ti ons, Gamzigrad and the Djerdap Nati onal yielding short- and long-lived isotopes in the moss and Park (the num ber of sam ples per site is given in fig. 1), li chen sam ples was de ter mined us ing cer ti fied ref er - over years 2006-2009 and in 2010, respec tively. ence ma te ri als is sued by the In ter na tional Atomic En - Sam ples of whole plants, both mosses and li - ergy Agency: li chen (IAEA-336), tom ato leaves chens, were collected. In Sokobanja, the samples were (SRM-1573a), and coal fly ash (SRM-1633b). For taken at the town forest ed park and along the town short ir ra di a tion, the three ref er ence ma te ri als were ir - river bank; in Gamzigrad, along the town river bank ra di ated to gether with ten ex per i men tal sam ples. For and lo cal hills; while in the Djerdap Na tional Park, fol - long ir ra di a tion, the ref er ence ma te ri als were packed lowing the approval of the author i ti es sam pling was and ir radi ate d togethe r with seven to nine sam ples in perform ed by the rangers to mini mise the envi ron m en- each transport contai ner. tal dis tur bance. At the samplin g sites, the plants were sealed in plas tic bags and transporte d to the Insti tute for Appli - FAC TOR ANAL Y SIS cation of Nu clear En ergy, Ser bia, where they were The mea sured el e men tal com po si tion was fur - cleaned of me chan i cal im pu ri ties (e. g., soil, grass, and ther in ves ti gated us ing fac tor anal y sis, a multivariate tree bark) and then air dried at room tem pera ture . The method that allows an identi fica ti on of com mon char- dried sam ples were packed in paper bags and kept in- ac ter is tics of a num ber of vari ables. Fac tor anal y sis tact in a storage room of the Insti tute unti l 2012 when explore s mutual corre la ti ons of the vari ables, and then they were repacked in plastic bags, la belled and groups the vari ables ac cording to the strength of their shipped to the Joint Insti tute for Nucle ar Re search, in cor re la tion. The un der ly ing com mon in flu ence for Dubna, Rus sia, for in stru men tal neu tron ac ti va tion each group is called “a fac tor” which, un der the as - anal y sis (here in af ter, INAA). sumpti on of factor analy sis , cannot be measured di - rectly. J. V. Ajti}, et al.: Ele men tal Compo si tion of Moss and Lichen Spe cies in Eastern ... 278 Nuclea r Technol ogy & Ra dia tion Pro tection: Year 2018, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 275-285

Results of factor anal ysis are given as fac tor they were detected in the coun tries east of Ser bia, in - loadings that quanti fy the contri buti on of each vari - cluding its nearest neighbours, Bulgari a and Rom ania. able to a factor . Fac tors with high factor loadings are The As abundance in mosses in the Balkan countri es is better ac counted for by the vari ables. “Explai ned vari - a conse quence of the soil mineral com posi ti on [34]. ance” is an other result given in fac tor anal ysis. It The median of the As concen tra tions found in our stands for a percent of the total vari ance of the vari - study was higher by a fac tor of two than the median ables that is explai ned by a given factor , and it is used concen tra tions reporte d for years 2000 and 2005 (tab. to as sess an influ ence of that factor on the total set of 3), which can, to a certai n extent , be explai ned by the the vari ables. fact that the soils in the in ves tigated re gion of Eastern Ser bia con tain re mark ably high con cen tra tions of As [44]. However , its anthropogenic sources, such as the RESUL TS AND DISCUS SION burning of coal, which can contai n concen tra ted As [45], are also expect ed to contri bute to the observe d Mosses con cen tra tions. Mer cury, on the other hand, is very toxic to most A content of 47 el em ents was de ter mined in the or ganism s [24]. Its main sources of anthropogenic sam ples of mosses at two loca ti ons, Sokobanja and the emission in 2005 were “publi c electri cit y and heat pro- Djerdap Na tional