DOCSLIB.ORG

Deciphering the Functions of Ets2, Pten and P53 in Stromal Fibroblasts in Multiple

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Deciphering the Functions of Ets2, Pten and P53 in Stromal Fibroblasts in Multiple Deciphering the Functions of Ets2, Pten and p53 in Stromal Fibroblasts in Multiple Breast Cancer Models DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Julie Wallace Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Michael C. Ostrowski, PhD, Advisor Gustavo Leone, PhD Denis Guttridge, PhD Dawn Chandler, PhD Copyright by Julie Wallace 2013 Abstract Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in American women, and is also the second leading cause of cancer death in women. It is estimated that nearly a quarter of a million new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women in the United States this year, and approximately 40,000 of these women will die from breast cancer. Although death rates have been on the decline for the past decade, there is still much we need to learn about this disease to improve prevention, detection and treatment strategies. The majority of early studies have focused on the malignant tumor cells themselves, and much has been learned concerning mutations, amplifications and other genetic and epigenetic alterations of these cells. However more recent work has acknowledged the strong influence of tumor stroma on the initiation, progression and recurrence of cancer. Under normal conditions this stroma has been shown to have protective effects against tumorigenesis, however the transformation of tumor cells manipulates this surrounding environment to actually promote malignancy. Fibroblasts in particular make up a significant portion of this stroma, and have been shown to impact various aspects of tumor cell biology. Although the contributions of these stromal fibroblasts to tumor progression have been well studied, the role of specific signaling pathways important for these tumor associated functions remain elusive. ii In the current studies, we examine the fibroblast specific roles of the proto- oncogene Ets2 as well as the tumor suppressor genes Pten and p53 in tumorigenesis using conditional knockout mouse models. Importantly, the functions of these genes are assessed in multiple breast cancer models to account for the heterogeneity observed in breast cancer. Additionally, gene expression analysis is used to decipher potential mechanisms by which these genes function in the stroma. Deletion of Ets2 in fibroblasts in both PyMT and ErbB2 driven tumorigenesis slowed the progression of these tumors without significantly effecting the development of the normal mammary gland. Gene expression profiling revealed Ets2 controls a tumor specific transcription program in fibroblasts that promotes angiogenesis in both breast cancer models. Interestingly, Ets2 seems to target a portion of the same genes in both models, thereby implicating it as a “master regulator” in these tumor associated cells. Additionally, loss of fibroblast Ets2 impacts gene expression in surrounding endothelial cells. Both the PyMT and ErbB2 derived Ets2 dependent signatures were represented in the stroma of human breast cancer tissue, and could also predict patient outcome in independent whole tumor data. Using a similar strategy, we also examined the function of Pten in the stromal fibroblast compartment. Interestingly, loss of this tumor suppressor gene promoted ErbB2 driven tumorigenesis. Gene expression profiling determined that loss of Pten promotes inflammation and ECM remodeling, which is manifested by increased macrophage proliferation and deposition of collagen. The transcription factor Ets2 was shown to be a downstream target of Pten signaling in fibroblasts, which was at least in iii part mediated by regulation of miR-320. To our surprise, Pten loss in stromal fibroblasts did not impact Ras mediated tumorigenesis. To determine if this collaboration was specific to the Pten tumor suppressor, we also conditionally deleted p53 in mammary fibroblasts in the context of ErbB2 and Ras epithelial drivers. Conversely to what we observed upon Pten deletion, loss of p53 did not affect ErbB2 driven tumorigenesis, but significantly impacted Ras mediated transformation. Through gene expression arrays, we determined crosstalk between these epithelial cells and fibroblasts induces changes in a specific collaborative fashion. Loss of Pten or p53 promoted the hyperproliferation of surrounding epithelial cells, however deletion of these genes alone was not sufficient to cause tumor development. In summary, we have shown Ets2 to be an important transcription factor driving angiogenesis from the tumor associated fibroblast compartment in both PyMT and ErbB2 breast cancer models. Alternatively, Pten was shown to have strong tumor suppressor function in the stroma in ErbB2 mediated tumorigenesis, however its function was dispensible during Ras induced tumorigenesis. The opposite was observed in the context of fibroblast p53 function which was important in Ras driven tumorigenesis but had modest effects in the context of ErbB2. Understanding this complex communication between tumor cells and the microenvironment is a critical step as we move forward in the battle against cancer. iv Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my grandma, a breast