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Integrating Marine Science in Europe

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Integrating Marine Science in Europe ESF Marine Board Position Paper 5 Integrating Marine Science in Europe Marine Board November 2002 he European Science Foundation (ESF) acts as a catalyst for the Tdevelopment of science by bringing together leading scientists and funding agencies to debate, plan and implement pan-European scientific and science policy initiatives. ESF is the European association of 70 major national funding agencies devoted to scientific research in 27 countries. It represents all scientific disciplines: physical and engineering sciences, life and environmental sciences, medical sciences, humanities and social sciences. The Foundation assists its Member Organisations in two main ways. It brings scientists together in its EUROCORES (ESF Collaborative Research Programmes), Scientific Forward Looks, Programmes, Networks, Exploratory Workshops and European Research Conferences to work on topics of common concern including Research Infrastructures. It also conducts the joint studies of issues of strategic importance in European science policy. It maintains close relations with other scientific institutions within and outside Europe. By its activities, the ESF adds value by cooperation and coordination across national frontiers and endeavours, offers expert scientific advice on strategic issues, and provides the European forum for science. ESF Marine Board The Marine Board operating within ESF is a non-governmental body created in October 1995. Its institutional membership is composed of organisations which are major national marine scientific institutes and funding organisations within their country in Europe. The ESF Marine Board was formed in order to improve co-ordination between European marine science organisations and to develop strategies for marine science in Europe. Presently, with its membership of 24 marine research organisations from 17 European countries, the Marine Board has the appropriate representation to be a unique forum for marine science in Europe and world-wide. In developing its activities, the Marine Board is addressing four main objectives: creating a forum for its member organisations; identifying scientific strategic issues; providing a voice for European marine science; and promoting synergy among national programmes and research facilities. Cover pictures: Map of Europe showing sea surface temperature, © Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC); AUTOSUB AUV, © Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC); Mud volcano cluster, © J P Henriet, Ghent University; Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and the cnidarians Gersemia rubiformis and Urticina eques, © B Gulliksen; Common dolphins, © M Mackey, CMRC-UCC; The French trawler ‘Drake’ off the north-west of Scotland, © O Barbaroux, Ifremer 1 Integrating Marine Science in Europe Editors and Contributors (in alphabetical order) Jean Boissonnas, Niamh Connolly, Fauzi Mantoura, Laurent d’Ozouville Editors of the ESF Marine Board Executive Committee John Marks, Jean-François Minster, Mario Ruivo, Silvana Vallerga Other Contributors Avan Antia, Laura Castellucci, Juanjo Dañobeitia, Jens Degett, Bob Dickson, Graham Edgar, Paul Galvin, David Griffith, Gwyn Griffiths, Harlyn Halvorson, Carlo Heip, Jean-Pierre Henriet, Catherine Jeandel, Frank Lamy, Jacques Legrand, Han Lindeboom, Karin Lochte, Jens Meincke, Geoffrey O’Sullivan, Nadia Pinardi, Gérard Riou, Douglas Wallace, Gerold Wefer, John Woods. “Ocean science will have to become more holistic, more interdisciplinary and more international. If we are to adequately address ocean issues at the local, national, regional and global levels, science cannot operate in isolation but will need to integrate more fully a response from society at large. There must also be changes in the way we regulate marine activities, in our social goals and our attitudes to ocean governance. If we are to make the right decisions, however, we must understand how things ‘work’ in the oceans and how they interact; and we must recognise the role of the oceans in our life-support system and its value for humankind. This will require excellent science, together with the technology for pursuing it, as well as the support of individuals and governments. Ultimately, it calls for a vision of the planet that embraces land, sea, the atmosphere and human societies in all their interactions.” The Ocean, Our Future Report of the Independent World Commission of the Oceans (1998) 2 Acknowledgements The ESF Marine Board is grateful to those member organisations that financially supported the preparatory workshops and working groups, and the publication of the IMS-E Position Paper. Particular thanks are due to the European Commission, EurOcean and the Hanse Institute for Advanced Study and