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Radical Milieus and Salafis Movements in France: Ideologies, Practices, Relationships with Society and Political Visions
MWP 2014 /13 Max Weber Programme Radical Milieus and Salafis Movements in France: Ideologies, Practices, Relationships with Society and Political Visions AuthorMohamed-Ali Author Adraouiand Author Author European University Institute Max Weber Programme Radical Milieus and Salafis Movements in France: Ideologies, Practices, Relationships with Society and Political Visions Mohamed-Ali Adraoui EUI Working Paper MWP 2014/13 This text may be downloaded for personal research purposes only. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copy or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper or other series, the year, and the publisher. ISSN 1830-7728 © Mohamed-Ali Adraoui, 2014 Printed in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy www.eui.eu cadmus.eui.eu Abstract This paper deals mainly with the issue of radical Islam within French society over recent decades. More particularly, this study illustrates evolutions and the radicalization processes among some militant Islamic groups in this country since the end of the 1970s. Focusing on connections between geopolitical issues born in the Arab world and their implications within a predominantly non Muslim society, enables highlighting the centrality of some actors and currents that have been the impulse for the emergence of a radical and militant activism in France. Some specific attention is paid to Salafist movements, whether they are primarily interested in political protest or whether they desire first to break with the rest of society in order to purify their beliefs and social relations.This paper has to do with the political vision, strategies, history and sociology of Islamic radical militancy in France. -
Islamist and Middle Eastern Terrorism: a Threat to Europe?
© Rubbettino Centro Militare di Studi Strategici - Roma © Rubbettino Islamist and Middle Eastern Terrorism: A threat to Europe? Maria do Céu Pinto (University of Minho Portugal) Rubbettino © Rubbettino Copyright © by CeMiSS Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Piazza della Rovere, 83 - 00165 Roma (RM) e-mail: [email protected] © 2004 - Rubbettino Editore 88049 Soveria Mannelli - Viale Rosario Rubbettino, 10 -Tel. (0968) 662034 www.rubbettino.it © Rubbettino Index Abstract: 7 Introduction 9 I Islamist and Middle Eastern Terrorism in Europe: The Background 11 I.1. Palestinian Terrorism 11 I.2. Iranian Terrorism 17 II New Patterns of Islamist Terrorism in the 1990s 21 II.1. A New Age of Terrorism 21 II.2. Religious Terrorism 22 III The Web of Terror in Europe 31 III.1. Interlocking Terror Plots 31 III.2. Al-Qaeda: an Umbrella Network 32 III.3. Mosques: Recruitment and Indoctrination 36 IV Groups and Activities of Islamic Terrorists in Europe 41 IV.1. England 41 IV.2. France And Belgium 49 IV.3. Italy 53 IV.4. Germany 62 IV.5. Spain 65 IV.6. The Netherlands 71 V Evaluating the Terrorist Threat to Europe’s Security 75 V.1. Al-Qaeda’s European Infrastructure after 11th September 75 V.2. Islamic Communities in Europe: A Breeding Ground of Terrorists? 76 Conclusion 77 Bibliography 79 © Rubbettino 5 © Rubbettino Abstract During three decades Middle Eastern terrorism in Europe was largely a spillover from problems in the Middle East. Europe was a preferential oper- ational area for Arab, Palestinian and Iranian terrorists fighting each other. In the 1990s, a new Islamic threat emerged as a result of the activities of “ad hoc” terrorist groups, which lack a well-established organisational identity and tend to decentralise and compartmentalise their activities. -
The Jihadist Threat in France CLARA BEYLER
The Jihadist Threat in France CLARA BEYLER INCE THE MADRID AND LONDON BOMBINGS, Europeans elsewhere— fearful that they may become the next targets of Islamist terrorism— are finally beginning to face the consequences of the long, unchecked Sgrowth of radical Islam on their continent. The July bombings in London, while having the distinction of being the first suicide attacks in Western Eu- rope, were not the first time terrorists targeted a major European subway system. Ten years ago, a group linked to the Algerian Armed Islamic Group (Groupe Islamique Armé—GIA) unleashed a series of bombings on the Paris metro system. Since 1996, however, France has successfully avoided any ma- jor attack on its soil by an extremist Muslim group. This is due not to any lack of terrorist attempts—(only last September, France arrested nine members of a radical Islamist cell planning to attack the metro system)—but rather to the efficiency of the French counterterrorist services.1 France is now home to between five to six million Muslims—the sec- ond largest religious group in France, and the largest Muslim population in any Western European country.2 The majority of this very diverse population practices and believes in an apolitical, nonviolent Islam.3 A minority of them, however, are extremists. Islamist groups are actively operating in France to- day, spreading radical ideology and recruiting for future terrorist attacks on French soil and abroad. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of France’s Islamist groups, the evolving threats they have posed and continue to pose to French society, and the response of the French authorities to these threats. -