cancer survivor and my motivation to make a difference for people with this disease. Also to my parents for believing in me and their unending love and support. And finally to my husband for keeping me going when I wanted to give up. v Acknowledgments I owe a debt of gratitude to my advisor Dr. Michael C. Ostrowski for his support and encouragement thoughout my time here. I would also like to thanks my committee members Dr. Gustavo Lenoe, Dr. Denis Guttridge and Dr. Dawn Chandler for their helpful insights and for giving me an opportunity to prove my research abilities. All other members of my lab, current and past, as well as members of the Leone lab have been invaluable resources for stimulating conversation. You are friends as well as co-workers. I am grateful for the help of our biostatisticians Soledad Fernandez and Lianbo Yu. I am also thankful to the histology core, in particular Lisa Maysoon Rawahneh for timely processing and encouragement. And extra thanks to our bioinformatics expert Thierry Pecot for helping with data analysis and heatmap generation. vi Vita 26 August 1982 ..............................................Born – Cincinnati, Ohio May 2004 .......................................................B.S. Zoology, Miami University September 2006 – December 2006 ................Teaching Assistant, The Ohio State University September 2005 – December 2010 ...............Research Assistant, The Ohio State University January 2011 – December 2012 .....................Graduate Fellow, The Ohio State University January 2012 – Present ..................................Research Assistant, The Ohio State University Publications 1. Bronisz A, Godlewski J, Wallace JA, Merchant AS, Nowicki MO, Mathsyaraja H, Srinivasan R, Trimboli AJ, Martin CK, Li F, Yu L, Fernandez SA, Cory S, Hallett M, Park M, Piper MG, Marsh CB, Yee LD, Jimenez RE, Nuovo G, Lawler SE, Chiocca EA, Leone G, Ostrowski MC. (2011) Reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment by stromal Pten-regulated miR-320. Nat Cell Biology 14, 159-67. 2. Wallace JA, Li F, Leone G, Ostrowski MC. (2011) Pten in the breast tumor microenvironment: modeling tumor-stroma coevolution. Cancer Res 71, 1203-1207. 3. Li F, Wallace JA, Ostrowski MC. (2010) ETS transcription factors in the tumor microenvironment. The Open Cancer Journal 3, 49-54. 4. Kim Y, Wallace JA, Li F, Ostrowski MC, Friedman A. (2010) Transformed epithelial cells and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts interaction in breast tumor: a mathematical model and experiments. J Math Biol. 61, 401-421. vii 5. Trimboli AJ, Cantemir-Stone CZ, Li F, Wallace JA, Merchant A, Creasap N, Thompson JC, Caserta E, Wang H, Chong JL, Naidu S, Wei G, Sharma SM, Stephens JA, Fernandez SA, Gurcan MN, Weinstein MB, Barsky SH, Yee L, Rosol TJ, Stromberg PC, Robinson ML, Pepin F, Hallett M, Park M, Ostrowski MC, Leone G. (2009). Pten in stromal fibroblasts suppresses mammary epithelial tumors. Nature 461, 1084-1091. 6. Chen CL, Hsieh FC, Lieblein JC, Brown J, Chan C, Wallace JA, Cheng G, Hall BM, Lin J. (2007) Stat3 activation in human endometrial and cervical cancers. Br J Cancer 96(4), 591-599. Fields of Study Major Field: Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology viii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ........................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. vi Vita .................................................................................................................................... vii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xix List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xxi Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Targeting and Reprograming Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and the Tumor Microenvironment in Pancreatic Cancer
    cancers Review Targeting and Reprograming Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and the Tumor Microenvironment in Pancreatic Cancer Yoshiaki Sunami * , Viktoria Böker and Jörg Kleeff Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, University Medical Center Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany; [email protected] (V.B.); [email protected] (J.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-345-557-2794 Simple Summary: The tumor microenvironment plays a major role in the progression and drug resistance of pancreatic cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts are the major stromal cells and source of extracellular matrix proteins forming the dense stromal tumor microenvironment. Targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts has been deemed a promising therapeutic strategy. However, deplet- ing cancer-associated fibroblasts may also have tumor-promoting effects due to their functional heterogeneity. It is therefore important to target selectively the tumor-promoting subtype of cancer- associated fibroblasts. Furthermore, deactivating fibroblasts, or reprograming tumor-promoting cancer-associated fibroblasts to tumor-restraining cancer-associated fibroblasts are considered as therapy for pancreatic cancer. Abstract: Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States both in female and male, and is projected to become the second deadliest cancer by 2030. The overall five-year survival rate remains at around 10%. Pancreatic cancer exhibits a remarkable resistance to established therapeutic options such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, due to dense stromal Citation: Sunami, Y.; Böker, V.; tumor microenvironment. Cancer-associated fibroblasts are the major stromal cell type and source of Kleeff, J. Targeting and Reprograming extracellular matrix proteins shaping a physical and metabolic barrier thereby reducing therapeutic Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and efficacy.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,109,232 B2 Schwartz Et Al
