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Parallel Processing: Past, Present and Future What is a Supercomputer? Parallel Processing: Let us run a contest. Who gives the Past, Present and Future most updated explanation? Dr. G. Young CS 370 Dr. Young 1 CS 370 Dr. Young 2 Supercomputer Supercomputer (AllWords.com) (M-W.com, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary) A very fast, powerful mainframe computer, used in advanced military A large very fast mainframe used and scientific applications. especially for scientific computations CS 370 Dr. Young 3 CS 370 Dr. Young 4 1 Supercomputer Supercomputer (Dictionary.com) (FOLDOC.doc.ic.ac.uk) A broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Such computers are typically used for number crunching including scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, analysis of A mainframe computer that is geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting), structural analysis, computational fluid dynamics, physics, chemistry, among the largest, fastest, or electronic design, nuclear energy research and meteorology. most powerful of those Perhaps the best known supercomputer manufacturer is Cray Research. available at a given time. A less serious definition, reported from about 1990 at The University Of New South Wales states that a supercomputer is any computer that can outperform IBM's current fastest, thus making it impossible for IBM to ever produce a supercomputer. CS 370 Dr. Young 5 CS 370 Dr. Young 6 Supercomputer Supercomputer (ComputerUser.com) (PCWebopaedia.com) The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very A very fast and powerful computer, expensive and are employed for specialized outperforming most mainframes, and used applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. for intensive calculation, scientific For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. simulations, animated graphics, and other Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum work that requires sophisticated and high- exploration. powered computing. The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into Cray Research and Intel are well-known executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a producers of supercomputers. mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently. CS 370 Dr. Young 7 CS 370 Dr. Young 8 2 Supercomputer Supercomputer (PrenHall.com) (Geek.com) This refers to a computer that is able to operate at a speed that places it at or near the top speed of currently produced The category that includes the largest computers. and most powerful computers. Most supercomputers cost millions of dollars, and the traditional model of using one large computer with proprietary hardware is being challenged by using a cluster of cheaper computers with more standard hardware. CS 370 Dr. Young 9 CS 370 Dr. Young 10 Supercomputer Contest Contest Winner Who is the winner? geek.com @ 2001 AllWords.com (Led by Chief Geek - Joel Evans ) M-W.com, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Dictionary.com Used to tell people all about Geek. FOLDOC.doc.ic.ac.uk ComputerUser.com For example, to check out if you’re PCWebopaedia.com Beginner Geek, Intermediate Geek, PrenHall.com Advanced Geek or Geek.com Super Geek CS 370 Dr. Young 11 CS 370 Dr. Young 12 3 Winner Highlight (Geek.com@2001) This refers to a computer that is able to operate at a speed that places it at or near the top speed of currently produced computers. Most supercomputers cost millions of dollars, and the traditional model of using one large computer with proprietary hardware is being challenged by using a cluster of cheaper computers with more standard hardware. CS 370 Dr. Young 13 CS 370 Dr. Young 14 Topics of Discussion Introduction Why we need Supercomputers? Introduction Supercomputer Vendors Computer Networks Supercomputer Products Parallel and Distributed Processing Top Supercomputers How to evaluate the power of a Affordable Supercomputer supercomputer? Future Trend and Challenge Top 10 Supercomputers Conclusion Theoretical Implication of Parallel machines Q&A Areas of Research in Supercomputing Supercomputing Journals CS 370 Dr. Young 15 CS 370 Dr. Young 16 4 Why we need Supercomputers? Supercomputer Vendors Even though processor speed has been increased dramatically, but still not fast enough to our needs. Use multiple processors is the way to go. Areas need supercomputers: Generally involves intensive computation Aerospace, Weather, Finance, Defense, Energy, Internet, Government, Chemistry, Geophysics, Telecom, Academic, Database, Mechanics, Automotive,Transportation, Electronics, Manufacturing, Fluid Dynamic, Petroleum CS 370 Dr. Young 17 CS 370 Dr. Young 18 Supercomputer Products How to evaluate