all those involved in the following workshops and working groups, which contributed to this Position Paper: Preparatory workshops . Feasibility Study Group on Marine Biotechnology, Galway (Ireland), 25-27 July 2001 . Euroconference Biodiversity of Coastal Marine Ecosystems: Pattern and Process, Corinth (Greece), 6-10 May 2001 . Workshop on Marine Technology Frontiers for Europe, Brest (France), 26-28 April 2001 . Marine Socio-Economic Working Group, Strasbourg (France), 26-27 March 2001 . Hanse conference Marine Science Frontiers for Europe, Bremen (Germany), 18-21 February 2001 . Network on Public Awareness of Marine Science, Strasbourg (France), 5-6 February 2001 . Feasibility Study Group on Marine Biotechnology, Oristano (Italy), 22-24 November 2000 . Hanse conference Ocean Margins Systems, Delmenhorst (Germany), 19-23 November 2000 . EurOCEAN 2000 Conference, Hamburg (Germany), 29 August - 2 September 2000 Working groups . Core Drafting Group of the Position Paper . Feasibility Study Group on Marine Biotechnology . Network on Public Awareness of Marine Science . Socio-Economic Working Group . Marine Technology Working Group Sincere thanks are expressed to DG Research of the European Commission for its encouragement to the ESF Marine Board to produce the Position Paper. Acknowledgement is especially due to all scientists and other experts who have been involved in the preparation and validation processes of the Position Paper. The skills of the Secretariat of the ESF and the Marine Board were essential during all stages of the preparation and publication of this report and are gratefully acknowledged. 3 Contents Foreword 7 Summary of recommendations and actions for implementation 9 1. Introduction 27 1.1 Drivers for integrating marine science in Europe 28 1.1.1 The ocean in the Earth’s system 28 1.1.2 Sustainable development and the precautionary principle 29 1.1.3 The ocean, a new frontier for science, technology and society 31 1.2 European and societal dimensions 31 1.2.1 Science, society and citizens 31 1.2.2 Maritime regions, ultraperipheral regions and EU enlargement 33 1.2.3 Cooperation at the global level and with developing countries 34 1.2.4 Human resources 35 1.2.5 Interdisciplinarity, chantiers and the Marine European Research Area 36 1.2.6 Key research recommendations 37 2. Natural marine resources 39 2.1 Towards ecologically sustainable fisheries and aquaculture 40 2.1.1 Collapsing fish stocks and environmental impacts 40 2.1.2 Harnessing aquaculture 43 2.1.3 Key research recommendations 44 2.2 New energies and wealth from the sea 46 2.2.1 New hydrocarbon frontiers 46 2.2.2 Renewable energy 47 2.2.3 Aggregates 48 2.2.4 Ore deposits 48 2.2.5 Key research recommendations 49 2.3 Socio-economics and marine resource sustainability 50 2.3.1 Introduction 50 2.3.2 Integrating marine ecosystem and socio-economic sciences 52 2.3.3 Critical tools for marine socio-economics 54 2.3.4 Development of indicators 54 2.3.5 Key research recommendations 56 3. Europe’s coastal zones and shelf seas 57 3.1 Coastal zones 58 3.1.1 Diagnosing coastal health 58 3.1.2 Natural variability 59 3.1.3 Experimental management: multiple benefits to coastal seas 60 3.1.4 Biogeochemical dynamics at the land-ocean interface 61 3.1.5 Key research recommendations 63 4 Content 3.2 Strategic observing and monitoring systems 64 3.2.1 Observation networks for vulnerable coasts 64 3.2.2 Operational oceanography 64 3.2.3 Ocean monitoring and Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) 66 3.2.4 Key research recommendations 68 3.3 Ocean margin processes and geohazards 69 3.3.1 Material exchange and fate 69 3.3.2 Margins as net sinks or sources of carbon 69 3.3.3 Geoclimatic hazards along ocean margins 70 3.3.4 Key research recommendations 71 3.4 Marine biodiversity: the blueprint for ecosystem regulation 72 3.4.1 Biodiversity of European seas 72 3.4.2 Marine taxonomy and genetics 73 3.4.3 Functional role of marine biodiversity 74 3.4.4 Effects of climate and anthropogenic changes on marine biodiversity 76 3.4.5 Key research recommendations 77 3.5 Integrated governance of European oceans and seas 79 3.5.1 Key recommendations 80 4. Ocean climate interactions and feedback 81 4.1 Climate change in Europe 82 4.1.1 Climate change: observational evidence 82 4.1.2 Causes of climate change 83 4.1.3 Climate variability: lessons from the past 83 4.1.4 Modelling natural and anthropogenic climate change 86 4.1.5 Key research recommendations 88 4.2 Ocean thermohaline circulation - Europe’s heat engine 89 4.2.1 Drivers of thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic Ocean 89 4.2.2 Mediterranean Sea: a sensitive decadal barometer of climate change 92 4.2.3 Key research recommendations 93 4.3 Ocean biogeochemical impacts and feedbacks in a greenhouse world 94 4.3.1 Oceanic CO2 sinks, feedbacks and limits in a greenhouse ocean 94 4.3.2
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