    US009 109232B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,109,232 B2 Schwartz et al. (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 18, 2015 (54) ETS2 AND MESP1 GENERATE CARDIAC Islas et al., Transcription factors ETS2 and MESP1 transdifferentiate PROGENITORS FROM FIBROBLASTS human dermal fibroblasts into cardiac progenitors; PNAS, Published online before print Jul. 23, 2012, doi: 10.1073/pnas. 11202991.09, 2012.* (71) Applicants: University of Houston, Houston, TX Melotti et al., Ets-2 and c-Myb Act Independently in Regulating (US); Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Expression of the Hematopoietic StemCell Antigen CD34:JBC, vol. TX (US); The Texas A&M University 269, No. 41, pp. 25303-25309, 1994.* System, College Station, TX (US) Takahashi et al., Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adulthuman fibroblasts by defined factors; Cell, vol. 131, pp. 861-872, 2007.* Naldini et al. In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of (72) Inventors: Robert J. Schwartz, Houston, TX (US); nondividing cells by a lentiviral vector; Science, vol. 272, pp. 263 Vladimir N. Potaman, Houston, TX 267, 1996.* (US); Jose Francisco Islas, Houston, TX European Patent Office; Office Action; European Application No. (US) 117114082; Jul 22, 2013. European Patent Office; Response to Office Action; European Appli (73) Assignees: University of Houston, Houston, TX cation No. 11711408.2; Aug. 30, 2013. Chinese Patent Office; Office Action; Chinese Patent Application No. (US); Texas Heart Institute, Houston, 2011800 19561.0; Sep. 18, 2013. TX (US); The Texas A&M University Chinese Patent Office; Office Action (English translation); Chinese System, College Station, TX (US) Patent Application No. 2011800 19561.0; Sep.
    [Show full text]
  • Edinburgh Research Explorer
    Edinburgh Research Explorer International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXVIII. G protein-coupled receptor list Citation for published version: Davenport, AP, Alexander, SPH, Sharman, JL, Pawson, AJ, Benson, HE, Monaghan, AE, Liew, WC, Mpamhanga, CP, Bonner, TI, Neubig, RR, Pin, JP, Spedding, M & Harmar, AJ 2013, 'International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXVIII. G protein-coupled receptor list: recommendations for new pairings with cognate ligands', Pharmacological reviews, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 967-86. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.112.007179 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1124/pr.112.007179 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Pharmacological reviews Publisher Rights Statement: U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 1521-0081/65/3/967–986$25.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.112.007179 PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS Pharmacol Rev 65:967–986, July 2013 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of Β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus
    Page 1 of 781 Diabetes A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus Robert N. Bone1,6,7, Olufunmilola Oyebamiji2, Sayali Talware2, Sharmila Selvaraj2, Preethi Krishnan3,6, Farooq Syed1,6,7, Huanmei Wu2, Carmella Evans-Molina 1,3,4,5,6,7,8* Departments of 1Pediatrics, 3Medicine, 4Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, 5Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, the 6Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, and the 7Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; 2Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202; 8Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202. *Corresponding Author(s): Carmella Evans-Molina, MD, PhD ([email protected]) Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2031A, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Telephone: (317) 274-4145, Fax (317) 274-4107 Running Title: Golgi Stress Response in Diabetes Word Count: 4358 Number of Figures: 6 Keywords: Golgi apparatus stress, Islets, β cell, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes 1 Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online August 20, 2020 Diabetes Page 2 of 781 ABSTRACT The Golgi apparatus (GA) is an important site of insulin processing and granule maturation, but whether GA organelle dysfunction and GA stress are present in the diabetic β-cell has not been tested. We utilized an informatics-based approach to develop a transcriptional signature of β-cell GA stress using existing RNA sequencing and microarray datasets generated using human islets from donors with diabetes and islets where type 1(T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) had been modeled ex vivo. To narrow our results to GA-specific genes, we applied a filter set of 1,030 genes accepted as GA associated.
