DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylodynamic Assessment of Control Measures for Highly Pathogenic Avian

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylodynamic Assessment of Control Measures for Highly Pathogenic Avian bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.23.449570; this version posted June 23, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Phylodynamic assessment of control measures for highly pathogenic avian 2 influenza epidemics in France 3 Debapriyo Chakraborty1*, Claire Guinat2,3, Nicola F. Müller4, Francois-Xavier Briand5, 4 Mathieu Andraud5, Axelle Scoizec5, Sophie Lebouquin5, Eric Niqueux5, Audrey Schmitz5, 5 Beatrice Grasland5, Jean-Luc Guerin1, Mathilde C. Paul1 and Timothée Vergne1 6 7 1IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31300 Toulouse, 8 France. 9 2Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland 10 3Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Switzerland 11 4Vaccine and Infectious Disease, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, 12 Washington State, USA 13 5The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) 14 Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Ploufragan, France 15 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] 16 17 18 19 20 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.23.449570; this version posted June 23, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 21 Abstract 22 Phylodynamic methods have successfully been used to describe viral spread history but their 23 applications for assessing specific control measures are rare. In 2016-17, France experienced 24 a devastating epidemic of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b). 25 Using 196 viral genomes, we conducted a phylodynamic analysis combined with generalised 26 linear model and showed that the large-scale preventive culling of ducks significantly 27 reduced the viral spread between départements (French administrative division). We also 28 found that the virus likely spread more frequently between départements that shared 29 borders, but the spread was not linked to duck transport between départements. Duck 30 transport within départements increased the within-département transmission intensity, 31 although the association was weak. Together, these results indicated that the virus spread in 32 short-distances, either between adjacent départements or within départements. Results also 33 suggested that the restrictions on duck transport within départements might not have 34 stopped the viral spread completely. Overall, by testing specific hypothesis related to 35 different control measures, we demonstrated that phylodynamics methods are capable of 36 investigating the impacts of control measures on viral spread. 37 38 39 40 41 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.23.449570; this version posted June 23, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 42 Introduction 43 During the winter of 2016, an epidemic of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus 44 occurred in France. It resulted in 484 infected poultry farms and approximately 7 million 45 culled birds [1]. It remains critically important to learn as much as possible from this 46 devastating epidemic, particularly as France once again experienced an HPAI outbreak in 47 December 2020 [2]. The 2016-17 epidemic was caused by an H5N8 virus of the lineage 48 2.3.4.4b (A/Gs/Gd/1/96 clade) of Asian origin that was likely introduced by migratory birds 49 [3]. The epidemic was largely concentrated in southwest France, encompassing the Occitanie 50 and the Nouvelle-Aquitaine régions (the largest French territorial administrative division) [4]. 51 The first incidence in poultry was recorded, using clinical symptoms, in a duck breeding farm 52 in the eastern Tarn département (administrative division equivalent to county or district) on 53 25 November 2016 and the infection was confirmed—based on lab diagnosis—on 28 54 November (Fig. 1). Subsequently, the epidemic spread westwards [1], following the westerly 55 distribution of poultry farms within the region . The last case of the epidemic was reported 56 on 23 March 2017 [1]. 57 Two major outbreak responses, namely preventive culling and stopping the transport 58 of foie gras ducks between farms, were implemented during the epidemic. Culling was 59 implemented locally in infected farms during the initial phase of the epidemic. However, 60 these local measures proved to be insufficient in curbing the rapid spread of the virus. 61 Consequently, there were three phases of large-scale culling. On 4 January 2017, all duck 62 farms located in 150 communes across four départements, namely Gers, Landes, Pyrenees- 63 Atlantiques and Hautes-Pyrenees, were notified to be preventively culled (Fig. 1). On 14 64 February, the number of communes under notification was doubled. On 21 February, the 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.23.449570; this version posted June 23, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 65 notified areas were increased for the last time to include more than 500 communes in total. 