Religion, Ethnicity and Contested Nationhood in the Former Ottoman Space Religion, Ethnicity and Contested Nationhood in the Former Ottoman Space
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Religion, Ethnicity and Contested Nationhood in the Former Ottoman Space Religion, Ethnicity and Contested Nationhood in the Former Ottoman Space Edited by Jørgen Nielsen LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover photo taken from Gül McMillan and John Andrew McMillan, eds., Karaman Albümü. Kültür ve Tarih Kenti/City of Culture & History, Konya: McM Medya İletişim ve Tic. Ltd., 2001, p. 4. Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Religion, ethnicity and contested nationhood in the former Ottoman space / edited by Jorgen Nielsen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-21133-9 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Turkey--History--Mehmed VI, 1918-1922. 2. Balkan Peninsula--History--1918-1945. 3. Middle East--History--20th century. I. Nielsen, Jørgen S. DR589.R45 2012 956’.03--dc23 2011036719 ISBN 9789004211339 Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to Th e Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. CONTENTS Contributors ...............................................................................................vii Introduction: New Perspectives on Ottoman History ............................1 Jørgen S. Nielsen PART ONE PERSPECTIVES ON OTTOMAN HISTORY 1. Th e Young Turks in Power: A Comparative and Critical Perspective ..............................................................................11 Klas-Göran Karlsson 2. Th e Ottoman Empire between Successors: Th inking from 1821 to 1922 ...............................................................29 Christine Philliou PART TWO NEGOTIATING IDENTITIES 3. Th e Non-Muslim Tax Farmers in the Fiscal and Economic System of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th Century ......................47 Svetla Ianeva 4. Conceptualizing Diff erence During the Second Constitutional Period: New Sources, Old Challenges .....................63 Kent F. Schull 5. An Ottoman against the Constitution: Th e Maronites of Mount Lebanon and the Question of Representation in the Ottoman Parliament .................................................................89 Abdulrahim Abuhusayn 6. Late Ottoman State Education..........................................................115 Michael Provence 7. Th e Art of being Replaced: Th e last of the Cretan Muslims between the Empire and the Nation-State ......................................129 Elektra Kostopoulou vi contents 8. Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey: Medieval Anatolian Warlord or Kemalist Language Reformer? History, Language Politics and the Celebration of the Language Festival in Karaman, Turkey, 1961–2008 ...........................................................................147 Sara Nur Yildiz PART THREE NATIONAL USES OF OTTOMAN HISTORY 9. Ottoman Saida and Problems of a Lebanese ‘National’ Narrative ..........................................................................173 James A. Reilly 10. Conversion to Islam in Bulgarian Historiography: An overview ......................................................................................187 Rossitsa Gradeva 11. Th e Short History of Bulgaria for Export .....................................223 Evelina Kelbecheva 12. Recent Developments in the Historiography of Bosnia and Herzegovina Relating to the Ottoman Empire and their Impact on History Textbooks ...............................................249 Vera Katz Sources.......................................................................................................269 Index..........................................................................................................291 CONTRIBUTORS Abdulrahim Abuhusayn is Professor of History, Department of History and Archaeology, American University of Beirut (AUB), Lebanon. He completed his PhD at AUB on the Ottoman history of Lebanon which continues to be his main research interest. He is the author of Rebellion, Myth Making and Nation Building: Lebanon from an Ottoman Mountain Iltizam to a Nation Sate, Tokyo, 2009; Th e Arab churches in the Ottoman register of churches 1869–1922 (in Arabic), Amman, 1998; and Th e view from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman Chancery Documents, 1546–1711, London, 2004. Rossitsa Gradeva is Associate Professor of Ottoman and Balkan History, American University in Bulgaria, Blagoevgrad, and Research Fellow, Institute of Balkan Studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Her PhD thesis