    [Show full text]
  • To Study Mutant P53 Gain of Function, Various Tumor-Derived P53 Mutants
    Differential effects of mutant TAp63γ on transactivation of p53 and/or p63 responsive genes and their effects on global gene expression. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By Shama K Khokhar M.Sc., Bilaspur University, 2004 B.Sc., Bhopal University, 2002 2007 1 COPYRIGHT SHAMA K KHOKHAR 2007 2 WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES Date of Defense: 12-03-07 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY SHAMA KHAN KHOKHAR ENTITLED Differential effects of mutant TAp63γ on transactivation of p53 and/or p63 responsive genes and their effects on global gene expression BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science Madhavi P. Kadakia, Ph.D. Thesis Director Daniel Organisciak , Ph.D. Department Chair Committee on Final Examination Madhavi P. Kadakia, Ph.D. Steven J. Berberich, Ph.D. Michael Leffak, Ph.D. Joseph F. Thomas, Jr., Ph.D. Dean, School of Graduate Studies 3 Abstract Khokhar, Shama K. M.S., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, 2007 Differential effect of TAp63γ mutants on transactivation of p53 and/or p63 responsive genes and their effects on global gene expression. p63, a member of the p53 gene family, known to play a role in development, has more recently also been implicated in cancer progression. Mice lacking p63 exhibit severe developmental defects such as limb truncations, abnormal skin, and absence of hair follicles, teeth, and mammary glands. Germline missense mutations of p63 have been shown to be responsible for several human developmental syndromes including SHFM, EEC and ADULT syndromes and are associated with anomalies in the development of organs of epithelial origin.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogenesis and Maintenance of Cytoplasmic Domains in Myelin of the Central Nervous System
    Biogenesis and Maintenance of Cytoplasmic Domains in Myelin of the Central Nervous System Dissertation for the award of the degree “Doctor rerum naturalium” of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen within the doctoral program Molecular Biology of Cells of the Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) submitted by Caroline Julia Velte from Usingen, Germany Göttingen 2016 Members of the Thesis Committee: Prof. Dr. Mikael Simons, Reviewer Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen Prof. Dr. Andreas Janshoff, Reviewer Georg-August University, Göttingen Prof. Dr. Dirk Görlich Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen Date of the thesis defense: 27th of June 2016 Don't part with your illusions. When they are gone, you may still exist, but you have ceased to live. (Mark Twain) III Affidavit I hereby declare that my PhD thesis “Biogenesis and Maintenance of Cytoplasmic Domains in Myelin of the Central Nervous System” has been written independently with no other aids or sources than quoted. Furthermore, I confirm that this thesis has not been submitted as part of another examination process neither in identical nor in similar form. Caroline Julia Velte April 2016 Göttingen, Germany V Publications Nicolas Snaidero*, Caroline Velte*, Matti Myllykoski, Arne Raasakka, Alexander Ignatev, Hauke B. Werner, Michelle S. Erwig, Wiebke Moebius, Petri Kursula, Klaus-Armin Nave, and Mikael Simons Antagonistic Functions of MBP and CNP Establish Cytosolic Channels in CNS Myelin, Cell Reports 18 *equal contribution (January 2017) E. d’Este, D. Kamin, C. Velte, F. Göttfert, M. Simons, S.W. Hell Subcortical cytoskeleton periodicity throughout the nervous system, Scientific Reports 6 (March 2016) K.A.
