Wood Characteristics Today About 90% of all timber harvested in the United States comes from Private Land Only 10% comes from Government owned land Name the process of replanting small seedling trees as the mature trees are harvested? Reforestation Woods Natural Glue What natural adhesive material holds wood fibers together? Lignin New wood cells are formed in what layer? Draw and label the Photo to the right. Cambium When combined, the bands of springwood and summerwood form what? Annual Rings The age of most trees can be determined by counting the number of annual rings. Trees and lumber can be divided into what two main classes? A. Softwoods B. Hardwoods What is the scientific What is the scientific name for hardwood name for Softwood trees? trees? Deciduous Coniferous Softwood is a product of cone-bearing trees. Red Cedar The brilliant color, distinctive aroma and the moth- repelling qualities of Tennessee Red Cedar make this the ideal wood for chests and closet linings, or for the lining of chests made of other woods. Softwood is a product of cone-bearing trees. Pine Ponderosa Pine is a very large pine tree of variable habit native to western North America, but widespread throughout the temperate world. This softwood is known for its rustic, knotty appearance and is commonly seen in warm cabins in both the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains. Softwood is a product of cone-bearing trees. Fir Mixed grain Douglas Fir is a resilient timber with a high strength to weight ratio. It has been widely used for various construction projects for centuries. Vertical grain Fir offers a uniform, straight grain beauty that you don't get with the mixed grain. Designers and architects appreciate VG Fir as an ideal wood for doors and windows. Hardwood comes from broad-leaf trees. Alder West coast hardwood, Alder is close grained, of medium- soft texture, light honey colored and may easily be stained to resemble practically any of the most expensive hardwoods. Hardwood comes from broad-leaf trees. Hickory Hickory is a close-grained hardwood, used for furniture and wall paneling. The heartwood is reddish-brown with occasional darker streaks and the sapwood is creamy white. Pecan/Hickory grows from the Mississippi River Valley North through Illinois. Ask us about our Calico Hickory, which is a unique natural blend of blonde sapwood and golden heartwood. Hardwood comes from broad-leaf trees. Poplar Poplar is an evenly textured and straight grained wood. Its heartwood has a pale, canary color with a distinctive greenish cast. Poplar is the most widely used wood for paintable surface in the United States. Great value on this highly abundant specie. Hardwood comes from broad-leaf trees. Cherry The close even texture and beauty of Cherry have made it synonymous with fine furniture since colonial times. Although grown in widely separated areas of the world, our own American Black Cherry is matchless for quality. Hardwood comes from broad-leaf trees. Wormy Maple Ambrosia Maple is technically not a specific species of Maple, but rather a general description of any type of Maple that has been infested by ambrosia beetles. The beetles bore into the tree, and with it bring fungus that discolors the wood. Hardwood comes from broad-leaf trees. Maple Maple needs no introduction as it has long been one of our most popular hardwoods. Also known as “Sugar Maple,” this fine white stock is selected especially for lack of mineral streaks. Many of our stores also stock Curly, Quilted and Birdseye Maple. Open Grain Hardwoods open-grained or Oak (Red or White) porous wood Describe the open-grained Walnut woods from the following list. Mahogany Ash Open Grain Hardwoods Red Oak The heartwood resembles other Oaks with a biscuit to pink color, but has a reddish tinge. Mostly straight grained and coarse textured, with less figure than White Oak due to smaller rays. Used for furniture, flooring, interior joinery, and veneers. Not suitable exterior uses. Open Grain Hardwoods White Oak White Oak varies in color from pale yellow-brown to biscuit with pinkish tint. Quarter sawing brings out the ray fleck in the Oak that you do not see in flat sawn boards. Straight grain, with medium bending and crushing strengths make this excellent steam bending material. Used in everything from boat-building to turnery. Open Grain Hardwoods Mahogany This tropical African hardwood resembles Genuine Mahogany and is often substituted. Color varies from light to deep reddish-brown. Machines and finishes well. Open Grain Hardwoods Ash This fine cabinet Ash is medium in texture, is easy to work and to finish, and is one of the most popular hardwoods for cabinetry and