the power of a supercomputer? The Avalon A12 The Cambridge Parallel Processing Gamma II Plus. Peak-performance The Compaq AlphaServer SC Series. The Fujitsu AP3000 Theoretical The Fujitsu VPP5000 series The Hitachi SR8000 system Run-time The HP Exemplar V2600 The IBM RS/6000 SP The NEC Cenju-4 Benchmarks The NEC SX-5 The SGI Origin 2000 series Linpack benchmark (Top500) The Sun E1000 Starfire The Tera/Cray SV1 Finding Largest Mersenne Prime The Tera/Cray T3E They use different technologies: Processor, OS, Connection structure, Proprietary hardware and Software Number CS 370 Dr. Young 19 CS 370 Dr. Young 20 5 How to evaluate the power of a supercomputer? How to evaluate the power of a supercomputer? Benchmarks Prime Number LINPACK Benchmark (introduced by Jack Dongarra) Greek mathematician Euclid proved that there is to solve a dense system of linear equations. Rank are an infinite number of prime numbers. Top500 supercomputers do not occur in a regular sequence This performance does not reflect the overall no formula for generating them. performance of a given system, as no single number ever can. Discovery of new primes requires randomly Since the problem is very regular, the performance generating and testing millions of numbers. achieved is quite high, and the performance numbers give a good correction of peak performance. CS 370 Dr. Young 21 CS 370 Dr. Young 22 How to evaluate the power of a supercomputer? How to evaluate the power of a supercomputer? Largest known Mersenne Prime Numbers* before 2000 The current largest known Prime Digits Year Name 2^21701-1 6533 1978 Landon Curt Noll (with Laura Nickel, Ariel Glenn) n – 2^23209-1 6987 1979 Landon Curt Noll Mersenne Prime Numbers (in the form of 2 1) 2^44497-1 13395 1979 David Slowinski (with Harry Nelson) 2^86243-1 25962 1982 David Slowinski can be found at 2^132049-1 39751 1983 David Slowinski 2^216091-1 65050 1985 David Slowinski 2^756839-1 227832 1992 David Slowinski Paul Gage http://www.mersenne.org/ 2^859433-1 258716 1994 David Slowinski Paul Gage 2^1257787-1 378632 1996 David Slowinski Paul Gage 2^1398269-1 420921 1997 David Slowinski Paul Gage 2^2976221-1 895932 1997 David Slowinski Paul Gage $$$ The Electronic Frontier Foundation 2^3021377-1 909526 1998 David Slowinski Paul Gage 2^6972593-1 2098960 # 1999 David Slowinski Paul Gage is offering a $100,000 award for * Mersenne Prime Numbers are Prime Numbers in the form of 2^<Integer> -1 discovering the next largest # 67 pages long if printed on Newspaper (ten million digits) prime number CS 370 Dr. Young 23 CS 370 Dr. Young 24 6 How to evaluate the power of a supercomputer? Top 10 Supercomputers Finding the Largest Mersenne Prime Number Country 2006 2007 2008 Slowinski: (SGI, Cray) USA 6 8 6 "The prime finder program rigorously tests all Japan 2 elements of a system -- from the logic of the Spain 1 processors, to the memory, the compiler and the operating and multitasking systems. India 1 For high performance systems with multiple Germany 1 1 1 processors, this is an excellent test of the system's France 1 2 ability." CS 370 Dr. Young 25 CS 370 Dr. Young 26 Top 10 Supercomputers Top Supercomputers Country 2012 2013 2013 Timeline (Nov) (June) (Nov) http://www.top500.org/timeline/ USA 5 5 5 Top #1 System China 1 2 1 http://www.top500.org/featured/to Japan 1 2 1 p-systems/ Germany 2 1 2 Italy 1 Switzerland 1 CS 370 Dr. Young 27 CS 370 Dr. Young 28 7 Theoretical Implication of Parallel machines Areas of Research in P&D Computing Parallel and Distributed Architectures Parallel machine with infinite number of processors Parallel and Distributed Algorithms means we have a Non-deterministic Machine Parallel Programming Languages Scientific Computing Statement like Guess({S1,S2}) can be added to our Signal & Image Processing Systems familiar deterministic program. Special Purpose Processors VLSI and Configurable Logic Systems Suddenly, those NP-hard problems (e.g. Traveling Performance Modeling/Evaluation Salesman Problem) can be solved in Linear time Memory Hierarchy Issues in Parallel and Distributed Processing Programming Environments and Tools for Parallel and Distributed Platforms Compilers and Optimizations for Parallel and Distributed Processing Operating System and Runtime Support for Parallel and Distributed Computing Parallel and Distributed Network Protocols and Implementations Applications of Parallel and Distributed Computing Nontraditional Processor Technologies (Optical, Quantum, DNA, etc.) CS 370 Dr. Young 29 CS 370 Dr. Young 30 Supercomputing Journals Topics of Discussion International J. of Parallel ACM J. of Experimental Algorithmics Programming Introduction J. of Interconnection Networks BIT J. of Parallel and Distributed
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