Park. Concen tra tions of six ele - duc tion”, and “man u fac tur ing in dus tries and con struc- ments (Zr, Nd, Gd, Tm, Yb, and Lu) are re ported for tion” [32]. However , due to its greater (than the other el - mosses in Ser bia for the first time. Ta ble 1 gives the em ents) hemispheri c long-range transport, mosses in means, standard devi a ti ons and ranges of the mea- Eu rope showed a rel a tively ho mo ge neous spa tial dis tri- sured concen tra tions in all moss sam ples per each lo- buti on of mercury that did not follow the general patter n ca tion. of an increa se from Northwest to Southeas t Europe In an at tempt to inves ti gate tem poral and spa tial [46]. The mean mercury concen tra tion in our study was vari a tions in moss el e men tal com po si tion, we com - com pa ra ble to the high est con cen tra tions mea sured in pared our re sults to the lit er a ture data, namely to the moss sam ples from Alba nia [30], but the median was Euro pean moss surveys and local studies in Serbia. El- lower than the median in year 2000 (tab. 3). em ents of specia l inter est, as re ported in [30], their As a re sult of their lower emissions and depo si - mean and median concen tra tions are given in tab. 2. tions across Eu rope, a gen eral de crease in con cen tra - We compared : a) the mean con cen tra tions measured in tions of el e ments of spe cial in ter est in mosses in Eu - mosses in Serbia over years 2006-2009 to the concen - rope since 1990 has been found [41, 47]. For exam ple, tra tions given in [30] for the 2010 Euro pean moss sur- the larg est de crease in the median con cen tra tion in vey; and b) the median concen tra tions in Serbia to the mosses since 1990 were reporte d for lead (77 %), va- median concen tra tions in 2010 re ported for Serbia' s nadium (55 %), and cadm ium (51 %), fol lowed by a neigh bour ing coun tries: Al ba nia, Bul garia, Croatia, decli ne of less than 50 % in chrom ium, zinc, nickel, Mac e do nia, and Ro ma nia [30]. iron and copper [41]. However , sporadi c regions with Most of the obtai ned concen tra tions were within no change or even an increa se in concen tra tions were the range of the mean values re ported for Serbia' s also noted [41]. A decrea se in the concen tra tion of el e- neighbour ing countri es (tab. 2). This agrees with the ments of specia l inter est could not be supporte d firmly gen eral spa tial pattern of heavy metals in mosses – an by our re sults (tab. 3). An excep ti on may be cadm ium increa se from Northwest to Southeas t Europe [41], whose concen tra tion in moss is: (a) largely influ ence d whereby in Al bania a high content of heavy metals is by a long-range transport of air pol luti on [41], and, (b) detec ted. Thus, in mosses collec ted dur ing years a good in di ca tor of cad mium at mo spheric de po si tion 2010-2011, the median values of As, Cr, Ni, Al, and Fe [48]. were higher in Alba nia than in the rest of Europe [42], We fur ther cal cu lated the el e men tal con cen tra - which was influ ence d, to some extent , by the regional tion rati os for mosses sam pled in Sokobanja and the in dus trial ac tiv i ties [43]. There were two ex cep tions, Djerdap National Park. The ratios were between 0.4 however - arseni c and mercury in our study (tab. 2) and 2.3, indi cat ing that there were no major dif fer- showed con cen tra tions com pa ra ble to the high est con- ences be tween the sampling lo cations. centra tions of the given ranges for Europe [30]. We also com pared moss el e men tal com po si tion Arseni c is moder ate ly toxic to plants but more to the result s of the moss studies conducte d in Serbia, toxic and carci no genic to mam mals [24]. The major but in sig nif i cantly dif fer ent en vi ron ments. Re sults for source of anthropogenic arseni c emission was coal mosses collected in Belgrad e, the cap ital of Ser bia, in com busti on in the early 1990, but later, “non-ferrous 2004 were re ported in [25]. In [49], moss sam ples met als in dus try” and “other man u fac