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Nan Madol (Federated States of Micronesia) No 1503

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Nan Madol (Federated States of Micronesia) No 1503 Technical Evaluation Mission An ICOMOS technical evaluation mission visited the Nan Madol property from 17 to 24 August 2015. (Federated States of Micronesia) Additional information received by ICOMOS No 1503 A copy of the proposed Bill adding to the Pohnpei Code to establish the Nan Madol Historic Preservation Trust together with a copy of the Pohnpei Code were provided to the mission expert, together with the brochure on the Nan Madol Archaeological Site and a research report on Official name as proposed by the State Party the Shoreline Change Phase 1 for Federated States of Nan Madol: Ceremonial Center of Eastern Micronesia Micronesia (FSM). Location A letter was sent by ICOMOS to the State Party on 23 Madolenihmw Municipality, Pohnpei Island September 2015 requesting an updated map showing all Pohnpei State numbered sites; clarification on protection of the buffer Federated States of Micronesia zone; a time schedule for passing the new Bill, and for the completion of the management plan. A response Brief description from the State Party was received on 18 November 2015 Created on a series of 99 artificial islets off the shore of and the information has been incorporated below. An Pohnpei Island, the remains of stone palaces, temples, interim report including a request for additional mortuaries and residential domains known as Nan Madol information was sent by ICOMOS to the State Party on represent the ceremonial centre of the Saudeleur 21 December 2015 following discussions with the State Dynasty. Reflecting an era of vibrant and intact Pacific Party by Skype on 2 December 2015 regarding the state Island culture the complex saw dramatic changes of of conservation of the property and a possible approach settlement and social organisation 1200-1500 CE. Today to dealing with this. A second Skype meeting was held it preserves the traditional subsistence way of life, social with the State Party on 10 March 2016 to clarify this linkages and the political and kingly authority of the process. paramount chief (Nahnmwarki) and his subject hierarchy. Date of ICOMOS approval of this report 11 March 2016 Category of property In terms of categories of cultural property set out in Article I of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a site. 2 The property Description 1 Basic data The Nan Madol settlement complex is built on artificial islets extending across a shallow reef platform within the Included in the Tentative List fringing reef of the adjacent small island of Temwen on the 3 January 2012 south-east coast of Pohnpei. Navigable tidal canals were created between the islets which were constructed with International Assistance from the World Heritage walls of basalt and coral boulders and filled with coral Fund for preparing the Nomination rubble from the reef and soil from Temwen Island. Erected None on top of the islets were monumental stone structures, some with walls 6-7 metres high. Formed by lengths of Date received by the World Heritage Centre prismatic/columnar basalt laid in header and stretcher 29 January 2015 patterns, the walls surround tombs, residential domains, and sites for sacred and ceremonial activities. Background This is a new nomination and is the first nomination of a The complex is surrounded by a massive sea wall on the proposed serial property ‘Ceremonial Centers of Eastern north-east, south-east and south-west, and abuts the reef Micronesia’ that would in future include two components, flat of Temwen Island along the north-west. The megalithic Nan Madol and Lelu on Kosrae Island. construction took place between 1200-1300 CE and 1500- 1600 CE during the period of the Saudeleur Dynasty, Consultations creating the royal residence and ceremonial centre of the ICOMOS consulted its International Scientific Committee Saudeleur rulers. It is estimated that the small island on Archaeological Heritage Management (ICAHM) and populations quarried, transported and laid 2000 tons of several independent experts. volcanic rock every year for at least three to four centuries without the benefit of pulleys, levels, metal tools or wheels. 103 The north-east half of the complex (Madol Powe) includes artefacts and other examples of megalithic structures the island known as Nandowas, containing the together with the spread of particular rituals. monumental remains of three massive royal burial tombs It is thought that the cessation of islet and megalithic of the Saudeleur rulers and early Nahnmwarkis construction 1500-1600 CE was associated with the (Paramount Chiefs). Nearby islets contain the remains of overthrow of the Saudeleur dynasty by a chief from construction workers’ residences, chiefs’ residences, neighbouring Madolenihmw. The new paramount chief priests’ residences, guards’ residences and sacred known as the Nahnmwarki established a new political shrines. Other islets were used for functional activities order but failed to maintain sovereignty over the whole including canoe and sail-making, coconut oil island of Pohnpei and at the arrival of