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Stratigraphy of Cretaceous-Eocene Transition Beds in Eastern Montana and the Dakotas 1

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Stratigraphy of Cretaceous-Eocene Transition Beds in Eastern Montana and the Dakotas 1 BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA VOL. 35. PP. 481-506, PLS. 23-25 SEPTEMBER 30, 1924 STRATIGRAPHY OF CRETACEOUS-EOCENE TRANSITION BEDS IN EASTERN MONTANA AND THE DAKOTAS 1 BY W. T. THOM, JR., AND C. E. DOBBIN (Presented before the Society December 28, 1923) CONTENTS Pago Introduction................................................................................................................... 4S1 Acknowledgments......................................................................................................... 483 Part I. Stratigraphy of the northern Plains...................................................... 483 General statement................................................................................................ 483 Lennep sandstone................................................................................................. 485 Fox Hills sandstone................................................................................................485 General statement....................................................................................... 485 Colgate sandstone member........................................................................ 490 Lance formation................................................................................................... 491 General statement........................................................................................ 491 Hell Creek member.....................................................................................491 Tullock member........................................ ................................................... 492 Ludlow lignitic member............................................................................. 492 Cannonball marine member.................................................................... 493 Fort Union formation......................................................................................... 493 General statement....................................................................................... 493 Lebo andesitic (or shale) member........................................................ 493 Tongue River member.................................................................. ............. 494 Fort Union (?) formation—Sentinel Butte shale member....................... 495 Wasatch formation—Ulm coal group........................................................... 496 Summary................................................................................................................. 496 Part II. Relation of the northern Plains and Denver Basin sections.......... 497 Bibliography.................................................................................................................. 500 I ntroduction The Cretaceous-Eocene boundary, or Laramie problem, is one of the outstanding questions of North American geology, and one in which the writers have become deeply interested as the result of nine and six field 1 Manuscript received by the Secretary of the Society May 27, 1924. Introduced by W. C. Mendenhall and M. R. Campbell. Published bv permission of the Director, U. S. Geological Survey. (481) Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/35/3/481/3414580/BUL35_3-0481.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 482 CRETACEOUS-EOCENE TRANSITION BEDS IN MONTANA-DAKOTAS 1 /Son Jeon Bosi»_v ------------ —- . _________________ ;— ---------------- New Me*'“ Arizona F ig crb 1.—Structural sketch Map of the northern Great Plains and related Areas Structure contours on Dakota sandstone or “First Cat Creek sand.” Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/35/3/481/3414580/BUL35_3-0481.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 483 seasons, respectively, spent as members of the U. S. Geological Survey parties in Montana, Dakota, and Wyoming areas. The intimate knowl­ edge of local stratigraphy thus gained, through coal or oil and gas work in a number of fields, has afforded a background for extensive reconnais­ sance studies carried out in the spring and autumn of 1923, during which critical sections in Montana and Dakota areas were reexamined, and the results obtained by earlier workers in local and more or less detached fields were interpreted and integrated. In this work an earnest effort has been made to apply all practicable checks, to the end that the conclu­ sions reached may be as free as possible from coloring by personal bias and from errors due to unverified observations. A cknowledgments During May, 1923, the junior author was accompanied by J. B. Ree- side, Jr., in a reconnaissance study of the Fox Hills sandstone in Dakota and eastern Montana areas. In 1921 Dr. T. W. Stanton accompanied the senior writer in a reconnaissance examination of Fox Hills areas be­ tween Mosby and Wolf Point, Montana, and in the vicinity of Glendive. Microscopic