tur ing in dus tries were collected near the Nikola Tesla power plant (ap - and construc tion” were identi fied as the pri mary proxi m ately 25 km west of Belgrade) in 2009. An ear- sources [32]. The highest measured concen tra tions of lier study, whereby moss sam pling was perform ed in As reporte d in [30] were larger than 1.6 mgkg–1, and 2002, also covered the area around this power plant J. V. Ajti}, et al.: Ele men tal Compo sition of Moss and Lichen Spe cies in Eastern ... Nuclea r Technol ogy & Ra dia tion Pro tection: Year 2018, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 275-285 279

Ta ble 1. El e men tal com po si tion (in mgkg–1): (mean ± standard devi ation) and range (min-max) of the moss species per each lo ca tion; sym bols of the el e ments not pre vi ously re ported for mosses in Serbia are given in bold Sokobanja Djerdap Na tional Park El e ment Mean ± st. dev. Range Mean ± st. dev. Range Na 400 ± 250 94.9-873 650 ± 370 151-1240 Mg 570 ± 390 152-1460 430 ± 100 252-534 Al 4200 ± 2200 1060-10100 4100 ± 1400 1840 -5900 Cl 520 ± 760 83.2-2750 260 ± 220 42.6-756 K 7300 ± 2000 4750-11900 6800 ± 2200 3830 -11200 Ca 25000 ± 16000 11900-61600 13800 ± 4100 7640 -19000 Sc 0.9 ± 0.6 0.185-2.53 0.9 ± 0.4 0.272-1.52 Ti 290 ± 210 57.8-788 260 ± 100 100-408 V 7.2 ± 3.6 2.06-15.2 7.0 ± 2.5 2.55-10 Cr 8.1 ± 5.6 1.82-22 9.2 ± 3.7 2.52-13.8 Mn 98 ± 50 42.6-216 117 ± 45 42.7-184 Fe 2900 ± 2000 588-7700 3100 ± 1300 890-4930 Ni 5.0 ± 2.5 1.42-10.8 4.7 ± 1.6 2.3-6.46 Co 1.09 ± 0.76 0.255-3 1.26 ± 0.58 0.382-2.2 Cu 13 ± 5 5.88-23.5 12 ± 3 7.96-16.3 Zn 30 ± 8 14-46.4 40 ± 17 17.7-67.5 As 2.9 ± 1.5 0.434-5.35 2.8 ± 1.4 0.513-4.82 Se 0.22 ± 0.05 0.103-0.299 0.31 ± 0.12 0.152-0.498 Br 4.2 ± 2.1 2.2-10.9 3.6 ± 1.2 1.45-5.05 Rb 10 ± 5 4.35-25.7 9 ± 4 3.65-15 Sr 30 ± 15 12.2-68.8 42 ± 18 12.1-68.4 Zr 27 ± 32 3.87-150 20 ± 10 6.37-37.4 Mo 0.36 ± 0.17 0.139-0.633 0.5 ± 0.2 0.167-0.927 Ag 0.055 ± 0.013 0.0198-0.0826 0.056 ± 0.046 0.025-0.0751 Cd 0.21 ± 0.22 0.0358-0.821 0.19 ± 0.14 0.0601-0.438 Sb 0.23 ± 0.08 0.121-0.348 0.41 ± 0.19 0.113-0.627 I 1.5 ± 0.4 0.841-2.64 1.4 ± 0.5 0.701-2.06 Ba 41 ± 21 11.9-83.2 72 ± 31 32.4-124 Cs 0.7 ± 0.5 0.0992-1.66 0.6 ± 0.6 0.149-1.98 La 3 ± 3 0.638-11.3 3 ± 2 0.946-5.78 Ce 6 ± 5 0.917-21.6 5 ± 3 1.37-8.89 Nd 4 ± 2 1.07-8.61 4 ± 3 0.841-9.99 Sm 0.6 ± 0.4 0.1-1.86 0.5 ± 0.3 0.063-0.882 Eu 0.13 ± 0.06 0.0256-0.298 0.13 ± 0.04 0.0556-0.185 Gd 0.5 ± 0.6 0.044-2.22 0.5 ± 0.4 0.0445-1.3 Tb 0.07 ± 0.06 0.014-0.228 0.06 ± 0.03 0.0186-0.107 Dy 0.4 ± 0.3 0.149-1.03 0.3 ± 0.1 0.209-0.475 Tm 0.4 ± 0.6 0.0251-2.54 0.7 ± 1.1 0.0534-3.37 Yb 0.22 ± 0.17 0.0632-0.71 0.26 ± 0.12 0.0794-0.471 Lu 0.22 ± 0.26 0.00246-1.14 0.16 ± 0.20 0.00109-0.514 Hf 0.6 ± 0.7 0.116-3 0.5 ± 0.3 0.12-0.956 Ta 0.07 ± 0.06 0.0145-0.205 0.07 ± 0.03 0.0219-0.124 W 0.4 ± 0.1 0.178-0.71 0.3 ± 0.1 0.227-0.513 Au 0.019 ± 0.015 0.00461-0.0705 0.017 ± 0.013 0.00384-0.0396 Hg 0.18 ± 0.17 0.0169-0.551 0.24 ± 0.21 0.0352-0.54 Th 0.98 ± 0.79 0.166-3.38 0.81 ± 0.39 0.241-1.32 U 0.36 ± 0.29 0.0319-1.25 0.31 ± 0.13 0.0797-0.456

[50-53]. The com pari son showed that our chosen sam - For exam ple, we found a pronounced dif ference pling sites were much less pol luted than the ur ban and in the Mg concen tra tions betwee n the ur ban site, Bel - indus tri al sites covered in those studies . grade, on one hand, and Sokobanja and the Djerdap J. V. Ajti}, et al.: Ele men tal Compo si tion of Moss and Lichen Spe cies in Eastern ... 280 Nuclea r Technol ogy & Ra dia tion Pro tection: Year 2018, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 275-285

Table 2. The mean and median concen tra tions of the ele ments of special inter est mea sured in mosses in Serbia over 2006-2009, and notes on a compar i son to the re sults of [30] Com par i son with [30] El e ment Mean [mgkg–1] Median [mgkg–1] Mean Median compared to the neigh bours Ar senic 2.9 2.8 The highest values Higher Cad mium 0.21 0.11 Within the range Lower Chro mium 8.4 7.1 Within the range Higher Cop per 12.4 12 Within the range Higher Iron 2920 2250 Within the range Higher Mer cury 0.20 0.12 The highest values Higher, ex cept in Alba nia Nickel 4.9 4.7 Within the range Higher, ex cept in Alba nia Va na dium 7.2 7.0 Within the range Higher Zinc 34 33 Within the range Within the range Alu minum 4160 3980 Within the range Higher An ti mony 0.28 0.27 Within the range Higher

