Nanotechnology Platforms and Sectoral Diffusion Patterns in Drug, Cosmetics
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NANOTECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS AND SECTORAL DIFFUSION PATTERNS IN DRUG, COSMETICS AND FOOD DELIVERY SYSTEMS A Historical, Empirical And Theoretical Study Of Technological Convergence Across Previously Distinct Industries Hailing Yu Materials Department School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary, University of London Prepared for THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL PH.D. SCHOOL ON NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT GLOBELICS ACADEMY Tampere, Finland, from 2nd of June to 13th of June 2008 [email protected] Prepared for the 5th International PH.D. SCHOOL GLOBELICS ACADEMY Abstract The fundamental proposition investigated in this paper is that the nanotechnologies developed for each of these different market sectors have the potential to diffuse out of their vertical market across to the other industries. A typical example is in the use of encapsulation technologies such as liposomes, which are already finding applications in the delivery of anti‐cancer drugs, skin nutrients in cosmetics and flavors in the food industry. The thesis combines an in‐depth understanding of the emerging science base at the nanoscale with an investigation of what the implications might be for the economics of technical change, the process of diffusion of generic technology platforms and the convergence of previously separate industries and markets. In addition with huge government funding, it is important to understand the pace and nature of this convergence. As such this is a pioneering study in areas, which although little understood at present, are of increasing importance in the economics of innovation, national systems of innovation and public policy within and between knowledge‐based economies. Key words: Nanotechnology Platform; Delivery Technology; Technology Convergence Abstract.............................................................................................................................................................. 1 List Of Figures................................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Background.................................................................................................................................................... 2 Research Questions........................................................................................................................................ 3 Expected Results And Contribution To The Literature................................................................................. 4 Methodological Approach And Analytical Frameworks................................................................................... 4 Technological Change and Diffusion ............................................................................................................ 5 General principles to characterize technology........................................................................................... 6 Technological change from an evolutionary perspective .......................................................................... 7 Technology diffusion: the ex-post selection mechanisms in the process of technological change........... 7 The General Purpose Technology concept and nanotechnology platform.................................................... 8 The GPT concept and nanotechnology platform....................................................................................... 9 Strategies to identify a GPT..................................................................................................................... 11 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Research Question 1: How have the industries of Pharmaceuticals/Drug Delivery, Cosmetics/skin care and Food evolved on their separated paths in the 20th Century? (Characteristics, Commonalities and Differences) ................................................................................................................................................. 13 Technological change in the pharmaceutical industry............................................................................. 13 History of drug delivery....................................................................................................................... 14 Novel drug-delivery systems ............................................................................................................... 14 Technological change in cosmetics industry ........................................................................................... 15 History of Cosmetics ........................................................................................................................... 15 Cosmetics/Personal Care Delivery Systems........................................................................................ 16 Technological change in food industry.................................................................................................... 17 Food science and technology............................................................................................................... 17 The interrelation of food and drugs ..................................................................................................... 18 Controlled release in food delivery...................................................................................................... 18 Hailing Yu Page 1 30/04/2008 [email protected] Prepared for the 5th International PH.D. SCHOOL GLOBELICS ACADEMY Research Question 2: How is nanotechnology leading to the creation of generic nanoplatform e.g. nanoplatform-based delivery system? ......................................................................................................... 20 Diffusion of nanotechnology in drug delivery......................................................................................... 20 Diffusion of nanotechnology in cosmetics/skin care delivery................................................................. 23 Diffusion of nanotechnology in food delivery......................................................................................... 23 Research Question 3: What will be the impact of the diffusion of nanoplatform-based delivery technologies (1) Pharmaceuticals/drug delivery, Cosmetics/skin care and Food R&D? and, (2) market and technological convergence between previously distinct indutries?............................................................. 24 New Delivery Systems for Nutraceutical (Nutracosmetic) and Cosmeceutical Formulations................ 24 Reference ......................................................................................................................................................... 26 List Of Figures Figure 1: Controlled release technologies in cosmetics, food and drug delivery.............................................. 3 Figure 2: Application matrix of nanotechnology in food science and technology............................................ 3 Figure 3 Potential sequence of science, intermediate goods, and final products in nanotechnology.............. 11 Figure 4 History of drug discovery.................................................................................................................. 13 Figure 5 Physical and chemical types of controlled release systems .............................................................. 19 List of Tables Table 1: Classification of DDSs based on drug-release mechanism and technology...................................... 15 Table 2 Common rationale required for the development of a delivery system ............................................. 17 Table 3 Examples of drug delivery technologies in relation to the current nanotechnology revolution......... 20 Table 4 Examples of nanotechnologies ........................................................................................................... 21 Table 5 Examples of nanotechnologies for drug delivery............................................................................... 22 Table 6 Popular nutracosmetic ingredients...................................................................................................... 25 Introduction Background An initial investigation into the development and the use of nanotechnology‐enabled delivery technologies in Personal Care, Food and Pharmaceutical industries, indicated that numerous opportunities for technology transfer exist at the interface between the Pharmaceutical (i.e., Drugs), Personal Care (i.e., Cosmeceuticals & Functional Actives), and Food (i.e., Nutraceuticals) industries. Some of the forces associated with the industry’s recognition of the need to move to a higher ground include providing protection of functional actives from processing, environmental, and formulation stressors. Fortunately, these needs are timely since they correspond with the emergence of a Technology Platform to provide solutions for these issues (i.e., Delivery Systems). This science relies upon a whole range of new and existing technologies. These technologies are evolving at a rapid rate and address the need for novel approaches to carry actives within formulations and successfully deliver them to substrates like skin