66 Additionally, following detection, ducks could not be moved from or to infected farms [5]. 67 Epidemiological studies based on incidence data have provided important insights 68 into the HPAI epidemic patterns [1] and the control measures [5,6]. Additionally, a recent 69 phylogenetic study analysed 196 viral sequences that were identified in poultry farms and 70 reported that the genotype that caused the large-sale epidemic in southwest France was 71 associated with five geographic clusters that could be the consequence of a few long- 72 distance transmission events followed by local spread [3]. However, the ecological and 73 epidemiological drivers of these transmission patterns are still unknown. To fill this gap, we 74 used a phylodynamic framework that we applied to the 2016-2017 epidemic data. Viral 75 phylodynamics is the study of viral phylogenies and how they are shaped by potential 76 interactions between epidemiological, immunological and evolutionary processes [7,8]. 77 These methods can detect spatio-temporal patterns of epidemics based on viral genomic 78 data, which represent a powerful source of information and are complimentary to 79 epidemiological data [9]. Although phylodynamics methods are frequently used for 80 reconstructing epidemic patterns, their application in assessing control measures is still rare 81 [10]. Here, we used a phylodynamic framework to quantify the HPAI epidemic in southwest 82 France and tested the effect of large-scale culling, along with other potential ecological and 83 epidemiological drivers. Doing so, we underscore the versatility of phylodynamics methods 84 in addressing both, specific control measure-based questions, as well as more broad ones 85 regarding viral spread history. 4 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.23.449570; this version posted June 23, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 86 87 Figure 1. The spatio-temporal dynamics of the 2016-17 H5N8 epidemic in southwest France. 88 The bars represent the daily number of infected farms identified in each département, with 89 each département represented by a different colour. The number of infected farms 90 represented those that were confirmed through PCR diagnostics during the epidemic period. 91 The notification dates of the three culling phases are marked by three vertical lines. Inset. 92 Location of southwest France with each study département marked with a specific colour 93 corresponding to the source of samples. 94 95 Results 96 Viral phylogeny and spread history 97 To infer the phylogeny and the geographical spread of H5N8, we used a recently 98 developed phylodynamic model called the marginal approximation of the structured 99 coalescent (MASCOT) [11]. It models the coalescence of lineages within and the migration of 100 lineages between geographical units and has been applied elsewhere to study the spread of 5 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.23.449570; this version posted June 23, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 101 viral epidemics [12,13]. In our study, the geographical unit was the département as it was 102 considered to provide a good compromise between the precision of the epidemiological 103 inference and computational constraints, given the amount of data available. In Fig. 2A, we 104 showed the evolutionary relationship between viral lineages from different départements in 105 the form of a time-scaled summarised phylogenetic tree. Additionally, we show the most 106 likely viral spread history of the lineages between départements, each of which is 107 represented by a different colour. A change in colour across tree branches represents spread 108 events between départements. We inferred Tarn to be the most likely source of all the viral 109 lineages in southwest France (median posterior probability = 0.75, 95% credible interval; CI = 110 0.16-1).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Ecological and Conservation Perspective on Advances in the Applied Virology of Zoonoses
    Viruses 2011, 3, 379-397; doi:10.3390/v3040379 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review An Ecological and Conservation Perspective on Advances in the Applied Virology of Zoonoses Kurt J. Vandegrift 1,2,*, Nina Wale 2 and Jonathan H. Epstein 2,* 1 Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 2 EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [email protected] (K.J.V.); [email protected] (J.H.E.); Tel.: +1-814-574-9852; Fax: +1-814-865-9131. Received: 15 February 2011; in revised form: 2 March 2011 / Accepted: 10 March 2011 / Published: 15 April 2011 Abstract: The aim of this manuscript is to describe how modern advances in our knowledge of viruses and viral evolution can be applied to the fields of disease ecology and conservation. We review recent progress in virology and provide examples of how it is informing both empirical research in field ecology and applied conservation. We include a discussion of needed breakthroughs and ways to bridge communication gaps between the field and the lab. In an effort to foster this interdisciplinary effort, we have also included a table that lists the definitions of key terms. The importance of understanding the dynamics of zoonotic pathogens in their reservoir hosts is emphasized as a tool to both assess risk factors for spillover and to test hypotheses related to treatment and/or intervention strategies. In conclusion, we highlight the need for smart surveillance, viral discovery efforts and predictive modeling.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Virology at 40