examinations of specimens of the Cretaceous and transition strata of the northern Plains have been made for the writers by C. S. Ross, of the U. S. Geological Survey, and acknowledgments are also due to E. R. Lloyd, A. J. Collier, and E. T. Hancock, with whom the writers have served as field assistants,2 3 4 and to the many other workers in this region, some of whom have contributed the articles listed in the appended bibliography. Thanks are also due to many colleagues of the U. S. Geo­ logical Survey for valuable suggestions and constructive criticisms. P a r t I. S tkatigkaphy o f t h e n o r t h e r n P l a i n s GENERAL STATEMENT The principal uplifts and depressions of the northern Great Plains (see figure 1) were incipient in Upper Cretaceous time,® and their de­ velopment was directly reflected in the character and localization of the Lance, Fort Union, and Wasatch formations of the region. The succession and predicated interrelationship of the local Upper Cretaceous and early Eocene formations are shown by figure 2, which is also constructed to show in crude fashion the topographic features along the line of section A-B (figure 1) between the Crazy Mountains and 2 53. {See Bibliography, page 500.) 8 15. 4 3 0; 31. = 90, pp. 6-7. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/35/3/481/3414580/BUL35_3-0481.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 on 23 September 2021 by guest Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/35/3/481/3414580/BUL35_3-0481.pdf 484 484 A B WEST EAST CRETACEOUS-EOCENE TRANSITION BEDS IN MONTANA-DAKOTAS Crazy Mtns. B u ll Mtns East Central and Montana- Mouth Cannonball Montana Big Coulee Porcupine Southeast Montana Cedar Creek Dakota R iver Dome Dome Anticline Sfate Line Sentinel Butte W a .s a .tc h f o r m a t i o n Fort Union(?)_form ation Fort Union formation- Pierre shale SOMBER CLAYS CO AL BEARING ROCKS "yellow beds” Figurh 2.—Succession and Interrelationship of Upper Cretaceous and early Eocene Formations of eastern Montana and of the Dakotas Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/35/3/481/3414580/BUL35_3-0481.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 BULL. GEOL. SOC. AM. VOL. 35, 1923, PL. 23 F i g u r e 1 .— L o w e r P a r t o f H e l l C r e e k M e m b e r o f L a n c e F o r m a t i o n a n d u n d e r ­ l y i n g C o l g a t e S a n d s t o n e M e m b e r o f F o x H i l l s n e a r G l e n d i v e , M o n t a n a , s h o w i n g s l i g h t I rregularity o f C o n t a c t F i g u r e 2 .— H e l l C r e e k C l a y s , C o l g a t e S a n d s t o n e , a n d B r o w n l o w e r M e m b e r o f F o x H i l l s e x p o s e d o x D e v i l C r e e k , 1 7 5 M i l e s n o r t h w e s t o f G l e n d i v e , M o n t a n a F i g u r e 3 .— B r o w n l o w e r M e m b e r o f F o x H i l l s , C o l g a t e S a n d s t o n e M e m b e r , a n d B r o w n C h a n n e l S a n d s t o n e a t B a s e o f I-Ie l l C r e e k M e m b e r o f L a n c e , n e a r M e c a h a , M o n t a n a Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/35/3/481/3414580/BUL35_3-0481.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 STRATIGRAPHY OF THE NORTHERN PLAINS 485 Bismarck. The contrasting topographic expression of the somber and yellow post-Fox Hills units (see plate 24, figure 2, and plate 25, figure 4) are also indicated by figure 2. Figure 3 illustrates the control of formational thicknesses by structural features. In addition to present structure, it shows the degree of pre-Sentinel Butte or pre-Tongue River; pre-Lebo; and pre-Lailce deformation of the Dakota sandstone, the datum planes used being respectively the base of the Sentinel Butte shale, or base of the Tongue Kiver; the base of the Lebo; and the top of the Fox Hills, these corresponding approximate^ to sealevel at the time of their respective deposition. As shown by figure 3, the post-Dakota formations in general grow thinner from west to east and from south to north, presumably showing a convergence of ancient drainage toward the Williston basin and Hudson Bay. The numerous local variations of thickness are also illustrated by table 1. As shown by figure 2, the marine shale columns of the Colorado and Montana groups of eastern Montana contain sandstone tongues which extend successively farther to the east, ultimately encroaching strongly on the (4reat Plains trough in Lenriep and Fox Hills time. In post-Fox Iiills time alternating somber (topset swamp) and yellow coal-bearing floodplain deposits of fresh-water origin were laid down in eastern Mon­ tana as the coastal plain encroached eastward on the marine waters of the Williston basin, ultimately extinguishing this last remnant of the Interior Sea in post-Cannonball time. LENNEP SANDSTONE The Lennep sandstone is developed east of the Crazy Mountains in central Montana, and consists of dark-colored andesitic sandstone and shale, Avhich are commonly dark brown en masse.27 I t contains thin coal beds in its upper part in the western part of the Lake Basin field,28 and grades eastward, from fluviatile strata, into marine sandstones which intertongue with the Bearpaw shale.
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