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La Reforma Electoral Sudafricana Como Caso De Estudio TESIS DOCTORAL 2015 CAMBIO INSTITUCIONAL: LA REFORMA ELECTORAL SUDAFRICANA COMO CASO DE ESTUDIO AINARA MANCEBO GABELA LICENCIADA EN GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Y EN CIENCIAS DE LA COMUNICACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA Y DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA Directora: Irene Delgado Sotillos 1 DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA Y DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA CAMBIO INSTITUCIONAL: LA REFORMA ELECTORAL SUDAFRICANA COMO CASO DE ESTUDIO AINARA MANCEBO GABELA Directora: Irene Delgado Sotillos 2015 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS Embarcarse en un proyecto de investigación como éste, sin un respaldo institucional detrás, es un arduo labor que, en mi caso, no hubiese posible realizarlo sin el apoyo y asistencia de mi directora de tesis, Irene Delgado Sotillos. La soledad, y unas pocas veces incomprensión, que implica trabajar intensamente sobre un tema de investigación por un largo periodo de tiempo, habría sido muy difícil de superar sin el apoyo de alguien que entiende por el proceso que estás pasando y te sostiene en el camino hasta el final. Su predisposición y asistencia han sido absolutamente fundamentales en el desarrollo y cierre de este trabajo de investigación. Este trabajo de investigación no hubiese alcanzado la meta final sin la predisposición y voluntad de colaboración que he encontrado entre personalidades de la política sudafricana que han atendido mis peticiones, y no han objetado compartir su preciado tiempo para conversar conmigo sobre los eventos que protagonizaron, además de compartir sus impresiones y opiniones sobre el tema de investigación. En especial quiero agradecer la inmensa amabilidad y buena voluntad de Roelf Meyer que no desestimó en ofrecer su casa para realizar la entrevista; así como de Richard Rosenthal, nuestra conversación a las faldas de la Table Mountain será difícil de olvidar; y la predisposición de Valli Moosa que a pesar de tener una apretada agenda, encontró espacio para hablar conmigo sobre el proceso de negociación. A todos ellos, junto a el Profesor François Venter, les estoy muy agradecida por compartir conmigo momentos imprescindibles para entender como fue la negociación sobre la reforma electoral durante la transición democrática en Sudáfrica. Mi gratitud también a las instituciones que facilitaron mi acceso a sus archivos como el Parlamento de Sudáfrica, la Universidad de Cape Town y la Universidad de Western Cape contribuyendo con ello a mi rastreo del proceso en estudio. Algo no tangible, pero esencial en este viaje de investigación, ha sido la inspiración que ha aportado personalidades históricas y tecnócratas sudafricanos. Su integridad y capacidad para perdonar, para transformarse y transformar un país en aquello con lo que habían soñado, es una fuente de inspiración. Brilla de sobremanera la personalidad de Nelson Mandela, que es respetada por todas las personas que han sido entrevistadas, no importa en qué bando de la contienda estaban, todos ellos compartieron sus alabanzas al hombre que facilitó la reconciliación nacional, y que hizo posible que todos los sudafricanos se sintieran representados bajo su liderazgo como jefe del primer Gobierno democrático sudafricano. Para mí ha sido todo un descubrimiento leer y aprender sobre los héroes y pensadores del movimiento de liberación del ANC. La conjunción en el tiempo de personalidades como Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Chris Hani, Joe Slovo, y otros menos conocidos, pero importantísimas figuras del pensamiento constitucional democrático como Albie Sachs y Kader Asmal, hizo posible el milagro sudafricano. Este trabajo de investigación debe un especial agradecimiento a un hombre que simboliza la integridad, voluntad de perdonar y capacidad para transformarse sudafricana. Un hombre que siendo un adolescente descubrió el movimiento de liberación dentro de las aulas de secundaria bajo el sistema del Apartheid y quiso, desde 3 su humilde posición, contribuir en la lucha por la liberación de su país. A pesar de las estancias en los calabazos del régimen autoritario, de ser forzado a exiliarse siendo menor de edad dejando todo atrás para siempre, de luchar contra el ejército sudafricano en otros países africanos, a pesar de todo ello, pudo perdonar y volver a su país para transformarse y trabajar para la transformación de su país. El horror de la represión y la guerra no les destruyeron sino les hicieron mejores mujeres y hombres sudafricanos. Gracias Benny por tu inspiración para dar siempre lo mejor de nosotros mismos en todo aquello que nos embarquemos, y gracias a nuestra hija Gernika Mpho que me ha acompañado en este viaje desde que nació. Y finalmente, debo mi agradecimiento a mi familia, siempre respaldando todo proyecto en el que me embarco, gracias a mi madre verdadera fuerza motora de esta tesis. 