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Unionidae) in Ohio Brush Creek Watershed Spatial Distribution of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) in Ohio Brush Creek Watershed, Southern Ohio A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Jason K. Brown November 2010 © 2010 Jason K. Brown. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Spatial Distribution of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) in Ohio Brush Creek Watershed, Southern Ohio by JASON K. BROWN has been approved for the Department of Geography and the College of Arts and Sciences by James M. Dyer Professor of Geography Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT BROWN, JASON K., M.A., November 2010, Geography Spatial Distribution of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) in Ohio Brush Creek Watershed, Southern Ohio (77 pp.) Director of Thesis: James M. Dyer Between July and October 2005, 42 sites across Ohio Brush Creek watershed were surveyed to assess the spatial distribution of native freshwater mussels (Unionidae). Freshwater mussel shells were recorded at 28 out of 42 sites representing 14 native species. A total of thirteen species were recorded at 19 sites as living or fresh dead. Associations between the presence, diversity, and abundance of freshwater mussels and coarse-scale variables (drainage area, stream gradient, and percent land cover) and fine- scale variables (200 meter stream-reach habitat features based on Ohio EPA’s Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI)) were explored using correlation and chi-square analysis. The presence, diversity, and abundance of mussel shells were associated with both coarse- and fine-scale variables. Drainage area and stream reaches with excellent channel development, high amounts of habitat cover, maximum water depths > 1 meter, and riffle depths > 5 cm were all associated with the presence, diversity, and abundance of mussels. Stream gradient was also associated with mussel shell presence and diversity, however was not associated with shell abundance due to the high abundance of fat mucket shells in upper reaches of the watershed. Sites with the highest diversity and abundance occurred along the mainstems of Ohio Brush Creek and the West Fork. Thirty-seven native mussel species have been recorded in the watershed. Unfortunately 4 over 40% of these species are listed as either endangered, threatened, or of special concern. Sedimentation due to agricultural runoff and deforestation of riparian corridors has been identified as the primary threat to freshwater mussels in Ohio Brush Creek watershed. It is imperative to collect data that can be explored to find spatial and temporal patterns that exist amongst the mussel community in Ohio Brush Creek watershed. This data can also be used to help guide stream habitat restoration and native mussel re-establishment projects in the watershed. Approved: _____________________________________________________________ James M. Dyer Professor of Geography 5 I dedicate this work to my wife Susan Brownknight and our son Lennon Brown. Without their support, patience, love, and understanding this project would have never been accomplished. 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee members Dr. James Dyer, Dr. Timothy Anderson, and Dr. Gaurauv Sinha for their advice and service during this project. I would especially like to thank my advisor Dr. James Dyer for his support, patience, and knowledge. I would also like to thank the staff at the Richard and Lucile Durrell Edge of Appalachia Preserve System (EOA) in Adams County, Ohio. They provided me with the opportunity to learn about the magnificent lives of mussels in Ohio Brush Creek and inspired me to be a steward to this planet. Thank you Bedel, Zloba, Pete, Lucy, and Rich! 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 Dedication ........................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 9 List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................ 17 Natural History ............................................................................................................. 17 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Freshwater Mussels ........................................... 20 Threats to Freshwater Mussels ..................................................................................... 22 Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................... 25 Study Area .................................................................................................................... 25 Land Use ................................................................................................................... 27 Geology ..................................................................................................................... 27 Climate ...................................................................................................................... 28 Survey Methods ............................................................................................................ 29 Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) .......................................................... 32 GIS Analysis ............................................................................................................. 36 Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................................ 37 Chapter 4: Results ............................................................................................................. 40 Mussel Assemblage ...................................................................................................... 40 Coarse-Scale Variables ................................................................................................. 48 Drainage Area and Stream Gradient ......................................................................... 48 Land Cover Analysis ................................................................................................. 50 Fine-Scale Variables ..................................................................................................... 54 Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) .......................................................... 54 Chapter 5: Discussion ....................................................................................................... 66 Variation in Year-to-Year Mussel Survey Results ....................................................... 66 8 Spatial Distribution of the Mussel Community ............................................................ 68 Relationship between the QHEI and Freshwater Mussels ............................................ 69 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 70 References ......................................................................................................................... 74 9 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1: Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) metrics and scoring ranges .............................................................................................................................33 Table 3.2: General narrative ranges assigned to Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) scores ......................................................................................................35 Table 3.3: U.S. EPA 2001 National Land Cover Data (NLCD) classifications ............37 Table 3.4: List of variables used in statistical analysis to assess relationships with the presence of mussels at each site (n=42) ....................................................................39 Table 4.1: Species recorded from Ohio Brush Creek watershed including Museum Collections (MC) from The Ohio State University and the Edge of Appalachia Preserve and previous survey data from Watters in 1987 and 1996, Matter in 2004, and results from this survey in 2005 ..........................................................................40,41 Table 4.2: Number of live and fresh dead mussel shells collected from Ohio Brush Creek and its major tributaries: West Fork, Baker Fork, and Little West Fork ............47 Table 4.3: Pearson correlation coefficients for drainage area and stream gradient vs. mussel species richness and abundance at each site (n=19) ..........................................49 Table 4.4: Pearson correlation coefficients for percent forest and agriculture land cover vs. mussel species richness and abundance at each site with the presence of living and fresh dead mussel shells (n=19). .....................................................................................53 Table 4.5: Contingency table with a pattern of observed and expected frequencies suggesting an association
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