Table 3. The me dian values (in mgkg–1) of el e ments of nickel have been asso ci ate d with coal-burning mea sured in Ser bia within the Eu ro pean sur veys in 2000 power plants [56], but also oil refin er ies [34]. [28] and 2005 [29], and the median in our moss samples For some of the inves ti gated ele m ents, the range col lected over 2006-2009 of the obtai ned concen tra tion spanned one or more or- El e ment 2000 2005 2006-2009 ders of magni tude (tab. 1). For exam ple, the Ti concen - Alu minum Not measured 3946 3980 tra tions measured in Sokobanja gave the standard de- Vana dium 9.26 5.76 7.0 via ti on which was ~70 % of the mean. A sim ilar result Chromium 5.07 6.44 7.1 was found in [27], where the mini m um and maxi m um Iron 2360 2267 2250 Ti concen tra tions in the moss sam ples of Northern Nickel 5.65 4.43 4.7 Cop per 16.9 11.1 12 Serbia were shown to dif fer thirtyfold. The main Zinc 32.6 29.0 33 source of Ti in the moss sam ples is dry depo si ti on of Ar senic 1.44 1.41 2.8 soil parti cles ([57] and our fac tor analy sis , see below), Cad mium Not measured 0.26 0.11 and the wide range of measured Ti concen tra tions in An ti mony Not measured 0.24 0.27 our sam ples is likely a re sult of the soil compo si tion Mercury 0.386 Not measured 0.12 and other fac tors that in flu ence its bioavailability and ac cu mu la tion [58]. The concen tra tions of six ele m ents in mosses in Nati onal Park, on the other hand. The Mg concen tra - Ser bia that are re ported here for the first time showed tions were approx i m ately 20 times higher in the Bel- higher concen tra tion maxim a than the ones reporte d grade sam ples. The concen tra tion of Mg in mosses for sam ples of Hylocomium splendens col lected in shows a sea sonal patter n [54], and the observe d dif fer- Norway during 1995 [57]. That study showed that the ences could partly result from the inher ent seasonal concen tra tions of Nd, Gd, Tm, Yb, and Lu in moss vari ati ons. Further , as discusse d in [25], Mg in mosses were pri maril y influ ence d by the dry depo si ti on of the could be of anthropogenic ori gin or a result of leaching soil par ti cles. The sim i lar i ties in the mean con cen tra - from higher plants. It should be noted that those dif fer- tions of these el e ments in mosses in Ser bia with the re - ences in the Mg concen tra tions were not evi dent in a sults of [59] for sam ples of Hypnum cupressiforme com pari son to the Nikola Tesla power plant loca ti on collec ted in Alba nia dur ing 2010 and 2011, would, [49]. Inste ad, in that loca ti on, Ni, Co, Cd, and Hg there fore, in di cate a sim i lar soil com po si tion in those showed higher concen tra tions than in our sam pling two countri es. sites. The nickel concen tra tion in the soil var ies with geolog i cal and anthropogenic input, and its LI CHEN anthropogenic sources include coal fly ash, waste from metal man u fac tur ing, at mo spheric de po si tion, Table 4 gives a content of 47 el em ents deter - urban refuse, and sewage sludge [55]. Nickel is one of mined in the samples of li chen. Simi larly to the ob - the ele m ents that plants largely take up from the soil tained con cen tra tions in mosses, the el e men tal com po - [3]. Concen tra tions of this el em ent in mosses around si tion of the li chen samples ex hib ited some rela tively the Nikola Tesla power plant were higher than in our large ranges of val ues. This finding could parti ally be sam ples (by a factor of 4), although in [49] it was noted explai ned by the fact that the main source of heavy that only Cd measured in the vi cinit y of the power metals in the thalli of the li chens of the ge nus Cladonia plant did not fall in the range of concen tra tions re- is the sub strate com po si tion in the im me di ate vi cin ity ported for Serbia [32]. Indeed, higher concen tra tions [60]. J. V. Ajti}, et al.: Ele men tal Compo sition of Moss and Lichen Spe cies in Eastern ... Nuclea r Technol ogy & Ra dia tion Pro tection: Year 2018, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 275-285 281

