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A Critical Discourse Analysis of Print Media Depictions of Insurgent Activities in Nigeria

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A Critical Discourse Analysis of Print Media Depictions of Insurgent Activities in Nigeria A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF PRINT MEDIA DEPICTIONS OF INSURGENT ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA BY MATTHEW ABUA EBIM 109013002 B.A (HONS) ENGLISH & LITERARY STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR, M.A ENGLISH (LANGUAGE) UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS A THESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, AKOKA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, (Ph. D) IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 1 2017 DEDICATION To: The Holy Trinity: God the Father God the Son & God the Holy Spirit For the Illumination My Father Emmanuel Ebim Abua My Mother Mrs Roseline Ebim-Abua & All Those Who Continue to Do Good, In Spite of Human Ingratitude 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the Almighty God for his grace upon my life and for the courage to successfully navigate this academic journey. I am grateful to my lead supervisor Dr Augustine Uzoma Nwagbara (Associate Professor) whose critical ideas, suggestions and constructive criticisms helped to shape this thesis and give it a focus. He was more than a supervisor---a source of inspiration especially during down times, a father and a role model. There were occasions where I was “down and almost out” but he brought be back on track. My second supervisor Dr (Mrs) Mojisola A. Shodipe played a significant role in ensuring that this thesis saw the light of day. Her calm and motherly dispositions ensured that I was not discouraged especially during trying moments; attributes which contributed to my regaining balance after certain setbacks. Her contribution to the development of the methodology is an experience I will never forget in a hurry. I thank Dr Babatunde Opeibi (Associate Professor) for his interest in this work right from the onset and his constant criticisms and suggestions towards giving the thesis a focus. His recommendation after the defence of my application to purchase a Ph.D. form that I contact Professor Innocent Chiluwa contributed to the many doors that opened for me in this study. I am most grateful to Professor Innocent Chiluwa for his assistance. My first 3 meeting with him resulted in his giving me three textbooks that opened the way for a clearer understanding of this study. I thank my wife Mrs Elizabeth Ebim Abua and my two daughters: Sonia and God’swill for their patience and understandingand for accepting me as an absentee husband/father in the course of this study. I use this chance to thank My Parents Mr Emmanuel Ebim Abua and Mrs Roseline Ebim-Abua for their constant prayers and understanding while this study lasted. My siblings: Alice and Michael Ebim are commended for staying by me even when all others deserted me while on this programme. I appreciate Dr Patrick Oloko and Dr (Mrs) Bose Afolayan for their advice and encouragement in the course of the programme. I also appreciate all those who assisted in moulding my life in the course of this study. I appreciate my friends: Bartholomew, Idongesit, Offiong, Voda, Steve and Barrister Esenowo Uwem for their constant probing into how things fared while this study lasted. I remain grateful to Mr Benjamin, Adeniyi Osasona (Baba) for everything he has done for me. Baba provided me with “comfort” when things were really tough. Sir, I am grateful. Yaba College of Technology where I currently lecture is a wonderful place to be. I thank members of staff of the Languages Department for the friendship especially Nnorom, Jacqueline, Dorothy, Tawa and Joke. There is hardly a successful academic achievement without a comfortable abode. At this point I remain grateful to Mama Funmilayo Onyelohun for giving me comfort in her 4 apartment while this study lasted. The moment I moved into her house she saw me as a son rather than a tenant and ever since, things moved on well without any hindrance. TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS P AGE Cover Page Certification ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv List of Abbreviations xv ABSTRACT xii CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background to the Study 1 1.2 Profiles of Media Houses 5 1.2.1 This Day Newspaper 5 5 1.2.2 Vanguard Newspaper 5 1.2.3 Daily Trust Newspaper 6 1.3 Justification for Choice of Data 6 1.4 Statement of Research Problem 7 1.5 Aim & Objectives of the Study 9 1.6Significance of the Study 10 1.7 Scope of the Study 11 1.8 The Research Questions 11 1.9 Operational Definition of Terms 11 CHAPTER TWO: A REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE 13 6 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Insurgency and Militancy: An over View 13 2.3 The Boko Haram Sect 14 2.4 Militancy in the Niger Delta 17 2.5 Language, Power and Discourse 19 2.6 Ideology, Context and Resistance 