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Problems and Pests of Agave, Aloe, Cactus and Yucca

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Problems and Pests of Agave, Aloe, Cactus and Yucca ARIZONA COOPERATIVE E TENSION Problems and Pests of Agave, Aloe, Cactus and Yucca AZ 1399 October 2008 Problems and Pests of Agave, Aloe, Cactus and Yucca Jack Kelly Commercial Horticulture Agent Pima County Cooperative Extension Mary Olsen Extension Plant Pathology Department of Plant Sciences This information has been reviewed by university faculty. cals.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/az1399.pdf AZ1399 Revised October 2008 (First published July 2006) Cooperative Extension College of Agriculture and Life Sciences The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, James A. Christenson, Director, Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, The University of Arizona. The University of Arizona is an equal opportunity, affirmative action institution. The University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or sexual orientation in its programs and activities. Table of Contents Abiotic (non-living) problems .............................................................................................................5 Selecting the correct plant and planting location .........................................................................5 Freeze Damage .........................................................................................................................5 Sunburn ....................................................................................................................................5 Planting depth ...........................................................................................................................6 Poorly–drained soils..................................................................................................................6 Irrigation ....................................................................................................................................6 Hail damage ..............................................................................................................................6 Diseases ...............................................................................................................................................6 Fungal diseases of pads and leaves ............................................................................................6 Phyllosticta pad spot .....................................................................................................................................6 Anthracnose of agaves ................................................................................................................................7 Other fungal lesions .....................................................................................................................................7 Fungal crown rot of Echinocereus ............................................................................................................7 Pythium rot of barrel cacti .............................................................................................................7 Root and crown rot of agaves .......................................................................................................8 Bacterial necrosis of saguaro ........................................................................................................8 Sammon’s virus of Opuntia ...........................................................................................................8 Insects ..................................................................................................................................................8 Agave Snout Weevil (Scyphophorus acupunctatus) .....................................................................9 Cactus longhorn beetle (Moneilema gigas) ...................................................................................9 Cochineal scale (Dactylopius coccus) ..........................................................................................9 Plant bugs .....................................................................................................................................9 Coccid scale, soft scale ..............................................................................................................10 Mites ...........................................................................................................................................10 Animals ...............................................................................................................................................10 For More Information ........................................................................................................................11 4 The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Agaves, aloes, cacti and yuccas are classified as succulents - paired; but unless the freeze plants that have highly specialized anatomical features such as is of particularly long dura- thick waxy cuticles, fleshy or minimal leaves, modified leaves tion or exceptionably cold, the (spines), and roots with extra storage capabilities for food and damage may be only cosmetic, water. These modifications allow them to survive and thrive and the plant will grow out of in harsh desert environments. They survive long periods of it. When exposed to a severe drought in areas of sparse rainfall and intense heat. During freeze, portions of columnar stressful periods many succulents cease to grow. They drop cacti will yellow, and then die unnecessary leaves, dehydrate and become dormant until completely (Fig. 2). In freeze- conditions for growth return. damaged barrel-type cactus, Despite their adaptations succulents suffer from diseases, the margins of ribs become straw yellow. If temperatures insect pests and cultural problems. Some of the more common Fig. 2. Severe freeze damage to Cereus are not substantially below problems that occur in agave, aloes, cacti and yuccas in Ari- peruvianus. zona are discussed in this bulletin. freezing (a “hard freeze”) and the freeze lasts for only a few hours or less, only the epider- mis may be damaged, and the plant will outgrow the dam- Abiotic (non-living) problems age in several years. Yuccas may be damaged by sub-freezing temperatures. The damage will appear similar to that of the Abiotic problems are not caused by living organisms. They freeze damaged agave in Fig. 1. When the freeze is of long include poorly drained soils, sun exposure, and weather duration, extreme, or the species is not suited for the local cli- events such as cold and high temperatures, excessive rainfall, mate, damage may be severe. over watering, planting too deeply and hail damage. In trans- planted agaves, aloes, cacti and yuccas, abiotic problems are Freeze damage can be prevented. It is important to become probably the most common problems that growers and hom- acquainted with temperature requirements of the particu- eowners encounter. lar species. Protective measures often can be taken to assure survival. Cold-sensitive plants should be grown in areas that Selecting the correct plant and planting location receive radiated heat at night from a patio or wall or in hilly areas where air temperatures are slightly warmer. Careful selection of species that are suited to your local con- ditions is necessary and will eliminate or diminish serious Covering the plant with a cotton sheet will help on nights problems. Choose species that are found in your neighbor- that are just at or slightly below freezing. Another strategy hood or area. Visit specialty cactus and succulent nurseries is to place a 60-watt light bulb under the cotton sheet, taking and discuss cold hardiness, heat and cold tolerance, mature care that the light bulb does not touch the plant or the cotton size of the plant, growth rate and known problems of a specific sheet. Do not cover the plant with plastic sheeting. Plastic plant with the nursery personnel. Contact your local Coopera- is a poor insulator and will transfer the cold directly to the tive Extension office for expert advice. Visit local arboreta that plant wherever it touches the plant. Containerized plants can have extensive succulent collections. Choosing the right plant be moved indoors until freezing weather has passed. If kept for the right place is the first step in successfully growing these dry and placed in a brightly lighted area, they will survive unique plants. without damage. Most succulent species originate in areas of diverse habitats. Extremely low temperatures may cause a loss of turgor in For example, many agaves grow in pine and oak forests, open saguaros. This causes sagging of branches (arms) or death grasslands and even in barren open areas. By researching a of the apical meristem (growing tip) that results in saguaros little about your plants and their special requirements, they with many stems or ‘heads’. can be planted in areas of your yard that fulfill most of their requirements. Sunburn Freeze Damage Sunburn is a common problem in greenhouse or Many of the more showy and shade house grown plants. It exotic succulents originated in is also problematic in plants frost-free climates. As a result, grown in open beds or fil- when temperatures remain be- tered sunlight in nurseries low freezing for several hours, when these plants are trans- they suffer freeze damage. The planted into open landscapes. damage
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