DOCSLIB.ORG

Flight-Muscle Polymorphism in the Cricket Gryllus Firmus: Muscle Characteristics and Their Influence on the Ve Olution of Flightlessness

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Flight-Muscle Polymorphism in the Cricket Gryllus Firmus: Muscle Characteristics and Their Influence on the Ve Olution of Flightlessness University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Anthony Zera Publications Papers in the Biological Sciences October 1997 Flight-Muscle Polymorphism in the Cricket Gryllus firmus: Muscle Characteristics and Their Influence on the vE olution of Flightlessness Anthony J. Zera University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Jeffry Sall University of Nebraska - Lincoln Kimberly Grudzinski University of Nebraska - Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscizera Part of the Microbiology Commons Zera, Anthony J.; Sall, Jeffry; and Grudzinski, Kimberly, "Flight-Muscle Polymorphism in the Cricket Gryllus firmus: Muscle Characteristics and Their Influence on the vE olution of Flightlessness" (1997). Anthony Zera Publications. 5. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscizera/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthony Zera Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 519 Flight-Muscle Polymorphism in the Cricket Gryllus firmus: Muscle Characteristics and Their Influence on the Evolution of Flightlessness Anthony J. Zera^ tify the factors that affect dispersal in natural populations (Har- Jeffry Sail rison 1980; Dingle 1985; Pener 1985; Roff 1986; Zera and Mole Kimberly Grudzinski 1994; Zera and Denno 1997). An important finding of these School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, studies is that dispersal capability has physiological and fitness Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 costs. Fully winged females typically begin egg development later and have reduced fecundity relative to flightless (short- Accepted by C.P.M. 1/9/97 winged or wingless) females (Pener 1985; Roff 1986; Zera and Denno 1997). This observation, together with more recent physiological comparisons of wing morphs, indicates that the attainment and maintenance of flight capability involves a sig- ABSTRACT nificant energetic cost, which reduces egg production (Tanaka Flight muscles of the cricket Gryllus firmus are polymorphic, ex- 1993; Zera and Mole 1994; Zera and Denno 1997). isting as pink or white phenotypes. White muscles are smaller in Although wing polymorphism derives its name from varia- size, have reduced number and size of muscle fibers, and have tion in wing length, wing morphs also differ in flight-muscle reduced in vitro enzyme activities and respiration rates relative to characteristics. Flight muscles are reduced in the flightless pink muscles of newly molted, fully winged adults. G. firmus is morph (Smith 1964; Pener 1985; Roff 1986). Muscle reduction also polymorphic for wing length. All newly molted long-winged is thought to be more important than wing reduction in elevat- adults exhibited the pink-muscle phenotype, while most newly ing the fecundity of the flightless morph (Zera and Denno molted short-winged adults exhibited the white-muscle phenotype, 1997); however, there is a paucity of anatomical, physiological, which resulted from arrested muscle growth. As long-winged adults and biochemical data on flight muscles in wing-polymorphic aged, fully grown pink muscle was transformed into white muscle insects (reviewed in Smith [1964] and Pener [1985]). This via histolysis. The substantially higher respiration rate of pink mus- paucity of information limits our understanding of the physio- cle likely contributes to the elevated whole-organism respiration logical mechanisms underlying the trade-off between flight ca- rate of long-winged females, which has been documented pre- pability and reproduction and has also likely resulted in an viously and which is thought to divert nutrients from egg produc- underestimate of the fitness cost of flight capability. tion. Histolyzed white flight muscle from long-winged crickets also The fitness cost of flight capability has typically been assessed exhibited significantly elevated respiration rate and enzyme activi- by comparing the decrease in fecundity of long-winged females ties compared with underdeveloped white muscle from short- that have not flown with that of short-winged females of wing- winged adults, although these differences were not as great as polymorphic insects (Harrison 1980; Roff 1986; Zera and those between pink and white muscles. Fecundity was much more Denno 1997). However, it has long been recognized that long- elevated in females with white versus pink flight muscles than it winged individuals of the same age often exhibit dramatic vari- was in females with short versus long wings. The fitness gain ation in flight-muscle status. Some long-winged females exhibit resulting from flightlessness has typically been estimated in previous fully developed flight muscles when reproduction commences, studies by comparing enhanced egg production of short-winged while others have histolyzed flight muscles at this time and and long-winged females, without considering the influence of thus are