    | PERSPECTIVES Evolutionary Virology at 40 Jemma L. Geoghegan* and Edward C. Holmes†,‡,§,**,1 *Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia and †Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, ‡Charles Perkins Centre, §School of Life and Environmental Sciences, and **Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia ORCID IDs: 0000-0003-0970-0153 (J.L.G.); 0000-0001-9596-3552 (E.C.H.) ABSTRACT RNA viruses are diverse, abundant, and rapidly evolving. Genetic data have been generated from virus populations since the late 1970s and used to understand their evolution, emergence, and spread, culminating in the generation and analysis of many thousands of viral genome sequences. Despite this wealth of data, evolutionary genetics has played a surprisingly small role in our understanding of virus evolution. Instead, studies of RNA virus evolution have been dominated by two very different perspectives, the experimental and the comparative, that have largely been conducted independently and sometimes antagonistically. Here, we review the insights that these two approaches have provided over the last 40 years. We show that experimental approaches using in vitro and in vivo laboratory models are largely focused on short-term intrahost evolutionary mechanisms, and may not always be relevant to natural systems. In contrast, the comparative approach relies on the phylogenetic analysis of natural virus populations, usually considering data collected over multiple cycles of virus–host transmission, but is divorced from the causative evolutionary processes. To truly understand RNA virus evolution it is necessary to meld experimental and comparative approaches within a single evolutionary genetic framework, and to link viral evolution at the intrahost scale with that which occurs over both epidemiological and geological timescales.
    [Show full text]
  • Cilvēka Respiratorā Sincitiālā Vīrusa Izraisīto Dziļāko Elpceļu Infekciju Klīniskais Un Molekulārais Raksturojums Hospitalizētiem Bērniem Latvijā
    Reinis Balmaks CILVĒKA RESPIRATORĀ SINCITIĀLĀ VĪRUSA IZRAISĪTO DZIĻĀKO ELPCEĻU INFEKCIJU KLĪNISKAIS UN MOLEKULĀRAIS RAKSTUROJUMS HOSPITALIZĒTIEM BĒRNIEM LATVIJĀ Promocijas darbs medicīnas doktora zinātniskā grāda iegūšanai Specialitāte pediatrija Darba zinātniskie vadītāji: Dr. hab. med., profesore Dace Gardovska Dr. biol. Andris Kazāks Rīga, 2013 1 Finansējuma avoti Ieguldījums tavā nākotnē! 1. Promocijas darbs izstrādāts ar ESF līdzfinansēta projekta „Atbalsts doktorantiem studiju programmas apguvei un zinātniskā grāda ieguvei Rīgas Stradiľa universitātē‖, vienošanās Nr. 2009/0147/1DP/1.1.2.1.2/09/IPIA/VIAA/009, atbalstu. 2. Latvijas Republikas Izglītības un zinātnes ministrijas Studiju un zinātľu administrācijas grants 09.1604 „Dzīves kvalitāti Latvijā būtiski ietekmējošo atsevišķo mikroorganismu – Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato kompleksa baktēriju, RSV un hMPV izraisīto slimību klīniskais, bioķīmiskais un molekulāri ģenētiskais raksturojums, personificēta pieeja diagnostikai un ārstēšanai, slimības gaitas prognozēšana‖. 2 ANOTĀCIJA Anotācija latviešu valodā Cilvēka respiratorais sincitiālais vīruss (HRSV) ir īpašs izaicinājums bērnu infekciju slimībās. Pirmkārt, tas ir visbiežākais dziļāko elpceļu infekciju izraisītājs agrīna vecuma bērniem, kas šajā grupā ir vadošais mirstības un hospitalizācijas iemesls. Otrkārt, tam nav pieejama efektīva specifiskā ārstēšana. Treškārt, lai arī efektīva un droša vakcīna ir globāla prioritāte, tās izstrāde kavējas I fāzes klīniskajos pētījumos. Viens no tās izveides apgrūtinājumiem – ātrā vīrusa mainība – tika analizēts šajā pētījumā. Trīs secīgu sezonu laikā pētījumā tika prospektīvi iekļauti 207 stacionēti bērni ar dziļāko elpceļu infekciju. Lai diagnosticētu HRSV un izšķirtu tā galvenās grupas, HRSV-A un B, šī pētījuma nolūkiem tika izstrādāta uz polimerāzes ķēdes reakciju balstīta metode, ar kuru 88 (42,5%) pētījuma pacientiem tika detektēta HRSV infekcija. HRSV epidemioloģiskās aktivitātes periods ilga no 51. līdz 19. gada nedēļai.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylodynamics Helps to Evaluate the Impact of an HIV Prevention Intervention
