Part I. Chapter 1. General Remarks Part I. Current Conditions and Problems Chapter 1. General Remarks Hideo ODA（Keiai University） 1. South Africa in the 1990s as a Major Transi- 2. The Many Facets of South Africa as a Recip- tion Period ient of Japan’s Official Development Assis- tance The democratization domino effect that swept across Eastern Europe in the latter half of 1989 was highlighted South Africa is a regional superpower with a level of by the historic tearing down of the Berlin Wall in political, economic and social（ and of course military） November to pave the way for German reunification, and development that far surpasses the normal level for was closely followed by the December US-Soviet lead- Africa, and when it is viewed in the context of a recipient ers’ summit between Presidents Bush and Gorbachev of Japan’s official development assistance, many differ- that confirmed the end of the Cold War. The 1990s was ing facets of the country stand out. the first decade of the “post-Cold War era”, the world’s First is that South Africa has a dual structure in one greatest historical transition period since the end of country: a rich developed society coexisting with a poor World War II. The effect of this was a far-reaching move- developing society. This is the largest legacy of the ment toward democracy（ and a market economy） that Apartheid system, and correcting this imbalance should was felt in all parts of the world. be seen as a key element of Japan’s assistance for South Africa was no exception. In fact, far from not being an Africa. exception, Africa was where the movement toward Forming the core of the South African government, democracy was perhaps at its strongest and fastest. A the African National Congress（ ANC） set out compre- widely shared perception was that the 1990s was Africa’s hensive policies for rectifying socioeconomic inequities second era of liberation. The first was the liberation from and disparities in the Reconstruction and Development colonial control, while the second was the liberation Programme（ RDP） it committed itself to at the first dem- from dictatorial regimes （it is difficult to judge the ocratic（ all-race） elections in April 1994; the ANC has degree to which the initial sense of hope and expectation been implementing these policies since the beginning of at the arrival of the “second era of liberation” was subse- the Mandela administration. The Japanese government quently satisfied）. began providing practical support for the RDP immedi- South Africa progressed at an even more blistering ately after the Mandela government came to power, and pace in the 1990s than the rest of Africa. This was espe- pledged to continue this support when the Mbeki admin- cially so in the first half of the decade: racial liberation istration took over in June 1999. and democratization became a reality with the release of Second is that South African development has consid- Nelson Mandela in February 1990, Apartheid was totally erable potential to contribute to the development of the abolished in June 1991, democratic elections were held Southern African Region as a whole. While it is not in April 1994 and the Mandela administration was estab- favourable to expect as much from South Africa’s role as lished the following month. When the Mbeki administra- those that espouse the view of “South Africa as a tion came to power following the second democratic regional locomotive” may do, it is nonetheless certain elections were held in May 1999, South Africa showed that the expansion of the predominant economic influ- that it had truly begun preparation for its building of a ence of South Africa across national borders will stimu- “rainbow country”. late the growth of southern Africa, so Japan should always be aware that assistance strategy for South Africa should be formed as part of an assistance strategy for the 1 Study on Japan’s Official Development Assistance to Southern African Countries Volume II < South Africa ⋅ Main Reports > southern African region as a whole. Needless to say, however, while the development and stability of the new South Africa will contribute much to the development and stability of southern Africa, follow-up is needed to ensure that it does not create a situation in which the eco- nomic chasm between South Africa and its neighbours is further widened with South Africa as the sole winner. Third（ and closely linked to the second point） is that South Africa could become an effective partner to Japan in the delivery of development assistance to the southern African region. That is, Japan should consider incorpo- rating the effective utilization of South Africa’s socio- economic infrastructure into its development aid strategy for southern Africa. Making most use of South African technology and other intellectual assets and human resources should become the main pillar of regional cooperation, so Japan’s aid policies too should include active involvement in and support for regional coopera- tion revolving around South Africa. This