21 2.7 Authority and Control in News Discourse 24 2.8 The Media and Conflict Management 27 2.8.1 The Media as an object of conflict 27 2.8.2 The Media as the Public’s Advocate 30 2.8.3 The Media as a rallying point in times of crisis 32 7 2.9 A Review of Empirical Works on Media Discourse in Nigeria 34 2.9.1 Significance of those Empirical Works to the Present Study 36 CHAPTER THREE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY 38 3.1 Critical Discourse Analysis 38 3.2 Critical Discourse Analysis and Media Discourse 44 3.3 Approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis 46 3.3.1 Norman Fairclough and the Dialectical - Relation Approach 46 3.3.2 Teun Van Dijk and the Socio-Cognitive Model 47 3.3.3 Ruth Wodak and the Discourse-Historical Approach 53 3.3.4 Allan Bells and the Socio-Political Approach to Critical Discourse Analysis 57 3.4 Criticisms of CDA 61 8 3.5 The Theory of Metaphor 69 3.5.1 Criticism of Metaphor 80 3.6 The Theory of Semiotics 84 3.6.1 The Triadic Models of Semiotics 85 3.6.1.1 Icon/iconic 85 3.6.1.2 Index/indexical 86 3.6.1.3 Symbol/symbolic 86 3.6.2 Criticisms of Semiotics 90 3.7 METHODOLOGY 100 3.7.1 Introduction 100 3.7.2 The Discourse Approach 101 9 3.7.3 Population 102 3.7.4 Samples and Sampling Technique 103 3.7.4.1 Sampling Technique 103 3.7.4.2 The Universe Sampling Frame 103 3.7.4.3 Sources of Data 104 3.7.4.4 Method of Data Analysis 105 3.7.4.5Justification for the choice of qualitative methodology 107 3.7.4.6 Categories of Data used for the Analysis 108 3.8 Conclusion 109 CHAPTER FOUR: CRITICAL-METAPHORIC ANALYSIS OF INSURGENT ACTIVITIES AND THE MAJOR ACTORS IN NIGERIA 110 10 4.1 Introduction 110 4.2 Data Presentation 110 1.3. Data Analysis 112 4.3.1 Headlines 112 4.3.2. Lexical Representation of insurgency and the Major Actors 116 4.3.3 Representation and Thematization of Amnesty and Resource Control 120 4.3.4 The Niger Delta Case Studies 123 4.3.4 The Boko Haram Case Studies 129 4.3.5 Representation of Militancy, Vandalism and Bunkering: The Niger Delta 137 4.3.6 Representation and Thematization of Environment and Economy 147 4.3.6.1 The Niger Delta Case Studies 148 11 4.3.6 Representation of Ethnic Violence, Clashes and Armed Struggle 160 4.3.6.1 The Boko Haram Case Studies 160 4.3.6.2 The Niger Delta Case Studies 170 4.3.6.3 The Boko Haram Case Studies 174 4.3.7 Representation and Thematization of Politics, Religious Extremism and Terror 181 4.3.8 Militants and Insurgents as Terrorists 195 4.3.8.1 The Boko Haram Case Studies 196 4.3.9 Major Actors as Cultists, Kidnappers and Negotiators 204 4.3.9.1 The boko haram case studies 204 4.3.10 Insurgents/Militants as Educational Terrorists 222 4.3.10.1 The Niger Delta Case Studies 224 12 4.3.10.2 The Boko Haram Case Studies 230 4.4 Ideological Representation of the insurgency and the Major Actors 234 4.4.1 Language and ideology 236 4.4.1 Ideology of relieving burden 238 4.4.2 Ideology of Categorization 239 4.4.3 Ideology of Comparison 240 4.4.4 Ideology of Counterfactuals 240 4.4.5 Ideology of Disclaimers 241 4.4.6 Ideology of Evidentiality 242 4.4.7 Ideology of Exemplification/Illustration 244 4.4.8 Ideology of National Self-Glorification 244 4.4.9 Ideology of Negative other-Presentation 246 13 4.4.10 Ideology of Polarization, “Us” “Them” 247 4.4.11 Ideology of Positive Self-Presentation 250 4.4.12 Ideology of Political Strategy 251 4.4.13 Ideology of Discrimination/Marginalization 253 4.4.14 Ideology of Exclusion/Selective Favour 254 4.4.15 Ideology of Persuasion 255 4.5 Discourse Patterns in the Data 256 4.5.1 The use of Actor Description model 256 4.5.2 Appeal to Authority 257 4.5.3 Appeal to Consensus 259 4.5.4 Euphemism as a Rhetorical strategy 260 14 4.5.5 Use of Hyperbole 261 4.5.6 Use of Irony 262 4.5.7 Metaphoric Conceptualization of Insurgency in Nigeria 263 4.5.7.1 Metaphor of Time 269 4.5.7.2 Metaphor of Journey 271 4.5.7.3 Metaphor of Religion 274 4.5.7.4 Metaphor of War 277 4.5.7.5 Metaphor of Food 279 4.5.7.6 Metaphor of Sports 282 4.5.7.6.1 Conclusion of metaphoric depiction 286 4.6 The Use of Hyponym 288 4.7 Conclusion 291 15 CHAPTER FIVE: PRESS REPORTS OF BOKO HARAM & NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES AS SEMIOSIS 293 5.1 Introduction 293 5.2 Semiotics and Pictorial Analysis 294 5.2.1 Semiotics and Pictorial Representation 296 5.3 Analysis of the Boko Haram Violence with Semiotic Approach 297 5.3.1 Semiotic analysis of an image of a senator superimposed on weapons 297 5.3.2 Semiotic analysis of a burnt police station in Bornu State 300 5.3.3 Semiotic analysis of dead members of the Boko Haram 302 5.3.4 Semiotic of Analysis 4: October 1st Bombing At Abuja 306 5.3.5 Semiotic Analysis of Inspection of the Police Headquarters at Abuja 308 5.3.6 Semiotic analysis of a B/H leader under surveillance 310 5.3.7 Semiotic analysis of a presidential media chats under watch by the B/H 312 16 5.3.8 Semiotic analysis of Boko Haram leader in a press release 313 5.3.8 Semiotic analysis of the B/H leader mocking the masses 315 5.3.10 Semiotic
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