    viruses Article Phylodynamics Helps to Evaluate the Impact of an HIV Prevention Intervention Tetyana I. Vasylyeva 1,2,* , Alexander Zarebski 1, Pavlo Smyrnov 3, Leslie D. Williams 4, Ania Korobchuk 3, Mariia Liulchuk 5 , Viktoriia Zadorozhna 5, Georgios Nikolopoulos 6, Dimitrios Paraskevis 7 , John Schneider 8, Britt Skaathun 9, Angelos Hatzakis 7, Oliver G. Pybus 1 and Samuel R. Friedman 10 1 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, OX1 3SY Oxford, UK; [email protected] (A.Z.); [email protected] (O.G.P.) 2 New College, University of Oxford, OX1 3BN Oxford, UK 3 Alliance for Public Health, Kyiv 03150, Ukraine; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (A.K.) 4 Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; [email protected] 5 State Institution “The L.V. Gromashevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases of NAMS of Ukraine”, Kyiv 03038, Ukraine; [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (V.Z.) 6 Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; [email protected] 7 Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (D.P.); [email protected] (A.H.) 8 Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; [email protected] 9 Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; [email protected] 10 Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 January 2020; Accepted: 15 April 2020; Published: 20 April 2020 Abstract: Assessment of the long-term population-level effects of HIV interventions is an ongoing public health challenge.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Phylodynamics and Epidemiology to Estimate Transmission Diversity in Viral Epidemics
    Integrating Phylodynamics and Epidemiology to Estimate Transmission Diversity in Viral Epidemics Gkikas Magiorkinis1,2*, Vana Sypsa1, Emmanouil Magiorkinis1, Dimitrios Paraskevis1, Antigoni Katsoulidou1, Robert Belshaw2, Christophe Fraser3, Oliver George Pybus2, Angelos Hatzakis1* 1 Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece, 2 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 3 School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom Abstract The epidemiology of chronic viral infections, such as those caused by Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), is affected by the risk group structure of the infected population. Risk groups are defined by each of their members having acquired infection through a specific behavior. However, risk group definitions say little about the transmission potential of each infected individual. Variation in the number of secondary infections is extremely difficult to estimate for HCV and HIV but crucial in the design of efficient control interventions. Here we describe a novel method that combines epidemiological and population genetic approaches to estimate the variation in transmissibility of rapidly- evolving viral epidemics. We evaluate this method using a nationwide HCV epidemic and for the first time co-estimate viral generation times and superspreading events from a combination of molecular and epidemiological data. We anticipate that this integrated approach will form the basis of powerful tools for describing the transmission dynamics of chronic viral diseases, and for evaluating control strategies directed against them. Citation: Magiorkinis G, Sypsa V, Magiorkinis E, Paraskevis D, Katsoulidou A, et al. (2013) Integrating Phylodynamics and Epidemiology to Estimate Transmission Diversity in Viral Epidemics.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution During Primary HIV Infection Does Not Require Adaptive Immune Selection
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.07.20245480; this version posted December 8, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-ND 4.0 International license . Evolution during primary HIV infection does not require adaptive immune selection David A Swan1, Morgane Rolland2,3, Joshua Herbeck4, Joshua T Schiffer1,5,6, Daniel B Reeves*1. 5 *corresponding author: [email protected] 1Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, USA 2U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA 10 3Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA 4Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA 5Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA 6Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, USA 15 Abstract: Modern HIV research depends crucially on both viral sequencing and population measurements. To directly link mechanistic biological processes and evolutionary dynamics during HIV infection, we developed multiple within-host phylodynamic (wi-phy) models of HIV primary infection for comparative validation against viral load and evolutionary dynamics data. The most parsimonious and accurate model required no positive selection, suggesting that the host adaptive immune system reduces viral load, but 20 does not drive observed viral evolution. Rather, random genetic drift primarily dictates fitness changes. These results hold during early infection, and even during chronic infection when selection has been observed, viral fitness distributions are not largely different from in vitro distributions that emerge without adaptive immunity.
