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Voluntary Return and Reintegration: Community-Based Approaches

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Voluntary Return and Reintegration: Community-Based Approaches VOLUNTARY RETURN AND REINTEGRATION: COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACHES Funded by the European Union The opinions expressed in the publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Publisher: International Organization for Migration 11 rue Aït Ourir, Pinède, Souissi Rabat, Morocco Tel.: +212 (0)5 37 65 28 81 Fax: +212 (0)5 37 75 85 40 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iom.int © 2017 International Organization for Migration (IOM) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 71_17 VOLUNTARY RETURN AND REINTEGRATION: COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACHES Prepared by Altai Consulting for IOM Morocco – August 2016 Funded by the European Union ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was carried out by Altai Consulting for the International Organization for Migration (IOM) office in Morocco. The report was written by Marie-Cécile Darmé with the support of Mats Karlsson, Camille Le Coz and Eric Davin. The field research work was directed and led by Marie-Cécile Darmé, with the exception of interviews with IOM members and partners in Tunis, led by Mats Karlsson. Layout was done by Ramir Recinto of the IOM Publications Unit. Altai Consulting thanks the IOM office in Rabat for its role in the design and development of this study, as well as the IOM missions in Guinea, Sri Lanka and Tunisia for their hospitality and contributions. The authors would also like to thank all stakeholders (migrants, public authorities, civil society and private sector partners, members of local communities and IOM offices) who shared their time, knowledge and views for this research. All images in this report belong to Altai Consulting, unless otherwise stated. Cover and chapter opener images were photographed by Monder Haraga for Altai Consulting. ALTAI CONSULTING ii Altai Consulting is a specialized research and consulting firm that conducts research, monitoring and assessment missions in fragile environments. Since its creation in 2003, Altai has successfully carried out more than 200 projects for international organizations, non-governmental organizations, governments and private companies. Altai’s teams operate in more than 25 countries in Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Europe. Altai Consulting’s Migration Department conducts cross-border studies, formative research work, strategic approach and programme evaluations for clients such as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the International Labour Organization (ILO), IOM, the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), the Danish Refugee Council (DRC), Save the Children and their partners. For further information, please contact: Marie-Cécile Darmé: [email protected] Camille Le Coz: [email protected] Eric Davin: [email protected] www.altaiconsulting.com August 2016 – Altai Consulting Voluntary Return and Reintegration: Community-based Approaches TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................II ALTAI CONSULTING .....................................................................................................................................II ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .........................................................................................................VI SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 12 1.1. Presentation of the project “Addressing the Needs of Stranded and Vulnerable Migrants” ............ 12 1.2. Research approach and objectives ................................................................................................. 13 1.3. Structure of the report ....................................................................................................................... 13 2. METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 16 2.1. Research stages ............................................................................................................................... 16 2.2. Data collection ................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1. Documentary study ........................................................................................................................................ 17 2.2.2. Interviews with key informants ....................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.3. Return and reintegration conditions in the main country of return back from Morocco: Guinea .................. 18 2.2.4. Case study: The community-based approach in Sri Lanka .......................................................................... 20 iii 2.2.5. Case study: The community-based approach in Tunisia ............................................................................. 23 2.3. Challenges and limitations ................................................................................................................ 23 2.3.1. Challenges ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.2. Limitations ...................................................................................................................................................... 23 3. BACKGROUND AND DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................... 26 3.1. Background on assisted voluntary return and reintegration ............................................................. 26 3.2. Background on migrations in Morocco ............................................................................................. 28 3.3. Definitions .......................................................................................................................................... 29 3.4. Mapping of community-based approach initiatives .......................................................................... 32 4. ASSISTED VOLUNTARY RETURN AND REINTEGRATION: NEEDS OF RETURNEES AND CHALLENGES OF THE CURRENT MODEL ......................................................................... 36 4.1. Migrants’ needs in terms of assisted voluntary return and reintegration .......................................... 37 4.1.1. Information and support ................................................................................................................................. 37 4.1.2. Economic reintegration .................................................................................................................................. 39 4.1.3. Social reintegration and psychological well-being ......................................................................................... 40 4.2. Current challenges of the individualized assistance model.................................................................. 41 4.2.1. Funding of reintegration components ............................................................................................................ 41 4.2.2. Preparation of individual projects .................................................................................................................. 43 4.2.3. Implementation and monitoring of individual projects ................................................................................... 45 4.2.4. Return and reintegration sustainability .......................................................................................................... 47 4.2.5. Support for specific cases .............................................................................................................................. 48 5. ASSISTED VOLUNTARY RETURN AND REINTEGRATION COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACHES: UTILITY, INHERENT CONSTRAINTS AND REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................................................................. 52 5.1. Solutions provided by the community-based approach .................................................................... 53 5.1.1. Social reintegration of returnees and minimization of the risk
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