functionally flightless (Young 1965; Pener 1985). flight-muscle variation. Our results suggest that the magnitude of Flight-muscle polymorphism within the long-winged subpopu- this fitness gain has been substantially underestimated. lation would result in an underestimate of the costs of flight capability if flight-muscle histolysis elevates fecundity and if long-winged individuals with and without histolyzed flight Introduction muscles are not distinguished. The extent to which this occurs is unknown. Wing polymorphism in insects has been extensively studied The present study is the first in a series of investigations from physiological, genetic, and ecological perspectives to iden- that focuses on flight-muscle characteristics of long-winged and short-winged morphs of the wing-dimorphic cricket, Gryllus ^To whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: [email protected]. firmus. This species and its congener Gryllus rubens have been Physiological Zoology 70(5):519-529. 1997. © 1997 by The University of used in physiological studies on the trade-off between flight Chicago. All rights reserved. 0031-935X/97/7005-9680$03.00 capability and fecundity (Mole and Zera 1993; Zera and Mole 520 A. J. Zera, J. Sail, and K. Grudzinski 1994; Zera et al. 1994). Prior to the present study, only rudi- crickets. These crickets were reared singly with oviposition mentary information was available on any aspect of flight- material in which they oviposited their eggs. muscle variation in these species. The present study had three goals. The first was to obtain baseline information on the mor- Histology phology, development, and physiology of the various flight- muscle phenotypes in the long-winged and short-winged Dorsolongitudinal flight muscles were dissected out of long- morphs. The second was to determine the degree to which winged or short-winged crickets of various ages, fixed in Bou- reduced flight-muscle phenotypes that are produced by differ- in's fluid for 12 h, and dehydrated and infiltrated with paraffin. ent processes (arrested growth in juveniles vs. histolysis in Cross sections (7 |Lim) through the thickest portion of the adults) resemble each other in morphology, physiology, and muscles were stained with Masson's Triple Stain (Weesner impact on egg production. The degree to which this occurs is 1960) and were examined under a light microscope. Muscle expected to have an important influence on the evolution of fibers were oblong and mean fiber cross-sectional area per flightlessness (see Discussion). The third goal was to assess the muscle was calculated as follows: Maximum and minimum degree to which enhanced fecundity is associated with reduced fiber diameters were measured for each of six randomly chosen flight muscles rather than reduced wing length and the conse- fibers. The average cross-sectional area was computed as the quences of this on estimates of the cost of dispersal capability. product of the average maximum and minimum diameters. The total number of fibers per muscle was calculated by divid- ing the cross-sectional area of the entire muscle by the average Material and Methods fiber area. Insect Rearing Isocitrate Dehydrogenase and Citrate Synthase Activities Gryllus firmus, the sand cricket, occurs in the southeastern United States as a long-winged morph, some of which are Dorsolongitudinal flight muscles were dissected out of long- capable of flight, or as a short-winged form that is obligately winged or short-winged crickets of various ages and assayed flightless (Veazy et al. 1976). The G. firmus used were from for NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH, EC the same laboratory colonies that were used in previous physio- 1.1.1.42) or citrate synthase (CS, EC 4.1.3.7) activity. These logical studies (Zera and Mole 1994; Zera et al. 1994). Standard enzymes were chosen to represent typical cytoplasmic and mi- rearing conditions (28°C, 16L : 8D photoperiod, 40-60 adults tochondrial enzymes of intermediary metabolism. CS activity per 38-L aquarium, no egg-laying substrate) are detailed in is also an indicator ofmitochondrial volume and aerobic capac- those reports. ity in insect flight muscle (Ready and Najam 1985). Dissected muscle was blotted dry, weighed and homogenized in 20 vol of 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid buffer (ionic Developmental Profiles of Flight Muscles strength = 0.1), pH 7.1. The homogenate was centrifuged at and Reproductive Organs 13,000 g for 10 min and the supernatant was assayed for IDH
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE QUARTERLY REVIEW of BIOLOGY