4 Whether working in natural science or in political science, people had long realized that discovery was a specific process with its own logic, its own pre-conditions and, by nature, its own surprises. The logic of justification, on the other hand, was based on the conjunction of verifiable evidence and logical reasoning to produce replicable results. The outcome had to be what the outcome was. Whereas justification depended on the affirmation of certainty, discovery was based on rendering uncertain what had previously been regarded as sure. Albie Sachs (2009:52) 5 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS …………………………………………………………………………………..3 ÍNDICE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………6 LISTA DE TABLAS …………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 LISTA DE CUADROS …………………………………………………………………………………...8 LISTA DE SIGLAS ………………………………………………………………………………………9 RESUMEN ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 INTRODUCCIÓN ………………………………………………………………………………………12 CAPÍTULO 1: DISEÑO INSTITUCIONAL EN SUDAFRICA: OBJETIVOS, HIPÓTESIS Y METODOLOGÍA ……………………………………………………………………..17 1.1 Enfoques sobre el cambio institucional ……………………………………………………..17 1.2 Los procesos de transiciones democráticas…………………………………………............23 1.3 Las transformaciones de los sistemas electorales………………………………………….. 29 1.4 Presentación de hipótesis ………………………………………………………………….. 33 1.5 Metodología: el estudio de caso ……………………………………………………............ 35 CAPÍTULO 2: EL AVANCE HACIA LA INSTITUCIONALIZACION EN SUDÁFRICA: DE LA OLIGARQUÍA COLONIAL A LA REPÚBLICA…………………………. 39 2.1 Introducción a la instauración de la oligarquía colonial en Sudáfrica ……………............39 2.1.1 El desarrollo institucional de las colonias europeas en Sudáfrica………............39 2.1.2. El nacimiento de la Unión de Sudáfrica y su desarrollo institucional …............41 2.1.2.1 Desarrollo institucional de la Unión de Sudáfrica……………………...45 2.1.2.2 Sufragio y sistema electoral de la Unión …………………….............47 2.2 La instauración del Apartheid y la proclamación de la República de Sudáfrica …………..49 2.2.1 El nuevo Parlamento republicano ……………………………………….............54 2.2.2 El Parlamento Tricameral de la República de Sudáfrica ...……………..............54 2.2.3 Sufragio y el sistema electoral de la República de Sudáfrica …………………...57 2.2.4 Los últimos años del régimen oligárquico colonial ……………………..............58 CAPÍTULO 3: LA REFORMA DEL SISTEMA ELECTORAL COMO ELEMENTO CLAVE DE LA TRANSICIÓN HACIA LA DEMOCRACIA ………………………………………70 3.1 La primera fase de la transición democrática ……………………………………………...74 3.1.1 Propuestas de reformas electorales ………………………………………..........88 3.1.2 Proceso formal de negociación multipartidista …………………………………97 3.1.2.1 CODESA……………………………………………………………... 98 3.1.2.1.1 Las propuesta de reforma electoral de CODESA………..118 3.1.2.2 MPNP………………………………………………………………..145 3.1.2.2.1 Las propuestas de reforma electoral de MPNP…………166 3.2 La segunda fase de la transición democrática………………………………………………178 3.2.1 La Asamblea Constituyente ………................................................................................182 3.2.1.1 Las propuestas de reforma en la Asamblea Constituyente………………….. 185 3.3 El nivel de amenaza para los actores políticos…………………………………………… 197 CONCLUSIONES ……………………………………………………………………………………. 223 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ………………………………………………………………………………............233 ANEXO 1: Perfil de los actores implicados en el proceso: partidos políticos ………………….............251 ANEXO 2: Transcripción entrevistas …………………………………………………………………..262 6 LISTA DE TABLAS Tabla 1: Censo de 1904: hombres europeos adultos………………………………………………………46 Tabla 2: Distribución de los escaños por provincial en la Cámara baja desde la Unión de Sudáfrica hasta la República de Sudáfrica ………………………………………………………………………….46 Tabla 3: House of Assembly: distribución de los escaños por partido político en las elecciones de 1943……………………………………………………………………………………………………….48 Tabla 4: Resultados electorales de las elecciones de Mayo de 1948……………………………………...50 Tabla 5: Evolución de la distribución de escaños por provincia………………………………………….54 Tabla 6: Resultados del referéndum sobre la reforma constitucional de 1983…………………………....56 Tabla 7: Distribución de escaños en las diferentes cámaras del Parlamento por Provincia……………...56 Tabla 8: Resultados electorales de las elecciones a la House of Assembly de 29 de junio de 1981……....59 Tabla 9: Resultados de las elecciones para la House of Assembly de mayo de 1987……………………..62 Tabla 10: Resultados de las elecciones a la House of Assembly del 6 septiembre de 1989…………….....68 Tabla 11: Datos relativos a los asesinatos políticos (1990- 1994)………………………………………...80 Tabla 12: Número de asesinatos políticos en Sudáfrica durante los años 1992-1994…………………...137
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