Ta ble 4. El e men tal com po si tion (in mgkg–1): (mean ± stan dard de vi a tion) and range (min-max) of the li chen spe cies per each lo ca tion Djerdap National Park Gamzigrad El e ment Mean ± st. dev. Range Mean ± st. dev. Range Na 350 ± 70 240-442 600 ± 280 205-1310 Mg 340 ± 130 230-598 530 ± 350 297-1420 Al 1370 ± 570 750-2130 4500 ± 1100 2630-6500 Cl 720 ± 350 233-1110 110 ± 20 69.5-127 K 3800 ± 500 3030-4430 7200 ± 1400 5870-10800 Ca 13300 ± 18000 1200-46100 17000 ± 6000 6420-28400 Sc 0.29 ± 0.11 0.206-0.442 1.2 ± 0.2 0.73-1.52 Ti 120 ± 40 73.3-187 340 ± 110 184-535 V 2.9 ± 1.2 1.65-4.73 8.8 ± 1.9 5.05-10.7 Cr 3.1 ± 0.9 1.91-4.78 8.0 ± 2.0 4.37-11.6 Mn 125 ± 122 19-368 92 ± 22 39.9-128 Fe 930 ± 350 582-1610 3400 ± 800 1820-4490 Ni 1.7 ± 0.5 1.17-2.37 5.0 ± 1.2 3.05-7.05 Co 0.46 ± 0.15 0.328-0.744 1.40 ± 0.37 0.756-2 Cu 4 ± 2 1.66-7.12 30 ± 8 22-48.5 Zn 22 ± 0 12.2-36.6 47 ± 7 32-56.2 As 1.4 ± 0.4 0.871-1.86 6.6 ± 2.0 3.62-10.6 Se 0.38 ± 0.06 0.31-0.485 0.57 ± 0.11 0.433-0.82 Br 3.8 ± 0.9 2.96-5.81 2.8 ± 0.8 1.7-3.88 Rb 2.3 ± 1.4 0.515-3.81 7 ± 2 4.12-9.8 Sr 17 ± 10 6.91-33.5 41 ± 13 13.7-53.5 Zr 8 ± 3 3.57-13.4 19 ± 8 9.63-37.3 Mo 0.25 ± 0.07 0.175-0.394 1.0 ± 0.3 0.413-1.6 Ag 0.07 ± 0.03 0.0378-0.145 0.08 ± 0.03 0.0424-0.145 Cd 0.10 ± 0.02 0.0599-0.131 0.34 ± 0.23 0.154-0.862 Sb 0.27 ± 0.09 0.148-0.404 0.54 ± 0.24 0.346-1.01 I 2.1 ± 0.3 1.81-2.81 1.5 ± 0.5 0.675-2.46 Ba 76 ± 73 7.91-197 69 ± 26 34.3-129 Cs 0.22 ± 0.11 0.0814-0.405 0.5 ± 0.2 0.314-0.878 La 1.0 ± 0.4 0.535-1.61 2.9 ± 0.8 1.3-3.97 Ce 1.8 ± 0.7 0.895-2.64 5 ± 1 2.43-7.31 Nd 5 ± 2 3.32-9.6 5 ± 3 1.31-11 Sm 0.16 ± 0.07 0.0813-0.3 0.5 ± 0.1 0.237-0.698 Eu 0.04 ± 0.01 0.018-0.0505 0.11 ± 0.04 0.0254-0.169 Gd 0.03 ± 0.02 0.0124-0.0726 0.4 ± 0.5 0.0431-1.32 Tb 0.028 ± 0.13 0.0139-0.0456 0.07 ± 0.03 0.03-0.122 Dy 0.16 ± 0.06 0.0789-0.236 0.4 ± 0.1 0.273-0.721 Tm 0.033 ± 0.016 0.014-0.0613 0.24 ± 0.24 0.0396-0.595 Yb 0.06 ± 0.02 0.0254-0.0932 0.25 ± 0.06 0.136-0.335 Lu 0.05 ± 0.05 0.00596-0.136 0.14 ± 0.21 0.00146-0.682 Hf 0.12 ± 0.05 0.0534-0.21 0.4 ± 0.1 0.207-0.618 Ta 0.022 ± 0.008 0.0117-0.0333 0.06 ± 0.02 0.0309-0.0911 W 0.22 ± 0.11 0.119-0.453 0.28 ± 0.05 0.224-0.377 Au 0.04 ± 0.04 0.00855-0.135 0.025 ± 0.015 0.00338-0.0508 Hg 0.3 ± 0.1 0.107-0.459 0.3 ± 0.2 0.0161-0.684 Th 0.20 ± 0.07 0.122-0.311 0.90 ± 0.35 0.369-1.5 U 0.083 ± 0.027 0.0489-0.108 0.41 ± 0.11 0.243-0.557

A com par i son of the con cen tra tion ra tios for li - still less than ten. These higher metal con cen tra tions in chen sam pled in Gamzigrad and the Djerdap Nati onal lichen in Gamzigrad are most likely an ev idence of the Park showed val ues mostly greater than one, al though en vi ron men tal pol lu tion in the nearby Bor cop per J. V. Ajti}, et al.: Ele men tal Compo si tion of Moss and Lichen Spe cies in Eastern ... 282 Nuclea r Technol ogy & Ra dia tion Pro tection: Year 2018, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 275-285 mining and smelt ing com plex (fig. 1), the major pollu - Ta ble 5. Fac tor analy sis re sults – factor loadings as a tion source in Eastern Serbia [27, 34]. The rati os also function of the measur ed ele ments ; for each ele ment, the highest fac tor loading is given in bold showed a paired increa se in gado li nium and thuli um con cen tra tions in Gamzigrad, pos si bly aris ing from El e ment F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 the fact that thu lium is of ten found with miner als that Na 0.61 0.43 –0.10 0.34 –0.10 con tain gad o lin ium. Mg 0.66 0.11 0.07 0.43 0.12 Al 0.84 0.35 0.16 0.03 –0.04 We further com pared our result s to the result