    [Show full text]
  • Faster De Novo Mutation of SARS-Cov-2 in Shipboard Quarantine
    Faster de novo mutation of SARS-CoV-2 in shipboard quarantine Ting-Yu Yeh1 & Gregory P. Contreras2 1. Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore Maryland 21218, USA 2. Columbus Center, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA Correspondence to Ting-Yu Yeh (email: [email protected]) (Submitted: 5 April 2020 – Published online: 6 April 2020) DISCLAIMER This paper was submitted to the Bulletin of the World Health Organization and was posted to the COVID-19 open site, according to the protocol for public health emergencies for international concern as described in Vasee Moorthy et al. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.251561). The information herein is available for unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited as indicated by the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Intergovernmental Organizations licence (CC BY IGO 3.0). RECOMMENDED CITATION Yeh TY & Contreras GP. Faster de novo mutation of SARS-CoV-2 in shipboard quarantine. [Preprint]. Bull World Health Organ. E-pub: 6 April 2020. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.255752 Abstract Objective To examine transmission and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in shipboard quarantine. Methods 28 specimens of COVID-19 patients from the cruise with a 3 week quarantine period were collected in USA and Japan from February 10 to February 25, 2020. The full genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 are available on GISAID. Viral transmission and evolution dynamics were analyzed using computational tools of phylogenetics, natural selection pressure, and genetic linkage.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylodynamics of the Major HIV-1 CRF02 AG African Lineages and Its
    Phylodynamics of the major HIV-1 CRF02_AG African lineages and its global dissemination Daiana Mir, Matthieu Jung, Edson Delatorre, Nicole Vidal, Martine Peeters, Gonzalo Bello To cite this version: Daiana Mir, Matthieu Jung, Edson Delatorre, Nicole Vidal, Martine Peeters, et al.. Phylodynamics of the major HIV-1 CRF02_AG African lineages and its global dissemination. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, Elsevier, 2016, 46, pp.190-199. 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.017. lirmm-01348461 HAL Id: lirmm-01348461 https://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-01348461 Submitted on 18 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ÔØ ÅÒÙ×Ö ÔØ Phylodynamics of the major HIV-1 CRF02 AG African lineages and its global dissemination Daiana Mir, Matthieu Jung, Edson Delatorre, Nicole Vidal, Martine Peeters, Gonzalo Bello PII: S1567-1348(16)30189-7 DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.017 Reference: MEEGID 2750 To appear in: Received date: 4 February 2016 Revised date: 9 May 2016 Accepted date: 11 May 2016 Please cite this article as: Mir, Daiana, Jung, Matthieu, Delatorre, Edson, Vidal, Nicole, Peeters, Martine, Bello, Gonzalo, Phylodynamics of the major HIV-1 CRF02 AG African lineages and its global dissemination, (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.017 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction of Phylodynamics for Controlling the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Korea
    Journal of Perspective Preventive Medicine J Prev Med Public Health 2018;51:326-328 • https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.150 & Public Health pISSN 1975-8375 eISSN 2233-4521 Introduction of Phylodynamics for Controlling the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Korea Jong-Myon Bae Department of Preventive Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea As over 1000 new cases of HIV/AIDS occur in Korea annually, preventive health programs against HIV/AIDS are urgently needed. Since phylodynamic studies have been suggested as a way to understand how infectious diseases are transmitted and evolve, phylodynam- ic inferences can be a useful tool for HIV/AIDS research. In particular, phylodynamic models are helpful for dating the origins of an epi- demic and estimating its basic reproduction number. Thus, the introduction of phylodynamics would be a highly valuable step to- wards controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Korea. Key words: Infectious disease transmission, Molecular epidemiology, Biological evolution, Human immunodeficiency virus, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Epidemics While the number has been shrinking globally [1], South fections have been spread by sexual contact [2]. Thus, HIV/AIDS Korea (hereafter Korea) has seen an increased number of new prevention in Korea should focus on managing sexual transmis- cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused sion. Epidemiological surveys of new HIV/AIDS patients show by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection since 2013, that most of them are males but self-identify as heterosexuals, with more than 1000 new cases occurring annually [2]. This raising questions about the credibility of the survey [3]. But, rate of HIV infections poses a major threat to the country’s the government does not share any details about new patients, public health, and the actual magnitude of potential health- even for research purposes, underscoring the need to introduce care risks may be even greater, as that estimate is based on innovative approaches to HIV/AIDS management.