    VOL. 43, NO. I March, 1968 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW of BIOLOGY LIFE CYCLE ORIGINS, SPECIATION, AND RELATED PHENOMENA IN CRICKETS BY RICHARD D. ALEXANDER Museum of Zoology and Departmentof Zoology The Universityof Michigan,Ann Arbor ABSTRACT Seven general kinds of life cycles are known among crickets; they differ chieff,y in overwintering (diapause) stage and number of generations per season, or diapauses per generation. Some species with broad north-south ranges vary in these respects, spanning wholly or in part certain of the gaps between cycles and suggesting how some of the differences originated. Species with a particular cycle have predictable responses to photoperiod and temperature regimes that affect behavior, development time, wing length, bod)• size, and other characteristics. Some polymorphic tendencies also correlate with habitat permanence, and some are influenced by population density. Genera and subfamilies with several kinds of life cycles usually have proportionately more species in temperate regions than those with but one or two cycles, although numbers of species in all widely distributed groups diminish toward the higher lati­ tudes. The tendency of various field cricket species to become double-cycled at certain latitudes appears to have resulted in speciation without geographic isolation in at least one case. Intermediate steps in this allochronic speciation process are illustrated by North American and Japanese species; the possibility that this process has also occurred in other kinds of temperate insects is discussed. INTRODUCTION the Gryllidae at least to the Jurassic Period (Zeuner, 1939), and many of the larger sub­ RICKETS are insects of the Family families and genera have spread across two Gryllidae in the Order Orthoptera, or more continents.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Female Cuticular Hydrocarbon (CHC) Profile on Male Courtship Behavior in Two Hybridizing Field Crickets Gryllus
    Heggeseth et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2020) 20:21 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-1587-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Influence of female cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profile on male courtship behavior in two hybridizing field crickets Gryllus firmus and Gryllus pennsylvanicus Brianna Heggeseth1,2, Danielle Sim3, Laura Partida3 and Luana S. Maroja3* Abstract Background: The hybridizing field crickets, Gryllus firmus and Gryllus pennsylvanicus have several barriers that prevent gene flow between species. The behavioral pre-zygotic mating barrier, where males court conspecifics more intensely than heterospecifics, is important because by acting earlier in the life cycle it has the potential to prevent a larger fraction of hybridization. The mechanism behind such male mate preference is unknown. Here we investigate if the female cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profile could be the signal behind male courtship. Results: While males of the two species display nearly identical CHC profiles, females have different, albeit overlapping profiles and some females (between 15 and 45%) of both species display a male-like profile distinct from profiles of typical females. We classified CHC females profile into three categories: G. firmus-like (F; including mainly G. firmus females), G. pennsylvanicus-like (P; including mainly G. pennsylvanicus females), and male-like (ML; including females of both species). Gryllus firmus males courted ML and F females more often and faster than they courted P females (p < 0.05). Gryllus pennsylvanicus males were slower to court than G. firmus males, but courted ML females more often (p < 0.05) than their own conspecific P females (no difference between P and F).
    [Show full text]
  • Trilling Field Crickets in a Zone of Overlap (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus)
    SYSTEMATICS Trilling Field Crickets in a Zone of Overlap (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus) THOMAS J. WALKER Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611Ð0620 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91(2): 175Ð184 (1998) ABSTRACT A bimodal distribution of pulse rates in Þeld recordings of calling songs suggests that the ranges of the morphologically similar Þeld crickets Gryllus rubens Scudder and G. nr. integer Scudder (5“integer”) overlap for at least 300 km in western Florida. When sons were reared from 42 females collected at 5 sites on 7 trips to this region during 1977Ð1978, those within a sibship had similar modal pulse rates. At Milton, the westernmost site, 28 of 31 females produced sons with mean modal pulse rates typical of G. rubens; the other 3 were among 6 females collected 1 October 1977 and 30 September 1978 and had modal pulse rates in or near the “integer” range. None of the 11 females from other sites had sons with a mean modal pulse rate indicative of “integer.” Most progenies of females collected at Milton on 25 September 1982 were reared as 2 cohorts of contrasting initial density, and each son was recorded on 2 dates. The mean, temperature-adjusted modal pulse rates of the 39 recorded cohorts, from 22 females, showed no effect of initial density but fell nearly evenly into 2 discrete groups: 46Ð60 pulses s21 with a mean of 52 (G. rubens) and 64Ð78 pulses s21 with a mean of 71 (“integer”). Lack of intermediate sibships indicates that G. rubens and “integer” remain distinct in their zone of overlap.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neuromuscular Mechanism of Stridulation in Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