Tracking Terrorist Financing by Michael E Gray
Ch F-X ang PD e w Click to buy NOW! w m o w c .d k. ocu-trac Tracking Terrorist Financing By Michael E Gray 1 Ch F-X ang PD e w Click to buy NOW! w m o w c .d k. ocu-trac Introduction As the war on terror has entered it seventh year, efforts to dismantle terrorist financial networks remains an essential part of the strategy. More than 140 millions dollars in terrorist assets have been frozen. Some 1,600 bank accounts have been seized world wide. Terrorist groups have become increasingly adapted to eluding detection through the use of cash, shell companies and money laundering operations. Charities donations and informal money transfer centers (hawals) are strongly embedded in the Islamic culture have made it extremely difficult in tracking down terrorist financial links. Another fact to be considered by law enforcement is that terrorist operations can be accomplished at a relatively low cost. A good example of this is the 2005 London train bombing cost $2,000, the 2004 Madrid mass transit bombing was $10,000-$15,000, the 2002 Bali nigh club bombing was $50,0001 and the 9/11 World Trade Center attack was $400,000-$500,0002 What methods are used to fiancé these operations? Charities. At once time they were the main source of operating capital along with donations from wealthy individuals according to the CFR 2002 Task Force Report. The 2004 report does state that Saudi Arabia has taken some steps to rectify this. In the Islamic culture there are numerous charities out there and we can not monitor all of them3. -
Returning Western Foreign Fighters: the Case of Afghanistan, Bosnia and Somalia
Returning Western foreign fighters: The case of Afghanistan, Bosnia and Somalia Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn and Edwin Bakker ICCT Background Note June 2014 Authorities are increasingly worried about the large number of Western foreign fighters present in Syria. The fear is that these fighters will return radicalised, battle hardened and with extensive radical networks that might encourage them to commit a terrorist attack in the home country. The recent attack on the Jewish Museum in Brussels – allegedly by a returned foreign fighter from Syria – seems to be a case in point. However, the conflict in Syria is not the first to attract foreign fighters. In this Background Note, Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn and Edwin Bakker investigate three historical cases of foreign fighting: Afghanistan (1980s), Bosnia (1990s) and Somalia (2000s). In this paper they aim to give insight into what happened to these foreign fighters after their fight abroad had ended. The authors distinguish eight possible pathways for foreign fighters that can help to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of this complex phenomenon. About the Authors Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn is Research Assistant at the Centre for Terrorism and Counterterrorism (CTC) in The Hague. She holds a master’s degree in International Relations in Historical Perspective (cum laude) from Utrecht University, which she completed with a thesis on foreign fighters. Currently, she is working on the development of MOOCs – massive open online courses – at Leiden University. In that position, she assisted Professor Bakker with the MOOC Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Comparing Theory & Practice that attracted more than 40,000 students. -
COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 881/2002 of 27
02002R0881 — EN — 14.04.2021 — 123.001 — 1 This text is meant purely as a documentation tool and has no legal effect. The Union's institutions do not assume any liability for its contents. The authentic versions of the relevant acts, including their preambles, are those published in the Official Journal of the European Union and available in EUR-Lex. Those official texts are directly accessible through the links embedded in this document ►B ►M246 COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 881/2002 of 27 May 2002 imposing certain specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities associated with the ISIL (Da'esh) and Al-Qaida organisations ◄ (OJ L 139, 29.5.2002, p. 9) Amended by: Official Journal No page date ►M1 Commission Regulation (EC) No 951/2002 of 3 June 2002 L 145 14 4.6.2002 ►M2 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1580/2002 of 4 September 2002 L 237 3 5.9.2002 ►M3 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1644/2002 of 13 September 2002 L 247 25 14.9.2002 ►M4 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1754/2002 of 1 October 2002 L 264 23 2.10.2002 ►M5 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1823/2002 of 11 October 2002 L 276 26 12.10.2002 ►M6 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1893/2002 of 23 October 2002 L 286 19 24.10.2002 ►M7 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1935/2002 of 29 October 2002 L 295 11 30.10.2002 ►M8 Commission Regulation (EC) No 2083/2002 of 22 November 2002 L 319 22 23.11.2002 ►M9 Commission Regulation (EC) No 145/2003 of 27 January 2003 L 23 22 28.1.2003 ►M10 Commission Regulation (EC) No 215/2003 of 3 February 2003 L 28 41 4.2.2003 ►M11 Commission Regulation -
