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Effect of Modified Linen Fiber Waste on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Polar and Non-Polar Rubber

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Effect of Modified Linen Fiber Waste on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Polar and Non-Polar Rubber Nature and Science 2010;8(8) Effect of Modified Linen Fiber Waste on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Polar and non-Polar Rubber *1A. I. Hussain, 2A. H. Abdel-Kader and 2A. A. Ibrahim, 1Polymers and Pigments Department, 2Cellulose and Paper Department,National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The environmental advantages of natural fibers are an important influence, in all worlds. To get rid of linen fiber waste it can be used as filler in rubber. The physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR) as (non-polar rubber) and acrylo-nitrile rubber (NBR) as (polar rubber) vulcanizates loaded with the acetylation modification of linen fiber waste (long & short) were studied. The effect of the fiber content on the physico-mechanical properties of the natural rubber (NR) and acrylo-nitrile rubber (NBR) vulcanizates was also studied before and after aging. Swelling in toluene, motor oil, as well as distilled water was investigated. Also, scanning electron microscope was used in this study to investigate the surface texture of unloaded and loaded rubber vulcanizates with unmodified and modified fiber. The modified linen fiber waste enhanced both of the physico-mechanical properties and the swelling characteristics in different liquids for NR and NBR vulcanizates. [Nature and Science 2010;8(8):82-93]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). Key Words: Linen fibers waste, Natural rubber vulcanizates, Acrylo-nitrile rubber, Physico-mechanical properties. 1. Introduction filler in rubber. The performance of the fillers Today there are huge unused quantities of depends on the right combination of reinforcing agricultural residues and by-products around the fillers and extenders. The fillers are generally world. Agricultural residues and by-products represent uniformly distributed through out rubber matrix a big renewable source of fibrous raw materials and during mixing process (4). Linen fiber waste is calls for economic uses. Ignoring these materials and hydrophilic and do not tend to be easily wetted or to leaving them in the countryside causes fire hazards bond well with many matrix materials, particularly and enhance spreading of insects, beside the impact on the commodity thermoplastics. Rubber is used as the the environment. The environmental advantages of base material in a product if it requires rubber-like natural fibers (1, 2) are an important influence, in all elasticity (5) and flexibility. worlds. Natural fibers are derived from renewable In certain cases, rubber products require resources and biodegradable; also do not have a large stiffness along with flexibility, often in specific energy requirement to process, and often from directions. This can be achieved by reinforcing industrial by-products. They are lighter than inorganic rubber with long or short fibers to form composites. reinforcements (3), which can lead to benefits such as Short fiber (6,7) reinforced rubber composites are more fuel savings when their composites are used in advantageous due to their easy processability and transportation applications. Natural fibers can be used great flexibility in product design. Much research has to reinforce biodegradable polymers since natural been performed on such composites containing fibers themselves are biodegradable. The disposal of synthetic fibers such as polyester, nylon, carbon, fiber waste has become an environmental issue of kevlar, glass and asbestos. Coran and Hamed (8) growing concern. reviewed the reinforcement of elastomers with short Linen fiber waste used in the manufacture of fibers. Now studies are in progress to replace the textiles which appear to be some of the oldest in the synthetic fibers with natural fibers (9, 10) such as wood world, their history goes back many thousands of pulp, jute, sisal, flax, pineapple and oil palm fibers as years. They are highly absorbent and a good a means to produce environmentally friendly conductor of heat, also linen fabric feels cool to the materials. touch. Linen fiber waste is the strongest of the Fiber/rubber composites are of tremendous vegetable fibers, with 2 to 3 times the strength of importance both in end-use applications and the area cotton. Linen fiber waste has poor elasticity and does of research and development. These composites not spring back readily, explaining why it wrinkles so exhibit the combined behavior of the soft, elastic easily. Linen fiber waste is a big problem in linen rubber matrix and the stiff, strong fibrous textile industries. They are by–products waste. reinforcement. The development of fiber/rubber To get rid of linen fiber waste it can be used as composites has made available polymers that are http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 82 [email protected] Nature and Science 2010;8(8) harder than aluminum and stiffer than steel. melting point 95-100oC and specific Generally short fiber reinforced rubber composites gravity. 