    J. Exp. Biol. (1966), 45, isi-164 151 With 8 text-figures Printed in Great Britain THE NEUROMUSCULAR MECHANISM OF STRIDULATION IN CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE) BY DAVID R. BENTLEY AND WOLFRAM KUTSCH Department of Zoology, University of Michigan, Aim Arbor, and Institute for Comparative Animal Physiology, University of Cologne {Received 21 February 1966) INTRODUCTION Study of the insect neuromuscular system appears very promising as a means of explaining behaviour in terms of cellular operation. The relatively small number of neurons, the ganglionic nature of the nervous system, the simplicity of the neuro- muscular arrangement, and the repetitiveness of behavioural sequences all lend them- selves to a solution of this problem. As a result, an increasing number of investigators have been turning their attention to insects and especially to the large orthopterans. Recently, Ewing & Hoyle (1965) and Huber (1965) reported on muscle activity underlying sound production in crickets. The acoustic behaviour is well understood (Alexander, 1961) and in the genera Gryllus, Acheta and Gryllodes communication is mediated by three basic songs composed of three types of pulses. While working independently on this system at the University of Cologne (W.K.) and the University of Michigan (D.B.) using various Gryllus species, we found a number of basic differences between the muscle activity in our crickets and that reported by Ewing & Hoyle (1965) for Acheta domesticus. These two genera, Gryllus and Acheta, are so nearly identical that they are distinguished solely by differences in the male genitalia (Chopard, 1961). The present paper constitutes a survey of muscle activity patterns producing stridulation in four species of field crickets.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sand Cricket, Gryllus Firmus and Its Relevance to the Evolution of Wing Dimorphisms in Insects
    Heredity 57 (1986) 221—231 The Genetical Society of Great Britain Received 4 December 1985 The genetic basis of wing dimorphism in the sand cricket, Gryllus firmus and its relevance to the evolution of wing dimorphisms in insects Derek A. Roff McGill University, Department of Biology, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1. The sand cricket, Gryllus firmus is dimorphic with respect to wing length, some individuals being micropterous and others macropterous. The trait has a polygenic basis, micropterous parents producing a higher proportion of micropterous offspring than macropterous parents. The heritability of the trait, determined under a fixed photoperiod/temperature regime is 062 O•075 and 0•68 0•085 for males and females respectively. An alternate method of determining heritability based on a modified mid-parent on mean offspring regression is presented. This method is predicted to give an underestimate of heritability but permits an analysis of the separate influences of each parent. This analysis indicates the heritability in males and females to be 055 and that there are no maternal effects under the particular rearing conditions. A 5 hour shift in the photoperiod appears not to drastically change the heritability but a change in rearing temperature from 30°C to 25°C probably reduces it. Field observations suggest that at certain times of the year heritability may be relatively high whereas at others it could be very low. The adaptive significance of wing polymorphism and its evolution is discussed. INTRODUCTION the stability of the habitat, the benefits such as increased fecundity of being flightless and the Withrelatively few exceptions the environment of genetic basis of the trait.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Nebraska-Lincoln Digitalcommons@ University Of
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations and Theses in Biological Sciences Biological Sciences, School of 4-2014 Costs of Female Mating Behavior in the Variable Field Cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps Cassandra M. Martin University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscidiss Part of the Behavior and Ethology Commons, and the Biology Commons Martin, Cassandra M., "Costs of Female Mating Behavior in the Variable Field Cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps" (2014). Dissertations and Theses in Biological Sciences. 65. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscidiss/65 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses in Biological Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. COSTS OF FEMALE MATING BEHAVIOR IN THE VARIABLE FIELD CRICKET, GRYLLUS LINEATICEPS by Cassandra M. Martin A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College of the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: Biological Sciences (Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior) Under the Supervision of Professor William E. Wagner, Jr. Lincoln, Nebraska April, 2014 COSTS OF FEMALE MATING BEHAVIOR IN THE VARIABLE FIELD CRICKET, GRYLLUS LINEATICEPS Cassandra M. Martin, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2014 Advisor: William E. Wagner, Jr. Female animals may risk predation by associating with males that have conspicuous mate attraction traits. The mate attraction song of male field crickets also attracts lethal parasitoid flies. Female crickets, which do not sing, may risk parasitism when associating with singing males.