    [Show full text]
  • Nextstrain: Real-Time Tracking of Pathogen Evolution
    Bioinformatics, 34(23), 2018, 4121–4123 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty407 Advance Access Publication Date: 22 May 2018 Applications Note Phylogenetics Nextstrain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/34/23/4121/5001388 by guest on 27 September 2021 James Hadfield1,*, Colin Megill1, Sidney M. Bell1,2, John Huddleston1,2, Barney Potter1, Charlton Callender1, Pavel Sagulenko3, Trevor Bedford1,† and Richard A. Neher3,4,5,† 1Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA, 2Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 3Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tu¨bingen, Germany, 4Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland and 5SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland *To whom correspondence should be addressed. †The authors wish it to be known that, in their opinion, the last two authors should be regarded as Joint last Authors. Associate Editor: Janet Kelso Received on October 11, 2017; revised on April 20, 2018; editorial decision on May 14, 2018; accepted on May 16, 2018 Abstract Summary: Understanding the spread and evolution of pathogens is important for effective public health measures and surveillance. Nextstrain consists of a database of viral genomes, a bioinfor- matics pipeline for phylodynamics analysis, and an interactive visualization platform. Together these present a real-time view into the evolution and spread of a range of viral pathogens of high public health importance. The visualization integrates sequence data with other data types such as geographic information, serology, or host species. Nextstrain compiles our current understanding into a single accessible location, open to health professionals, epidemiologists, virologists and the public alike.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Visualization Tools for Phylogenomic and Phylodynamic Studies of Viral Diseases
    REVIEW published: 02 August 2019 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00208 Advances in Visualization Tools for Phylogenomic and Phylodynamic Studies of Viral Diseases Kristof Theys, Philippe Lemey, Anne-Mieke Vandamme and Guy Baele* Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Genomic and epidemiological monitoring have become an integral part of our response to emerging and ongoing epidemics of viral infectious diseases. Advances in high-throughput sequencing, including portable genomic sequencing at reduced costs and turnaround time, are paralleled by continuing developments in methodology to infer evolutionary histories (dynamics/patterns) and to identify factors driving viral spread in space and time. The traditionally static nature of visualizing phylogenetic trees that represent these evolutionary relationships/processes has also evolved, albeit perhaps at a slower rate. Advanced visualization tools with increased resolution assist in drawing conclusions from phylogenetic estimates and may even have potential to better inform Edited by: public health and treatment decisions, but the design (and choice of what analyses Vitali Sintchenko, are shown) is hindered by the complexity of information embedded within current University of Sydney, Australia phylogenetic models and the integration of available meta-data. In this review, we discuss Reviewed by: Denis Baurain, visualization challenges for the interpretation and exploration
    [Show full text]
  • Influenza Virus–Specific Human Antibody Repertoire Studies
    Influenza Virus−Specific Human Antibody Repertoire Studies James E. Crowe, Jr. This information is current as J Immunol 2019; 202:368-373; ; of September 25, 2021. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801459 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/202/2/368 Downloaded from References This article cites 44 articles, 17 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/202/2/368.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. http://www.jimmunol.org/ • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on September 25, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2019 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Influenza Virus–Specific Human Antibody Repertoire Studies James E. Crowe, Jr. The diversity of Ag-specific adaptive receptors on the by the error-prone nature of the viral RNA-dependent RNA surface of B cells and in the population of secreted polymerase, which frequently introduces missense mutations. Abs is enormous, but increasingly, we are acquiring This occurrence is challenging because antigenic drift is thus the technical capability to interrogate Ab repertoires caused by accumulating point mutations in the genes encoding in great detail.
    [Show full text]