Violent Converts to Islam: Growing Cluster and Rising Trend Jahangir E
Chapter 8 Violent Converts to Islam: Growing Cluster and Rising Trend Jahangir E. Arasli 1 Introduction Before and since the death of Osama bin Laden, the role and place of violent Muslim converts in the context of Islamist homegrown terrorism (hereafter HGT) largely remains below the radar screen, both in the research community and in the security practitioners’ pool. Despite the exponentially growing evi- dence which suggests that converts are steadily moving from the periphery into the epicenter of HGT, conventional wisdom still treats them as a marginal, fringe phenomenon rather than as a sustained and arguably growing trend posing serious security challenges.2 This essay represents a modest attempt to help bridge the gap between outdated perceptions and existing realities vis-à- vis the (in some quarters sensitive) issue of converts. It is to be hoped that this chapter will also contribute to future shaping of the topic as an independent and important sub-discipline in the field of counterterrorism. Accordingly, the essay first touches upon the general issues of definition and terminology. Subsequently, it provides a brief historic overview and offers em- pirical data suggesting that the threat posed by violent converts is evolving to a higher level. After that, this chapter addresses the core questions, related to the personal characteristics of converts, as well as the reasons for and patterns of their conversion experience and radicalization. Finally, it analyzes practical as- pects of violent converts’ activities in the format of HGT. Given its limited scope, this essay is not aimed at covering the whole picture in a comprehensive sense. -
SRO 1288 Dated 22 December 2015
EXTRAORDINARY PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY ______________________________________________________________________________ ISLAMABAD, TUESDAY, December 29, 2015 ______________________________________________________________________________ Part II Statutory Notifications (S.R.O.) Government of Paksitan MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS ORDER Islamabad the 22 December 2015 S.R.O.1288 (I)/2015. – WHEREAS the United Nations Security Council vide its Resolutions Nos. 1267(1999), 1333 (2000), 1373 (2001), 1390 (2002), 1455 (2003), 1526 (2004), 1617 (2005), 1735 (2006), 1822 (2008), 1904 (2009), 1988 (2011), 1989 (2011), 2082 (2012), 2083 (2012), 2133 (2014), 2160 (2014), 2161 (2014) 2170(2014), 2178(2014), 2199 (2015) and 2253 (2015) has directed to apply travel restrictions, arms embargo and to freeze the funds and other financial resources of certain individuals and entities; 2. AND WHEREAS through paragraph 1 of United Nations Security Council resolution 2253(2015) adopted on 17 December 2015 under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the United Nations Security Council has decided that, from the date of adoption of this resolution, the 1267/1989 Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee shall henceforth be known as the “1267/1989/2253 ISIL (Da’esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee” and the Al-Qaida Sanctions List shall henceforth be known as the ISIL (Da’esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions List; 3. AND WHEREAS through paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolution 2253 (2015) adopted under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the United Nations Secuirty -
Ethno-Religious Conflict in Europe
ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFLICT IN EUROPE TYPOLOGIES OF RADICALISATION IN EUROPE’S MUSLIM COMMUNITIES EDITED BY MICHAEL EMERSON AUTHORS OLIVIER ROY SAMIR AMGHAR THEODOROS KOUTROUBAS, WARD VLOEBERGHS & ZEYNEP YANASMAYAN TINKA VELDHUIS & EDWIN BAKKER RACHEL BRIGGS & JONATHAN BIRDWELL PATRICIA BEZUNARTEA, JOSÉ MANUEL LÓPEZ & LAURA TEDESCO ALEKSEI MALASHENKO & AKHMET YARLYKAPOV CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN POLICY STUDIES BRUSSELS The Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) is an independent policy research institute based in Brussels. Its mission is to produce sound analytical research leading to constructive solutions to the challenges facing Europe today. CEPS Paperbacks present analysis and views by leading experts on important questions in the arena of European public policy, written in a style geared to an informed but generalist readership. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors writing in a personal capacity and do not necessarily reflect those of CEPS or any other institution with which they are associated. This project has been funded by the European Union’s 6th Framework Programme. CEPS’s broader work programme on Islam-related issues is supported by grants from the Compagnia di San Paolo and the Open Society Institute, which are gratefully acknowledged. With grateful thanks to François Schnell for allowing us to use his photo on the cover, showing a burning car in Strasbourg torched during the 2005 riots. ISBN 978-92-9079-822-4 © Copyright 2009, Centre for European Policy Studies. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the prior permission of the Centre for European Policy Studies. -