    [Show full text]
  • Sand Field Cricket, Gryllus Firmus Scudder (Insecta: Orthoptera: Gryllidae)1 Thomas J
    EENY066 Sand Field Cricket, Gryllus firmus Scudder (Insecta: Orthoptera: Gryllidae)1 Thomas J. Walker2 Introduction The sand field cricket, Gryllus firmus, is the common chirping field cricket of lawns, pastures, and roadsides throughout Florida. Overview of Florida field crickets Distribution Sand field crickets occur throughout the southeastern United States. To the north and west the species is replaced by the fall field cricket (Gryllus pennsylvanicus). In areas of contact the two hybridize to a minor extent. Identification The sand field cricket, which chirps, often occurs intermixed with either the southeastern field cricketor the Texas field cricket, both of which are trilling species. These differences in song are stark (song comparisons) as are the Figure 1. Distribution of sand field cricket in the United States. differences in the numbers of teeth and spacing of the teeth in the stridulatory files used to make the songs. The only Life Cycle readily accessible morphological difference between the Sand field crickets have the most variable life cycle known sand field cricket and the two trilling species is the color for field crickets. During much of the year females lay some pattern on the forewings. eggs that hatch within a few weeks at room temperatures and other eggs that take a month or two to hatch under the In southern Florida, where sand and Jamaican field crickets same conditions. Furthermore, if potentially quick-hatching co-occur, the color pattern of the head will separate the two. eggs are exposed to cool temperatures, some lose that potential. Nymphal development is also variable with some 1. This document is EENY066, one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF/IFAS Extension.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Wing Dimorphism in the Sand Cricket, Gryllus Firm Us
    Heredity 65 (1990) 169—177 The Genetical Society of Great Britain Received 9 February 1990 Antagonistic pleiotropy and the evolution of wing dimorphism in the sand cricket, Gryllus firm us D. A. Roff Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1BI. At 30°C the micropterous females of the sand cricket, Gryllus firmus, begin reproduction at an earlier age after eclosion and have a larger cumulative fecundity than macropterous females. These reproductive costs may offset the advantages of being macropterous and hence capable of migration. The evolutionary significance of this phenotypic trade-off, which is characteristic of wing dimorphic insects in general, is contigent on the traits being genetically correlated. The genetic basis of the phenotypic tradeoff between flight capability and reproduction in the sand cricket, Grylius firmus, was examined by selecting for increased and decreased incidence of macroptery, and measuring the age schedules of fecundity of macropterous and micropterous females in the selected and control lines. The two traits, wing dimorphism and age schedule of reproduction, are shown to be genetically correlated. Although the mean fecundity within the selected populations changed the fecundities of macropterous and micropterous forms remained constant, suggesting that the age schedule of reproduction may itself be a threshold trait with respect to the continuously varying character controlling the expression of wing form. The relevance of antagonistic pleiotropy
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Mating Success of Male Wing Morphs of the Cricket, Gryllus Rubens
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Anthony Zera Publications Papers in the Biological Sciences April 1993 Differential Mating Success of Male Wing Morphs of the Cricket, Gryllus rubens Cami L. Holtmeier University of Nebraska - Lincoln Anthony J. Zera University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscizera Part of the Microbiology Commons Holtmeier, Cami L. and Zera, Anthony J., "Differential Mating Success of Male Wing Morphs of the Cricket, Gryllus rubens" (1993). Anthony Zera Publications. 24. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscizera/24 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthony Zera Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Am. Midl. Nat. 129:223-233 Differential Mating Success of Male Wing Morphs of the Cricket, Gryllus rubens CAM1 L. HOLTMEIER AND ANTHONY J. ZERA1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588 A~sT~~cT.-Geneticallymarked individuals were used to study differential mating success between male wing morphs of the cricket, Gryllus rubens. Previous studies of Gryllus rubens and other wing-dimorphic insects have documented that flightless short-winged or wingless females typically attain reproductive maturity earlier and oviposit more eggs relative to their long-winged counterparts. This study was done to determine if flightless males also exhibit enhanced reproductive characteristics. Segregation analyses documented the genetic basis of allozymes used to infer paternity in subsequent experiments. Control experiments docu- mented the absence of effects on mating success independent of wing morph due to (1) the genetic stock from which males were taken; (2) male size; or (3) female wing morph.