the Euro-Americans manufacturing, clam aquaculture, local medicine during the 19th century it was separated into five production, moray eel raising, food storage and chiefdoms. Nan Madol fell into decline although some preparation, sacrificial turtle husbandry, and funeral rituals. residential construction continued. By the 1820s people no longer lived at Nan Madol but it continues to retain The south-eastern half (Madol Pah) was the location of religious and traditional significance. the larger islets containing the Saudeleur’s residence complex and the large Temple of Nankieilmwahu. A As part of the Caroline Islands, Pohnpei was colonised by separate islet accommodated the chiefs’ guest house and Spain in 1886; ceded to Germany after the Spanish- other small islets accommodated executions, torture and American War; seized by Japan during World War I and burials of the tortured. after World War II became part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under United States administration in 1947. The total property area is 76.7 ha and it is surrounded by In 1979 the former Trust Territories became the Federated a buffer zone of 664 ha. States of Micronesia and as an independent sovereign nation entered into a free association with the United The buffer zone includes the adjacent Temwen Island States of America in 1986. along the north-west side of Nan Madol, where the paramount chief responsible for Nan Madol (Nahnmwarki The system of chiefly governance of the five political and of Madolenihmw) traditionally takes up official residence, administrative areas of Pohnpei continues today, with Nan and whose residents utilise the terrestrial and marine Madol coming under the Nahnmwarki of Madolenihmw. resources in and around Nan Madol. Two islets Nangih and Nahkapw in the southern and eastern corners Descriptions of the site by missionaries in the 1850s were respectively, were used in the transport of stone and are followed by scholarly reports dating from the 1870s, considered part of the ancient territory of the Saudeleurs. including the first map of Nan Madol by Kubary (1874); It also includes part of the Kasin Nahmw en Nangih tomb excavations by Christian and a more accurate map Stingray Sanctuary Marine Protected Area on the reef flat by Paul Hambruch in 1910 during the German at the south-western part of the nominated property. Administration. Hambruch also surveyed oral traditions related to Nan Madol. Japanese researchers carried out History and development archaeological studies during the 1910s-1930s and a data Pohnpei was initially settled around 2000 years ago, base was compiled by Intoh in 1999 of all the artefacts probably from the south, by people from eastern from these that were deposited in universities and Melanesia. Oral histories suggest that founding institutions. Radiocarbon dates were established through settlements were on off-shore islands or strategically systematic excavations in 1963 by the Smithsonian defended shoreline locales, possibly the reef areas off Institution. Temwen Island. Archaeological evidence at Nam Madol indicates that there were islets with some columnar basalt Several studies were carried out during the 1970s and construction as early as 500-600 CE, with stone house following years by the U.S. National Park Service foundations. Islet construction had increased by 1000 CE, including mapping and excavations, investigation of stone beginning adjacent to Temwen Island and expanding sourcing and transportation, marine resources, mortuary seaward. Islets of ritual significance such as Nandowas facilities, inter-island interaction and socio-political and Nanmwoluhsei were constructed c1200 CE according development. Further studies and collection of oral to uranium series dating, and Pahnkedira Islet with the traditions on Nan Madol were also carried out during this Saudeleur’s residence dates from 900-1000 CE. period. The site was included on the U.S. National Archaeological evidence and radiocarbon dating indicates Register of Historic Places in 1980 and protected under that the sacrificial rituals for the Saudeleur rulers were the Pohnpei Historic and Cultural Preservation Act 2002. performed from 1200-1300 CE to 1500-1600 CE, indicating that Nan Madol functioned as the administrative and religious centre of the Saudeleurs for a period of 300- 400 years. Oral traditions relate that Nan Madol was 3 Justification for inscription, integrity and selected due to the presence of a mythical undersea authenticity settlement of various spirits including those of the dead in its vicinity. The Saudeleurs’ influence extended across Comparative analysis Pohnpei and there is evidence of long distance exchange The most immediate comparator for Nan Madol is the and interaction across the region in the form of exotic contemporary megalithic island complex Lelu off Kosrae 104 Island, which is about one-third the size of Nan Madol. It It concluded that there is an inherent propensity within was the seat of another paramount chiefly dynasty, the the human species to build societies with large socio- Tokosra. It is considered that the similarities of the two religious centres for honoured elite.
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