Fearing the Western Muslim Foreign Fighter
FEARING THE WESTERN MUSLIM FOREIGN FIGHTER THE CONNECTION BETWEEN FIGHTING THE DEFENSIVE JIHAD AND TERRORIST ACTIVITY IN THE WEST Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Internationale Betrekkingen in Historisch Perspectief, Universiteit Utrecht. Supervisor: Dr. M.L.L. Segers This thesis has been written as a capstone of the selective MA Internationale Betrekkingen in Historisch Perspectief (International Relations in Historical Perspective) of Utrecht University. A special thanks to my supervisor dr. Mathieu Segers and the external support of prof. dr. Edwin Bakker (Leiden University), to Tom Buitelaar for proofreading it and to everyone who has been of help in the process of researching, writing and editing, including mental support offered by colleagues, friends and family. Utrecht, January 2014 Contact: [email protected] © Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn ABSTRACT This thesis started with the observation that many Western countries are worried about the high number of Western Muslim foreign fighters currently fighting in Syria. The concern is that these fighters might return radicalised and battle-hardened and decide to mount a terrorist attack. The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent these fighters have indeed been directly involved in jihadist-inspired terrorist plots and attacks in Europe in the past. Instead of presenting a threat assessment of the risk posed by the current fighters, this thesis thus investigated historical examples of Western Muslim foreign fighting. The first approach examined the presence of foreign fighters in the most serious terrorist attacks and plots in Europe between 1994 and 2013 by means of compiling a database. -
Monde.20011002.Pdf
DEMANDEZ NOS DEUX SUPPLÉMENTS LES MUTATIONS LES INITIATIVES www.lemonde.fr 57e ANNÉE – Nº 17630 – 7,90 F - 1,20 EURO FRANCE MÉTROPOLITAINE -- MARDI 2 OCTOBRE 2001 FONDATEUR : HUBERT BEUVE-MÉRY – DIRECTEUR : JEAN-MARIE COLOMBANI Jean-Marie Messier engage une épreuve Attentats : l’enquête se concentre sur l’Europe b Les investigations sur les attentats du 11 septembre ne cessent de s’internationaliser b Pour le FBI, de force avec l’Europe aurait été au cœur de leur préparation depuis des années b Plusieurs suspects le gouvernement sont passés par l’Allemagne b Tony Blair affirme avoir les preuves de l’implication de Ben Laden SOMMAIRE Laden. Tony Blair affirme les déte- d’Athis-Mons. Le second, Lotfi Rais- b Aux Etats-Unis : Washington n’en- autour de l’UMTS nir. Les cas de deux Algériens si, est détenu en Grande-Bretagne tend pas négocier avec les talibans. Les b L’enquête policière et financiè- retiennent l’attention. Le premier, sous le soupçon d’avoir formé au manifestations contre la guerre. Entre- LE PDG de Vivendi Universal, re : Trois semaines après les atten- Kamel Daoudi, est suspecté par la pilotage quatre des pirates. Les tien avec Anthony Cordesman. p. 5 Jean-Marie Messier, a décidé d’en- tats, l’enquête est internationale. police française d’être l’un des investigations se développent aussi gager une épreuve de force avec le C’est d’Europe que pourraient représentants de Ben Laden en en Allemagne, notamment à Ham- b L’avenir de l’Afghanistan : Le gouvernement. Alors que sa filiale venir les « preuves », jamais ren- Europe. -
Jihadi Terrorists in Europe
Jihadi terrorists in Europe their characteristics and the circumstances in which they joined the jihad: an exploratory study Edwin Bakker Data collection: Teije Hidde Donker & Edwin Bakker December 2006 NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CLINGENDAEL CIP-Data Koninklijke bibliotheek, Den Haag Bakker, Edwin Jihadi terrorists in Europe: their characteristics and the circumstances in which they joined the jihad: an exploratory study / Edwin Bakker – The Hague, Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. ISBN-10: 90-5031-113-X ISBN-13: 978-90-5031-113-7 Desk top publishing by: Karin van Egmond Language Editing by: Michael Andrew Berger Nederlands Instituut voor Internationale Betrekkingen Clingendael Clingendael 7 2597 VH Den Haag Phone: +31 (0)70 – 3245384 Fax: +31 (0)70 – 3746667 P.O.Box 93080 2509 AB Den Haag E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl © Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holders. Clingendael Institute, P.O. Box 93080, 2509 AB The Hague, The Netherlands Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Jihadi terrorism 1 1.2 Differences 3 1.3 Jihadi terrorism in Europe 3 1.4 Research 4 1.5 This study 7 2 Understanding terror networks 9 2.1 New developments 13 3 Cases of jihadi terrorism in Europe 15 4 Characteristics