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Egg Size and Shape Evolve with Ecology but Not Developmental Rate Samuel H
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1302-4 Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology but not developmental rate Samuel H. Church1,4*, Seth Donoughe1,3,4, Bruno A. S. de Medeiros1 & Cassandra G. Extavour1,2* Over the course of evolution, organism size has diversified markedly. Changes in size are thought to have occurred because of developmental, morphological and/or ecological pressures. To perform phylogenetic tests of the potential effects of these pressures, here we generated a dataset of more than ten thousand descriptions of insect eggs, and combined these with genetic and life-history datasets. We show that, across eight orders of magnitude of variation in egg volume, the relationship between size and shape itself evolves, such that previously predicted global patterns of scaling do not adequately explain the diversity in egg shapes. We show that egg size is not correlated with developmental rate and that, for many insects, egg size is not correlated with adult body size. Instead, we find that the evolution of parasitoidism and aquatic oviposition help to explain the diversification in the size and shape of insect eggs. Our study suggests that where eggs are laid, rather than universal allometric constants, underlies the evolution of insect egg size and shape. Size is a fundamental factor in many biological processes. The size of an 526 families and every currently described extant hexapod order24 organism may affect interactions both with other organisms and with (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 1). We combined this dataset with the environment1,2, it scales with features of morphology and physi- backbone hexapod phylogenies25,26 that we enriched to include taxa ology3, and larger animals often have higher fitness4.
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana Ensifera (Orthopera)
    The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 9 Number 1 - Spring 1976 Number 1 - Spring 1976 Article 2 April 1976 Indiana Ensifera (Orthopera) W. P. McCafferty J. L. Stein Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation McCafferty, W. P. and Stein, J. L. 1976. "Indiana Ensifera (Orthopera)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 9 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol9/iss1/2 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. McCafferty and Stein: Indiana Ensifera (Orthopera) INDIANA ENSIFERA (ORTHOPERA) and J. L. Stein Department of Entomology Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 Published by ValpoScholar, 1976 1 The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 9, No. 1 [1976], Art. 2 https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol9/iss1/2 2 McCafferty and Stein: Indiana Ensifera (Orthopera) THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST INDIANA ENSIFERA (ORTHOPERA)' W. P. McCafferty and J. L. Stein2 A total of 67 species of long-horned grasshoppers and crickets were reported to occur in Indiana by Blatchley (1903) in his "Orthoptera of Indiana." Distributional information concerning thek species was sparse and has not been significantly supplemented since that time. Subsequent works which have dealt either heavily or exclusively with the Indiana fauna include Fox (1915), Blatchley (1920), Cantrall and Young (1954), and Young and Cantrall(1956).
    [Show full text]
  • Southeastern Field Cricket, Gryllus Rubens Scudder (Insecta: Orthoptera: Gryllidae)1 Thomas J
    EENY067 Southeastern Field Cricket, Gryllus rubens Scudder (Insecta: Orthoptera: Gryllidae)1 Thomas J. Walker2 Introduction Identification The southeastern field cricket, Gryllus rubens, is the most The southeastern field cricket and the sand field cricket commonly encountered field cricket in Florida. It is com- often occur together and are sometimes difficult to dis- mon in lawns, roadsides, and pastures. In most parts of the tinguish except by song (song comparisons). The easiest state, it is the only field cricket that trills rather than chirps. morphological means of telling the two apart is the color pattern on the forewings. For males, the number and Overview of Florida field crickets spacing of the teeth in the stridulatory file is definitive. Distribution In southern Florida, where southeastern and Jamaican field crickets co-occur, the color pattern of the head will separate The southeastern field cricket occurs throughout southeast- the two. ern United States. Figure 2. Long-winged, adult male southeastern field cricket, Gryllus rubens (Scudder). Credits: Paul M. Choate, UF/IFAS Figure 1. Distribution of southeastern field cricket in the United States. 1. This document is EENY067, one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date January 1999. Revised May 2014. Reviewed October 2017. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. This document is also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures. 2. Thomas J. Walker, professor, Department of Entomology and Nematology; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations.
    [Show full text]