s of Cl –0.29 –0.19 0.77 0.01 0.24 [61], wherein sam ples of two lichen specie s (nei ther K 0.36 0.33 0.64 –0.29 –0.12 was Cladonia fimbriata) were collec ted dur ing 2009 Ca 0.10 0.00 0.77 0.27 –0.06 in two sites close of the city of Nis, an urban and indus - Sc 0.85 0.44 0.05 0.05 –0.01 trial centre of Southeas tern Serbia. Our result s showed Ti 0.84 0.29 –0.03 0.15 0.15 ele vate d concen tra tions of Fe, Mn, Cu, Ti, and Cr in li - V 0.83 0.44 0.14 0.07 0.09 chen from both the Djerdap Nati onal Park and Cr 0.95 0.18 0.01 0.09 0.07 Gamzigrad. The dif ference s were most pronounced Mn 0.39 –0.07 –0.07 0.66 –0.09 for ti tanium , the content thereof was of an order of Fe 0.93 0.31 0.01 0.06 0.09 magni tude higher in our sam ples. As al ready men- Ni 0.89 0.29 0.19 0.02 0.08 tioned, Ti in the moss samples orig inates primar ily Co 0.89 0.36 0.03 0.14 0.05 from the dry depo si ti on of soil parti cles ([57] and our Cu 0.20 0.83 0.03 –0.14 –0.09 fac tor anal ysis, see be low), so these dif fer ences likely Zn 0.43 0.72 0.06 –0.11 –0.06 mirro r the soil compo si tion at the samplin g sites. As 0.29 0.83 0.25 0.07 0.15 Se –0.25 0.76 –0.20 0.32 0.22 Br –0.05 –0.18 0.70 –0.04 –0.04 FAC TOR ANAL Y SIS Rb 0.87 0.06 0.27 –0.11 –0.10 Sr 0.58 0.51 –0.04 0.12 –0.12 Fac tor anal ysis was per formed to iden tify: (a) Zr 0.84 –0.13 –0.09 0.16 0.34 the under ly ing factors to which the measured concen - Mo 0.23 0.85 –0.13 0.15 –0.04 tra tions can be as soci ate d, and (b) the most pol luted Ag 0.08 0.35 –0.02 0.75 0.00 mea sure ment site. Five iden ti fied fac tors ex plain Cd 0.16 0.41 0.32 –0.05 0.70 around 37 %, while the strongest contri but ing factor Sb 0.12 0.72 –0.30 0.30 0.04 explai ns as much as 21 % of the total vari ance in the I 0.01 –0.03 0.26 0.72 0.18 mea sured el e men tal con cen tra tions (tab. 5). Ba 0.18 0.19 –0.13 0.71 0.08 Factor 1 showed very high loading factors for 25 Cs 0.50 0.12 0.74 0.03 0.13 ele m ents which are found in most types of soil [27, La 0.97 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.15 34]. There fore, fac tor 1 can be classed as a terrigenous Ce 0.96 0.07 –0.03 0.08 0.15 com ponent, although its influ ence can be com bined Nd 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.11 0.46 with anthropogenic acti vi ti es, such as ferrous-nic kel Sm 0.94 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.17 metal indus try [34, 62]. Eu 0.86 0.18 0.16 –0.05 –0.13 Factor 2 contri buted around 6 % to the total vari - Gd 0.73 0.00 0.03 –0.03 0.53 ance of the measure m ents and had a high loading fac- Tb 0.94 0.10 0.03 0.19 0.16 tor for five chalcophile ele m ents (Cu, Zn, As, Se, and Dy 0.88 0.20 0.04 0.03 0.03 Sb) and Mo. All these ele m ents ex cept Zn were also Tm 0.49 –0.06 –0.14 0.02 0.61 grouped in a fac tor analy sis conducte d by [34] and Yb 0.91 0.24 0.01 0.00 0.05 were classed as an indus tri al com ponent. To corrob o - Lu 0.54 –0.12 0.10 0.05 0.70 rate this find ing, we also ana lysed fac tor scores, and Hf 0.88 –0.09 –0.09 0.09 0.29 the factor 2 scores showed the highest values for the Ta 0.98 0.09 0.03 0.08 0.05 samples taken from Gamzigrad. Spe cif ically , three out W 0.80 –0.11 –0.03 –0.02 –0.04 of eleven sam ples exhib it ed scores higher than 2, Au –0.14 –0.05 0.08 0.62 –0.30 seven sam ples scores higher than one, and only one Hg 0.09 0.14 0.05 0.35 –0.74 Th 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.16 sam ple gave fac tor 2 score less than 1. This im plies 0.94 U 0.89 0.24 –0.09 0.01 0.21 that Gamzigrad, al though a town of no indus tri al acti v - Ex plained iti es, is under an influ ence of the Bor copper mining vari ance [%] 21.05 5.92 3.30 3.45 3.21 and smelt ing com plex, which is locat ed roughly 30 km north of Gamzigrad, and is the major pollu ti on source the mea sure ments and en com passed 16 in ves ti gated in Eastern Serbia [27, 34]. Hence, our result s show that el e ments. even at a distanc e of 30 km, the signa ture of the pollu - It might be worth noting that the fac