1.27-1.31. has become popular in industrial fields because of the 2.1.4. Antioxidants: processing advantages and increase in strength, a. [Phenyl-b-naphthyl amine (PβN), specific gravity stiffness, modulus and damping. The design of a short 1.18 – 1.24, melting point 105 –106oC . fiber reinforced rubber composite depends on several 2.1.5. Plasticizers: factors such as the aspect ratio of the fiber, control of a. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), boiling point 220-248 oC fiber orientation and dispersion and existence of a and specific gravity 0.983 – 0.989. strong interface between fiber and rubber. V.G. 2.1.6. Curing agent: Geethamma et al. (11) have reported that the a. Sulfur: Pale yellow powder of sulfur element purity efficiency of reinforcement can be increased by 99.9%, melting point 112oC, specific gravity 2.04 – surface modification of coir by treating it with an 2.06. alkali solution and can be enhanced by applying a 2.1.7. Activator: natural rubber solution to alkali modified fibers. a. Zinc oxid, fine powder, purity 99%, Also, V.G. Geethamma et al.(11) studied the DMA specsific gravity 5.6. of acetylated short sisal fiber reinforced NR b. Stearic acid, melting point 67-69oC, composites. Studies have been made on the effect of a specific gravity 0.838. diazide as an adhesion agent on composite of SBR 2.1.8. Fibers: and short PET fibers. DMA of short pineapple fiber a. Unmodified linen fiber waste (LFW): lignin 24.6, reinforced polyethylene and oil palm fiber reinforced ash A1.91, pentosan 18.6, hollocellulose 62.0, a- phenol formaldehyde resin composites have been cellulose 44.2, water retention value162, conducted in this laboratory. Many studies have been extractive 3.2, carbon content 42.01, made on the mechanical and dynamic mechanical hydrogen content 6.46, properties of composites. b. Modified linen fiber waste (MLFW): The aim of the present study is to evaluate the Acetylation percent 25% influence of linen fiber waste (long and short) before and after acetyl (12, 13) modification as a reinforcing 3. Techniques: natural filler on the processing, physico-mechanical 3.1. Mixing (14): properties at normal temperature and after thermal All rubber mixes were prepared on a laboratory oxidative aging of natural rubber as (non-polar) two-roll mill of 170 mm diameter and 300 mm rubber and acrylo-nitrile butadiene rubber as (polar working distance. The speed of slow roller was 24 rubber) vulcanizates. Also, study the influence of the rpm with 1:1.4 gear ratio. The compounded rubber acetyl modification to Linen fiber waste on the was left over night before vulcanization. swelling of the vulcanizates in toluene, motor oil and (15) distilled water. The importance of utilizing linen fiber 3.2. Vulcanization : waste is due to the consideration that linen fiber Vulcanization was carried out on a heated platinum press under pressure of about 40 kg/cm2 and waste are of natural origin (by-product), to get rid of o this waste by-product (environmental pollutants) and temperature of 162 + 1 C. to produce friendly environment material. 3.3. Fiber preparation: 2 - Materials and Methods The fibers cleaned of undesirable foreign matter 2.1. Materials: and pith followed by repeated washing and drying in 2.1.1. Rubber: the oven at 105 °C for 24 hrs. This ensured the a. Natural rubber (NR) “Ribbed smoked sheets Rss-1, removal of unwanted matter present in the fiber. The Sp.Gr. 0.913”, Mooney viscosity ML (1+4) fibers were then chopped to different lengths of 0.8 at 100oC = 60-90; glass transition Tg = -75oC. mm and 0.5 mm, then partially acetylated and mixed b. Acrylo-nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), with rubber in different ratios (5-20%). acrylonitrile content 33%, Mooney viscosity a 100 oC 45, specific gravity 1.17, ash content 0.5%. 3.4 Modification of linen by acetylation: 2.1.2. Fillers: For the preparation of partially acetylated raw material the method which described by Fahmy et a. High abrasion furnace carbon black N-330 (HAF): (16) Black granulated powder has a particle size of 40 nm al. was used. Raw material was first activated by and specific gravity 1.78-1.82. heating with acetic acid at 80ºC for 5 min. in liquor 2.1.3. Accelerators: ratio 1:10, filtered to 100% pick ratio, then 0.1% a. N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulphenamide perchloric acid in acetic acid was used as a catalyst in (CBS): Pale grey, non hygro-scopic powder, liquor ratio 1:8 and filtered after 45 seconds to pick ratio 100%. http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 83 [email protected] Nature and Science 2010;8(8) The sample was then acetylated at 20ºC using an the raw material (accurately weighed) was saponified acetylating mixture containing 30% acetic anhydride in a stoppered conical flask with 20 ml 0.5N and 70% acetic acid, liquor ratio of 1:10 was used for alcoholic potassium hydroxide at 50ºC for three hours the desired time (45min).
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