    [Show full text]
  • DUSP10 Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Cell Growth and Colorectal Tumorigenesis
    Oncogene (2016) 35, 206–217 © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-9232/16 www.nature.com/onc ORIGINAL ARTICLE DUSP10 regulates intestinal epithelial cell growth and colorectal tumorigenesis CW Png1,2, M Weerasooriya1,2, J Guo3, SJ James1,2,HMPoh1,2, M Osato3, RA Flavell4, C Dong5, H Yang3 and Y Zhang1,2 Dual specificity phosphatase 10 (DUSP10), also known as MAP kinase phosphatase 5 (MKP5), negatively regulates the activation of MAP kinases. Genetic polymorphisms and aberrant expression of this gene are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) in humans. However, the role of DUSP10 in intestinal epithelial tumorigenesis is not clear. Here, we showed that DUSP10 knockout (KO) mice had increased intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation and migration and developed less severe colitis than wild-type (WT) mice in response to dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) treatment, which is associated with increased ERK1/2 activation and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) expression in IEC. In line with increased IEC proliferation, DUSP10 KO mice developed more colon tumours with increased severity compared with WT mice in response to administration of DSS and azoxymethane (AOM). Furthermore, survival analysis of CRC patients demonstrated that high DUSP10 expression in tumours was associated with significant improvement in survival probability. Overexpression of DUSP10 in Caco-2 and RCM-1 cells inhibited cell proliferation. Our study showed that DUSP10 negatively regulates IEC growth and acts as a suppressor for CRC. Therefore, it could be targeted for the development of therapies for colitis and CRC. Oncogene (2016) 35, 206–217; doi:10.1038/onc.2015.74; published online 16 March 2015 INTRODUCTION development.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficient Immune Cell Genome Engineering with Improved CRISPR Editing Tools
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.13.947002; this version posted February 14, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Title: Efficient Immune Cell Genome Engineering with Improved CRISPR Editing Tools 2 3 Authors: 4 Waipan Chan1,*, Rachel A. Gottschalk1,4, Yikun Yao2, Joel L. Pomerantz3 & Ronald N. Germain1,* 5 6 Affiliation: 7 1Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy 8 and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 9 2Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, 10 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 11 20892 12 3Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins 13 University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 14 4Current Address: Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 15 W1047 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 16 17 *Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected] 18 19 This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of NIAID, NIH. 20 21 All animal experiments were done in accordance with the guidelines of the NIAID/NIH 22 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.13.947002; this version posted February 14, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Understanding of Epigenetics Mechanism As a Novel Target In
    Keyvani‑Ghamsari et al. Clin Epigenet (2021) 13:120 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148‑021‑01107‑4 REVIEW Open Access Current understanding of epigenetics mechanism as a novel target in reducing cancer stem cells resistance Saeedeh Keyvani‑Ghamsari1, Khatereh Khorsandi2* , Azhar Rasul3 and Muhammad Khatir Zaman4 Abstract At present, after extensive studies in the feld of cancer, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been proposed as a major fac‑ tor in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and recurrence. CSCs are a subpopulation of bulk tumors, with stem cell‑like properties and tumorigenic capabilities, having the abilities of self‑renewal and diferentiation, thereby being able to generate heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells and lead to resistance toward anti‑tumor treatments. Highly resistant to conventional chemo‑ and radiotherapy, CSCs have heterogeneity and can migrate to diferent organs and metastasize. Recent studies have demonstrated that the population of CSCs and the progression of cancer are increased by the deregulation of diferent epigenetic pathways having efects on gene expression patterns and key pathways connected with cell proliferation and survival. Further, epigenetic modifcations (DNA methylation, histone modifcations, and RNA methylations) have been revealed to be key drivers in the formation and maintenance of CSCs. Hence, identifying CSCs and targeting epigenetic pathways therein can ofer new insights into the treatment of cancer. In the present review, recent studies are addressed in terms of the characteristics of CSCs, the resistance thereof, and the factors infuencing the development thereof, with an emphasis on diferent types of epigenetic changes in genes and main signaling pathways involved therein. Finally, targeted therapy for CSCs by epigenetic drugs is referred to, which is a new approach in overcoming resistance and recurrence of cancer.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Ubiquitination in NF-Κb Signaling During Virus Infection