tor analy sis tion source is evi dent and detec table in lichens . im plied a strong mutual rela ti onship for some of the el - Each of the re main ing three fac tors from factor em ents re ported here for the first time. For ex am ple, anal ysis contri buted around 3 % to the total vari ance of the concen tra tions of Gd and Tm seem to be strongly J. V. Ajti}, et al.: Ele men tal Compo sition of Moss and Lichen Spe cies in Eastern ... Nuclea r Technol ogy & Ra dia tion Pro tection: Year 2018, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 275-285 283 influ ence d by factors 1 and 5 (tab. 5). As already men- con cur rent anal y ses of soil and biomonitor el e men tal tioned, thuli um is often found with miner als that con- com po si tion should be per formed. tain gad o lin ium, so the re la tion ship of the el e ments in the moss compo si tion is most likely a re flec tion of the soil char ac ter is tics. A fu ture study of the el e men tal AC KNOWL EDG EMENTS com posi ti on in biomonitors should also include an anal ysis of the soil sam ple com posi ti on hence a signif - This pa per was real ised within the fol low ing i cance of dif fer ent in flu enc ing pa ram e ters, in clud ing project s “Cli mate changes and their influ ence on the pollu ti on sources, could be resolve d [25, 59, 63]. en vi ron ment: im pacts, ad ap ta tion and mit i ga tion” (No. III43007) and “New Technol o gies in the Envi - ronm ental Protec tion” (No. III43009), finance d by the CON CLU SIONS Min is try of Ed u ca tion, Sci ence and Tech no log i cal De- velop m ent of the Repub li c of Serbia (2011-2018). The In stru men tal neu tron ac ti va tion anal y sis used in authors would like to thank prof. dr Dragana Popovi} this study al lowed de ter mi na tion of con cen tra tions of for her help in prepa ra ti on of this manuscri pt. 47 ele m ents in mosses (Homolothecium sp., Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., Brachythecium mildeanum (Schimp.) Schimp.) and lichen (Cladonia fimbriata AU THORS' CON TRI BU TIONS (L.) Fr.) col lected in three lo cations in East ern Ser bia over 2006-2010. The study provided an insight into A. A. û~ulovi} and R. D. û~ulovi} col lected the moss com posi ti on over a pe riod that bridged the the moss and lichen sam ples. M. V. Frontasyeva and gap in Serbia' s parti ci pa ti on in the Euro pean moss sur- her co-workers at the Frank Labo ra tory of Neutron veys of the ICP Vege ta ti on Programme: Serbia took Phys ics of the Joint In sti tute for Nu clear Re search part in the 2000 and 2005 but not in the 2010 moss sur- conducte d the INAA measure m ents and perform ed vey. Further , the high sensi ti vit y of INAA enable d de- fac tor anal ysis. J. V. Ajti}, D. Z. Sarvan and B. M. ter mi na tion of con cen tra tions of six el e ments (Zr, Nd, Mitrovi} inter preted the result s and discusse d them in Gd, Tm, Yb, and Lu) that have not been measured in ref er ence to the lit er ature data. All the au thors con trib - mosses in Serbia be fore. uted to the manuscri pt prepa ra ti on and approved its fi - The measured concen tra tions in the moss sam - nal version. ples were within the ranges previ ously reporte d for Serbia and its neighbour ing countri es. Arseni c and mercury in our study, with the mean of 2.9 mgkg–1 and REF ER ENCES –1 0.20 mgkg , respec tively, showed very high concen - [1] Ruhling, A., Tyler , G., Heavy Metal De posi tion in tra tions that are com para ble to the highest values given Scan di na via, Water , Air, Soil Pollut., 2 (1973), 4, pp. for Europe. A general decrea se in concen tra tions of el - 445-455 em ents of spe cial inter est which has been repor ted in [2] Steinnes, E., et al., At mo spheric De po si tion of Trace El e ments in Nor way: Tem po ral and Spa tial Trend mosses across Europe could not be supporte d by our Studied by Moss Anal y sis, Water , Air, Soil Pollut., 74 re sults. (1994), 1-2, pp. 121-140 The obtai ned concen tra tion rati os in mosses re- [3] Fernandez, J. A., Carballeira, A., A