will be one of the points for consideration when Japan’s assistance extends beyond the bilateral level to encompass, for example, regional organizations such as the Southern African Development Community（ SADC）. The fourth is the newly born South Africa’s role as a model for national reconciliation. South Africa has begun an extremely positive and unique effort to bury the “crim- inal past” of the Apartheid years and bring about racial reconciliation, as symbolized by the activities of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission （TRC）. South Africa’s attempt here can become a model for many other African countries torn apart by ethnic conflict or civil war even after independence as they seek their own national reconciliation and national integration（ be it unified or pluralistic integration）. Support for South Africa’s attempt to realize racial and national reconciliation can, in itself, be an effective means of extending assistance to South Africa. However, on top of this, there is no doubt that such support can help to build a framework for assistance and support strategies for many African countries still weighed down by the leg- acy of war and conflicts. 2 Part I. Chapter 2. Politics and Public Administration in South Africa Chapter 2. Politics and Public Administration in South Africa Mitugi ENDO（ Graduate School, Tokyo University） 1. Present State of Democratisation: General Jacob’s ex-wife and former Health Minister who is Political Trends believed to be another Mbeki ally, as Foreign Affairs Minister; the Pahad brothers as Minister in the Office of 1–1 The 1999 general election and the Mbeki the President and Deputy Foreign Affairs Minister; Mr. administration Sydney Mufamadi as Minister for Provincial and Local In the general election held in June 1999, the African Government; and Mr. Steve Tshwete as Minister for National Congress（ ANC） won 266 seats of the National Safety and Security. These appointments show, at least to Assembly, just one seat short of a two-thirds majority, some extent, a government inclination to fill key posts and went on to reappoint Dr. Mangosuthu Buthelezi as with close Mbeki allies. Also noticeable are consider- the Minister for Home Affairs1 after the elections, ations for balanced portfolio allocation in terms of gender thereby maintaining its coalition with the Inkatha Free- （the number of female ministers doubled to eight）, race dom Party. This put in place a very stable government （four Indians, down one, and two each for whites and with 309 seats overall. On the back of this election result, coloureds, same as before）, and ethnic groups（ adequate Mr. Thabo Mbeki was inaugurated as the second Presi- representation of Zulus through the appointment of three dent of the newly democratic South Africa, taking on the IFP officers — Home Affairs Minister Buthelezi; Arts, responsibility of presiding over the nation’s policy man- Culture, Science and Technology Minister Ngubane and agement in the post-Mandela era. Correctional Services Minister Skosana — as well as the One noteworthy aspect of the elections was the Zumas and Justice and Constitutional Development Min- extremely high voter turnout of more than 85%, which ister Maduna）. seems to indicate the existence of a high public interest in Overall, the ministerial line-up fairly clearly conveys politics as well as high expectations for government poli- President Mbeki’s intentions to win as much support as cies in South Africa. possible — both within and outside the country — Let us now briefly look at the line-up of the new Mbeki through balanced portfolio allocation, while maintaining Administration2 （see Table 1）. Firstly, Mr. Jacob his initiative in key areas with a view to ensuring smooth Zuma, a long-time political ally of President Mbeki, was policy implementation. appointed as Deputy President. Secondly, Mr. Trevor Manuel and Mr. Alec Erwin, who were highly regarded 1–2 General political trends: An assessment both within South Africa and overseas as key economic Regarding general political trends in South Africa ministers in the Mandela Government, were reappointed since 1994, there is a consensus among South African as Finance Minister and Minister for Trade and Industry, intellectuals that a movement toward centralisation has respectively, to the applause of many domestic and over- been under way. Roger Southall of Rhodes University seas quarters, particularly investors. Thirdly, Prof. Kadar characterises this as “centralisation” under “a dominant Asmal, who served as Water Affairs and Forestry Minis- party system”3, while Tom Lodge of the University of the ter in the previous government, was promoted to Educa- Witwatersrand, who also describes the present South tion Minister, a key government post, in recognition of African political system as “a dominant party system”, his outstanding ability to get things done, raising hopes points to the ANC’s authoritarian tendency and expresses for improved policy implementation in the area of educa- concerns about this4.