furniture. Open Grain Hardwoods Walnut Walnut has a beautiful grain, rich brown in color, and a hard, smooth texture. Moderately heavy, very strong for its weight and exceptionally stable, it is our finest domestic furniture wood. Logging Practices Two Methods of Harvesting Trees List the two distinct methods of harvesting trees for lumber production. A. Selective Cutting B. Clear Cutting Head Saw Video The manner in which the head saw cuts through the log initially determines most of the appearance and strength of the resulting lumber. Lumber Cutting Identify the two most common methods of cutting logs into lumber by referring to the following illustrations A. Plan Or Flat Sawn B. Quarter Sawn Drying Lumber Freshly sawn lumber is referred to as rough because it has not been planned or sized to the finish thickness. Drying Lumber Excess moisture must be removed from greenwood by drying or seasoning it. How is this done? Drying Lumber A large oven-type device used to dry lumber is called what? Kiln Drying Lumber What are the two methods of drying lumber? A. Kiln B. Air Drying Name the natural wood Defects shown in class. A. Knots Name the natural wood Defects shown in class. A. Knots B. Shakes Name the natural wood Defects shown in class. A. Knots B. Shakes C. Pitch Pockets Name the natural wood Defects shown in class. A. Knots B. Shakes C. Pitch Pockets D. Pests or disease Defects “ Natural” What are the small cracks in the end grain of a board that are at right angles to the annual rings? Check Shrinkage and Swelling approximately one-half as much radially across the rings, and minimal (between 0.1% and 0.2%) longitudinally along the grain. Many variables affect dimensional change. Shrinkage values differ not only for different wood species, but also between and within trees of the same species. Shrinkage also may vary slightly depending on the drying conditions: low or high temperatures, rapid or slow drying, or drying with or without restraint. Defects “Warps” Identify the various types of warp shown. A. Cup B._______________ C._______________ D._______________ Defects “Warps” Identify the various types of warp shown. A. Cup B. Bow C._______________ D._______________ Defects “Warps” Identify the various types of warp shown. A. Cup B. Bow C. Crook Or Crown D._______________ Defects “Warps” Identify the various types of warp shown. A. Cup B. Bow C. Crook Or Crown D. Twist Lumber Storage Most defects that occur after falling a tree can be avoided if the wood is dried and stored properly prior to use. Lumber Gradeing Lumber Grading Lumber grading is the term applied to evaluating the quality and usability of a board. Lumber Grading A FAS This grade is nearly always shipped with FAS. The better face must meet all FAS requirements while the poor face must meet all the requirements of the Number 1 Common grade, thus ensuring the buyer with at least one FAS face. Often export shipments are assembled with an 80-20 mix, 80% being the percentage of FAS boards and 20% being the percentage of F1F boards. These percentages are strictly left to individual buyer and seller agreement. Lumber Grading B Select This grade is virtually the same as F1F except for the minimum board size required. Selects allow boards 4" and wider and 6' and longer in length. The Selects grade is generally associated with the northern regions of the USA and is also shipped in combination with the FAS grade. Lumber Grading C #1 Com The Number 1 Common grade is often referred to as the Cabinet grade in the USA because of its adaptability to the standard sizes of kitchen cabinet doors used throughout the United States. Number 1 Common is widely used in the manufacture of furniture parts as well for this same reason. The Number 1 Common grades includes boards that are a minimum of 3" wide and 4' long and will yield clear face cuttings from 662⁄3% (8⁄12ths) up to, but not including, the minimum requirement for FAS (831⁄3%). The smallest clear cuttings allowed are 3" by 3' and 4" by 2'. The number of these clear cuttings is determined by the size of the board. Both faces of the board must meet the minimum requirement for Number 1 Common. G2S & G4S G2S = Good Two Sides This means the board has a jointed edge on the board and it has been ripped parallel G4S = Good Four Sides This means the board has a jointed edge on the board and it has been ripped parallel & it has been surfaced on the both Sides (Face of the board) Veneer Lumber A veneer is a thin sheet of wood that is peeled or sliced to a thickness ranging from _______ to . 1/100th to ¼” Veneer List the three methods used to produce veneer. A. Plain Slicing B. C. Veneer List the three methods used to produce veneer.