Com par i son of In- dig e nous Mosses and Topsoils for Use in Moni tor ing vealed no sig nif i cant dif fer ences be tween the sam- At mo spheric Heavy Metal De po si tion in Galicia pling sites. In lichen, however , higher concen tra tions (north west Spain), En vi ron. Pollut., 114 (2001), 3, pp. of a number of el em ents were measured at the 431-441 [4] Golubev, A. V., et al., On Mon i tor ing Anthropogenic Gamzigrad site, lo cated near the Bor complex, which Air borne Ura nium Con cen tra tions and 235U/238U Iso - is the major source of pollu ti on in the inves ti gated re- to pic Ra tio by Li chen-Bio-In di ca tor Tech niques, J. gion. Apart from the ele vate d copper concen tra tions, En vi ron. Radioact., 84 (2005), 33, pp. 333-342 that site also reg is tered in creased con cen tra tions of [5] û~ulovi}, A., et al., Mosses as Biomonitors for Ra - gad o lin ium and thu lium. dioac ti vity Follow ing the Chernobyl Acci dent, Arch. Biol. Sci. Belgrade, 63 (2011), 4, pp. 1117-1125 Fac tor anal y sis was per formed to de ter mine the [6] Mitrovi}, B., et al., Nat u ral and Anthropogenic Ra - major factors that contri bute to the measured concen tra - dioac ti vity in the Envi ron ment of Mountain Region of tions as well as to single out the most pol luted measure - Ser bia, J. En vi ron. Monit., 11 (2009), 2, pp. 383-388 ment site. The re sults of fac tor anal ysis ad di tion ally [7] Mitrovi}, B., et al., Nat u ral and Anthropogenic Ra - supporte d the findings for pollu ti on in Gamzigrad, and dioac ti vity in the Envi ron ment of Kopaonik Moun- tain, Serbia, En vi ron. Pollut., 215 (2016), Aug., pp. showed that lichens bear a recog niz able signa ture of the 273-279 pollu ti on source locat ed 30 km away. More over, fac tor [8] Sloof, J. E., Wolterbeek, B. Th., Li chens as Biomonitors anal ysis showed that the highest two contri but ing fac- for Radiocaesium Fol lowing the Chernobyl Ac ci dent, J. En vi ron. Radioact., 16 (1992), 3, pp. 229-242 tors to the vari ance of the in ves tigated el em ents were of 137 terrigenous and indus tri al charac ter . In a future study [9] û~ulovi}, A., et al., Nat ural Radionuclides and Cs in moss and li chen in Eastern Ser bia, Nucl. Technol. aim ing to dis tin guish these ma jor con trib ut ing fac tors, Radiat., 27 (2012), 1, pp. 44-51 J. V. Ajti}, et al.: Ele men tal Compo si tion of Moss and Lichen Spe cies in Eastern ... 284 Nuclea r Technol ogy & Ra dia tion Pro tection: Year 2018, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 275-285

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Jelena V. AJTI], Darko Z. SARVAN, Branislava M. MITROVI], Ana A. ÛÛLOVI], Rodoqub D. ÛÛLOVI], Marina V. FRONTASJEVA

ELEMENTARNI SASTAV MAHOVINA I LI[AJEVA U ISTO^NOJ SRBIJI

Sadr`aj 47 elemenata (Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, I, Ba, Cs, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Hg, Th, U) u uzorcima mahovina (Homolothecium sp., Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. i Brachythecium mildeanum (Schimp) Schimp.) i li{ajeva (Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr.) odre|en je pomo}u instrumentalne nautronske aktivacione analize. Uzorci su tokom 2006-2010 prikupqeni na tri lokacije u isto~noj Srbiji. Koncentracije {est elemenata (Zr, Nd, Gd, Tm, Yb, Lu) u mahovinama u Srbiji merene su po prvi put. Koncentracije ostalih elemenata nalaze se u opsezima koji su u literaturi objavqeni za mahovine i li{ajeve u Evropi. Na{i rezultati ne ukazuju na opadaju}i trend u koncentracijama V, Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni, Fe i Cu, koji je dat u pojedinim evropskim studijama. Faktorska analiza pokazuje da su terigena i indu- strijska komponenta faktori sa najvi{im uticajem na elementarni sastav mahovina i li{ajeva, kao i da je najzaga|enija lokacija u blizini Rudarsko-topioni~arskog basena Bor.

Kqu~ne re~i: biomonitoring, mahovine, li{ajevi, instrumentalna neutronska aktivaciona ...... analiza, elementarni sastav, faktorska analiza