is on the Sharia court in the Ottoman Balkans (Institute of Balkans Studies, 1989). Since then her research interests have focused on the relations between non-Muslim communities and Ottoman authority and the functioning of the Ottoman judicial system, mainly for the pre-Reform period. She has published two collections of arti- cles, War and Peace in Rumeli, 15th to beginning of 19th century, Analecta Isisiana, C, Istanbul, 2008; and Rumeli under the Ottomans, 15th–18th centuries: Institutions and Communities, Analecta Isisiana, LXXVI, Istanbul, 2004. Svetla Ianeva is Assistant Professor at the Department of History, New Bulgarian University. She holds a PhD in History and Civilization from the European University Institute in Florence. Her main fi eld of research is Ottoman economic and social history in the 19th century. Her recent publications include “Th e commercial practices and pro- toindustrial activities of Haci Hristo Rachkov, a Bulgarian trader at the end of the eighteenth to the beginning of the nineteenth century”, Oriente Moderno, vol 86 (2006), 77–92; and “Samokov: An Ottoman Balkan City in the Age of Reforms,” in Hayashi Kayoko and Mahir Aydın (eds.), Th e Ottoman State and Societies in Change: A Study of the Nineteenth Century Temettuat Registers, London, 2004, pp. 47–76. viii contributors Klas-Göran Karlsson is Professor of History and Chairman of two graduate schools of history at Lund University, Sweden. Since 2001 he has been in charge of the large research project Th e Holocaust and European History Culture. He has specialized in East European history and has written extensively on interethnic problems, migration, terror and genocide, and uses of history. His recent publications include Folkmordens historia. Perspektiv på det moderna samhällets skuggsida (‘History of Genocide: Perspectives on the Dark Side of Modern Society’), 2005, with Kristian Gerner, Th e Holocaust – Postwar Battlefi eld: Genocide as Historical Culture, 2006, with Ulf Zander, and Crimes against Humanity under Communist Regimes: Research Review, 2008, with Michael Schoenhals. Vera Katz is Scientifi c Associate of the Institute of History in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Her PhD from University in Sarajevo is in social and economic history aft er the Second World War. Since 1986 her research has been focused on Bosnian and Herzegovinian history during the twentieth century. She is the author of many articles and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1945–1953), Sarajevo, forthcoming. Evelina Kelbecheva is Professor of History and a Jean Monnet title holder at the American University in Bulgaria, Blagoevgrad. Her PhD is on cultural history during World War One. She has previously worked at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and has taught at Sofi a University and as a Fulbright scholar and visiting assistant professor at the University of California, Irvine. Her major research is on cultural identity, myths and falsifi cations in history. She is the author of What is Fatherland? Bulgarian Intelligentsia between the Wars, and Fakes in History, Sofi a, Guttenberg, forthcoming. Elektra Kostopoulou currently holds the Ted and Elaine Athanassiades Postdoctoral Fellowship at Princeton University’s Program in Hellenic Studies. Previously she had taught (2006–10) at the Department of History, Bilgi University, Istanbul. Her M.A. thesis was published in Greek as a monograph entitled Th e Island of Leros as an Ottoman Province: History through the Books of the Local Elders (Athens: 2005). She received her Ph.D. degree in Ottoman History (2009) from Bosphorus University, Istanbul, with a doctoral dissertation entitled “Th e ‘Muslim Millet’ of Autonomous Crete,” which examines the trans- formation of the Eastern Mediterranean during the age of late moder- nity, through the examination of a focused case study: the Muslim citizens of Autonomous Crete. contributors ix Jørgen S. Nielsen is Professor of Islamic Studies and Director of the Centre for European Islamic Th ought, Faculty of Th eology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and previously lecturer and professor at the University of Birmingham, UK. His PhD is in Arab history from the American University in Beirut. Since 1978 his research has been focused on Islam in Europe. He is the author of Towards a European Islam? London, 1999, Muslims in western Europe, 3rd ed. Edinburgh, 2004, co-editor of Muslim networks and transnational communities in and across Europe with Stefano Allievi, 2002, and chief editor of Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, Leiden: Brill. Christine Philliou