    viruses Review The Role of Ubiquitination in NF-κB Signaling during Virus Infection Kun Song and Shitao Li * Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) family are the master transcription factors that control cell proliferation, apoptosis, the expression of interferons and proinflammatory factors, and viral infection. During viral infection, host innate immune system senses viral products, such as viral nucleic acids, to activate innate defense pathways, including the NF-κB signaling axis, thereby inhibiting viral infection. In these NF-κB signaling pathways, diverse types of ubiquitination have been shown to participate in different steps of the signal cascades. Recent advances find that viruses also modulate the ubiquitination in NF-κB signaling pathways to activate viral gene expression or inhibit host NF-κB activation and inflammation, thereby facilitating viral infection. Understanding the role of ubiquitination in NF-κB signaling during viral infection will advance our knowledge of regulatory mechanisms of NF-κB signaling and pave the avenue for potential antiviral therapeutics. Thus, here we systematically review the ubiquitination in NF-κB signaling, delineate how viruses modulate the NF-κB signaling via ubiquitination and discuss the potential future directions. Keywords: NF-κB; polyubiquitination; linear ubiquitination; inflammation; host defense; viral infection Citation: Song, K.; Li, S. The Role of 1. Introduction Ubiquitination in NF-κB Signaling The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a small family of five transcription factors, including during Virus Infection. Viruses 2021, RelA (also known as p65), RelB, c-Rel, p50 and p52 [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Pathognomonic and Epistatic Genetic Alterations in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/674259; this version posted June 19, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Pathognomonic and epistatic genetic alterations in 2 B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma 3 4 Man Chun John Ma1¥, Saber Tadros1¥, Alyssa Bouska2, Tayla B. Heavican2, Haopeng Yang1, 5 Qing Deng1, Dalia Moore3, Ariz Akhter4, Keenan Hartert3, Neeraj Jain1, Jordan Showell1, 6 Sreejoyee Ghosh1, Lesley Street5, Marta Davidson5, Christopher Carey6, Joshua Tobin7, 7 Deepak Perumal8, Julie M. Vose9, Matthew A. Lunning9, Aliyah R. Sohani10, Benjamin J. 8 Chen11, Shannon Buckley12, Loretta J. Nastoupil1, R. Eric Davis1, Jason R. Westin1, Nathan H. 9 Fowler1, Samir Parekh8, Maher K. Gandhi7, Sattva S. Neelapu1, Douglas Stewart5, Javeed 10 Iqbal2, Timothy Greiner2, Scott J. Rodig13, Adnan Mansoor5, Michael R. Green1,14,15* 11 1Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD 12 Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; 2Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of 13 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; 3Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied 14 Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; 4Department of Pathology and 15 Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; 5Section of Hematology, Department of 16 Medicine, University
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Data
    SUPPLEMENTARY DATA A cyclin D1-dependent transcriptional program predicts clinical outcome in mantle cell lymphoma Santiago Demajo et al. 1 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA INDEX Supplementary Methods p. 3 Supplementary References p. 8 Supplementary Tables (S1 to S5) p. 9 Supplementary Figures (S1 to S15) p. 17 2 SUPPLEMENTARY METHODS Western blot, immunoprecipitation, and qRT-PCR Western blot (WB) analysis was performed as previously described (1), using cyclin D1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-753, RRID:AB_2070433) and tubulin (Sigma-Aldrich, T5168, RRID:AB_477579) antibodies. Co-immunoprecipitation assays were performed as described before (2), using cyclin D1 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-8396, RRID:AB_627344) or control IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-2025, RRID:AB_737182) followed by protein G- magnetic beads (Invitrogen) incubation and elution with Glycine 100mM pH=2.5. Co-IP experiments were performed within five weeks after cell thawing. Cyclin D1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-753), E2F4 (Bethyl, A302-134A, RRID:AB_1720353), FOXM1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-502, RRID:AB_631523), and CBP (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-7300, RRID:AB_626817) antibodies were used for WB detection. In figure 1A and supplementary figure S2A, the same blot was probed with cyclin D1 and tubulin antibodies by cutting the membrane. In figure 2H, cyclin D1 and CBP blots correspond to the same membrane while E2F4 and FOXM1 blots correspond to an independent membrane. Image acquisition was performed with ImageQuant LAS 4000 mini (GE Healthcare). Image processing and quantification were performed with Multi Gauge software (Fujifilm). For qRT-PCR analysis, cDNA was generated from 1 µg RNA with qScript cDNA Synthesis kit (Quantabio). qRT–PCR reaction was performed using SYBR green (Roche).
    [Show full text]